Ukuthuthukiswa |

Improvisation (I-French improvisation, i-italy. ukuthuthukiswa, от лат. i-improvisus – okungalindelekile, kungazelelwe) – uhlobo olukhethekile lobuciko olutholakala ezindaweni zobuciko eziningi (izinkondlo, idrama, umculo, i-choreography). ubuciko, ngokukhiqizwa kwe-K-rum. idalwe ngokuqondile ohlelweni lokukhishwa kwayo. Umculo. FUTHI. eyaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Umlingiswa womlomo kaNar. ubuciko - ukudluliswa kwezingoma kanye ne-instr. izingoma ngendlebe, ezivela enkumbulweni - zibe nesandla ekusetshenzisweni kweNar. abaculi (abahlabeleli nabadlali bezinsimbi) bezakhi ze-I. Emsebenzini wami I. bathembele ezinhlotsheni zeminyuziyamu eyakhiwe abantu. ukucabanga, kumbuthano osungulwe kahle wamaphimbo, izingoma, izigqi, njll. n Kubaculi bokuzalwa babonakala ngesifiso sokuhlanganisa ukulungiswa okucacile kwama-muses asetholakele. isithombe ngokuhlukahluka kwaso kwamahhala, sithola ukuvuselelwa njalo nokunothisa umculo. Emculweni. Amasiko aseMpumalanga. ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu. Ukuhluka kwemodeli ethile ye-melodic yi-DOS. uhlobo lomculo. Ngabantu abazulazulayo. abaculi I. wangena ezintabeni. isiko leqhwa. EYurophu uProf. umculo I. iyakhula ngekhulu leminyaka - ekuqaleni ku-wok. umculo wehlelo. Njengoba izinhlobo zokuqoshwa kwayo zazilinganiselwa, zingaphelele (i-neumes, izingwegwe), umculi waphoqeleka, ngokwezinga elithile noma kwelinye, ukuba aphendukele ekuthuthukisweni (okubizwa ngokuthi. imigubho yeminyaka, njll.). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindlela zaya ngokuya zichazwa futhi zilawulwa. Ubuciko obuphezulu. izinga lesimangalo I. ifinyelela eminyuziyamu yezwe. izinhlobo ze-Renaissance; ithola ukuphindaphinda okuningana emculweni. umkhuba wekhulu le-16-18, kokubili ekuqambeni nasekwenzeni ubuciko. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-instr. umculo we-solo, ikakhulukazi wezinsimbi zekhibhodi, isikali se-I. – ngaphambi kokudalwa ngesimo sika-I. yonke iminyuziyamu. iyadlala. Umculi, owayevame ukuhlanganisa umqambi kanye nomculi kumuntu oyedwa, ukuze akwazi ubuciko be-I. kwadingeka ngidlule ekulungiseleleni okukhethekile. UMeryl uprofesa. Iziqu zomculi, isb. i-oganist, isikhathi eside ikhono lakhe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi. khulula I. (ngokuvamile ngesihloko esinikeziwe) ipholyfoni. amafomu eqhwa (ama-preludes, ama-fugues, njll.). Inkosi yokuqala edumile I. wayengumculi nomqambi wekhulu le-15. F. Landino. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, ngemvume ye-homophonic harmonic. ishede (melody with accompaniment), uhlelo lwalokho okubizwa. i-general-bass, ehlinzekela ukusebenza kokuhambisana nomculo ngokwe-bass tholos yedijithali. Nakuba umculi kwakudingeka abambelele emithethweni ethile yokuhola kwezwi, ukuqoshwa okunjalo kwe-bass evamile kwakuhlanganisa izici ze-I. Ukuba nebhess evamile ngekhulu le-17-18 kwakubhekwa njengesibopho kumculi oculayo. Ngekhulu le-16-18. kwasatshalaliswa amaqhinga. FUTHI. - Umbala (ukuhlobisa) ngabadlali instr. izingcezu (ze-lute, i-clavier, i-violin, njll.), i-wok. amaqembu. Bathole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ze-coloratura zesiNtaliyane. ama-operas 18 - ekuqaleni. 19 cc (cm. Coloratura, Roulade, Fioritura). Imithetho yalolu hlobo I., omunye wobuciko. ukubonakaliswa koswebezane kuwubuciko bokuhlobisa, obubekwe kwezinye eziningi. umculo wasendulo.-theory. izindaba, voc. kanye ne-instr. izikole. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamasu anjalo, okwaguqula i-I. ibe ubuciko bokuhlobisa bangaphandle be-virtuoso, kwaholela ekuwohlokeni kwayo. Umculo uyajula. okuqukethwe, inkimbinkimbi yezinhlobo zayo emakhulwini eminyaka ayi-18-19. ifune kubaqambi ukuqoshwa okuphelele nokunembe kakhudlwana kwamamuse. umbhalo womsebenzi, ukuqeda ukucwasa kwabadlali. Kusukela ekupheleni kwe-18 ku. ukwenza I. ekubonakalisweni kwayo okuhlukile (okusekelwe kuma-bass jikelele, umbala, njll.) iqala ukunikeza ukudluliselwa okuqondile komculo womculo ngumculi, ibeka isisekelo sokucwebezela kobuciko bokuhumusha. Nokho, ku-1st floor. 19 ku. amafomu anjalo I. njengokucabanga kwamahhala, kanye nami. ngesihloko esinikeziwe, esizimise njengesikhethekile. (imvamisa okokugcina) izinombolo ngokufinyezwa. izinhlelo ze-instrumental virtuosos. Abathuthukisi abavelele babengabaqambi abakhulu bangaleso sikhathi (L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, N. Paganini, F. Uhlu, F. Chopin). Intshisekelo evamile I. ikakhulukazi isici senkathi yezothando. Inganekwane yamahhala ibiyingxenye ebalulekile yokusebenza. ikhono lomculi wezothando, isidingo salo salungisiswa yi-romantic.

Inani lakamuva Futhi. kuncipha. Owenziwe I. uyaqhubeka nokugcinwa abaculi be-opera (in arias); izici zayo (ngendlela yama-nuances wokuhumusha enqubweni yokusebenza ngokwayo) zivela ngesikhathi sokusebenza komkhiqizo. ngekhanda (uhlobo lwe-conc. ama-performance by soloists, okwaba yinto evamile kusukela engxenyeni yesi-2 yekhulu le-19), ukufunda amanothi eshidini. I-I. abadlali bezinsimbi bamahhala bagcinwa kuma-cadence we-instr. amakhonsathi (isikhathi esifushane; kakade u-Beethoven ekhonsathini yakhe yesi-5 yepiyano ngokwakhe ubhala i-cadenza), enabadlali bomculo (S. Frank, A. Bruckner, M. Dupre, njll.). I. ukucutshungulwa kwamakhwaya kanye ne-fugue futhi kuseyitshe lokuthinta lika-prof. ikhono le-oganist. Emiculweni yesimanjemanje I. ayidlali izidalwa. izindima, ukugcina inani ekudaleni kuphela. isenzo somqambi, njengoba kuzolungiswa. isigaba sokubunjwa komculo. izithombe nokuthi i-elementi izosebenza kanjani. incazelo. Okuhlukile umculo we-jazz, onezici ze-organic ze-jazz ehlangene (bona i-Jazz). Ekhulwini lama-20 ngokufika kwe-cinema, I. ngathola isicelo emculweni. imifanekiso yamafilimu "athule" (ehambisana nefilimu ngokudlala ku-fp.). Umculo othile. U-E. Jacques-Dalcroze, F. Jode, no-C. Orff basebenzisa umculo njengendlela yokufundisa izingane nentsha umculo. Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950 i-I. ithola isicelo kubuciko be-avant-garde (bona i-Aleatorica), emisebenzini ka-K. Stockhausen, P. Boulez, nabanye, ukuqoshwa kwakho okunikeza umculi imihlahlandlela embalwa kuphela yokuqaliswa kwamahhala inhloso yombhali noma umnikeze eyakhe. ukuqonda, ohlelweni lokusebenza, ukushintsha indlela yokuqamba. Umculo othile. izinhlobo zinamagama akhombisa ukuxhumana kwazo ngokwengxenye no-I. (ngokwesibonelo, “Inganekwane”, “Isandulela”, “I-Improvisation”).

References: Wehle GF, The Art of Improvisation, Vols. 1-3, Munster ngo-W., 1925-32; Fischer M., Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphilayo ngekhulu le-17, Kassel, 1929 («Kцnigsberger Studies on Musicology», V); Jцde Fr., Ingane eqanjiwe emculweni, в кн.: Ibhuku lemfundo yomculo, ed. ngu-E. Bucken, Potsdam, 1931; Fellerer KG, Emlandweni wokwenza ngcono kwamahhala. "Die Musikpflege", ivolumu II, 1932; Fritsch M., Ukuhlukahluka Nokuthuthukiswa, Kassel, 1941; UWolf H. Chr., Ukuthuthukiswa kokucula kwenkathi ye-baroque, umbiko wengqungquthela, i-Bamberg, 1953; Ferand ET, Die Improvisation, Cologne, 1956, 1961; Lцw HA, Improvisation emisebenzini yepiyano ka-L. van Beethoven, Saarbrücken, 1962 (diss.).

I-IM Yampolsky