Melody |

elinye i-Greek μελῳδία - ingoma yezinkondlo zamagama, kusukela ku-μέλος - ingoma, kanye ne-ᾠδή - ukucula, ukucula

Umcabango womculo uzwakalise ngazwi linye (ngokuka-IV Sposobin). Emculweni we-homophonic, umsebenzi womculo uvamise ukuvela ephimbweni eliphezulu, eliholayo, kuyilapho amazwi aphakathi nendawo ehambisana. gcwalisa kanye ne-bass eyakha i-harmonic. ukwesekwa, ungenayo ngokugcwele okujwayelekile. izimfanelo zomculo. M. imele main. ukuqala komculo; "Isici esibaluleke kakhulu somculo ingoma" (SS Prokofiev). Umsebenzi wezinye izingxenye zomculo—i-counterpoint, izinsimbi, nokuvumelana—ukuthi “ukugcwalisa, ukuqedela umcabango we-melodic” (MI Glinka). I-Melody ingaba khona futhi inikeze ubuciko. ithonya ku-monophony, ngokuhlanganiswa nemiculo kwamanye amazwi (i-polyphony) noma nge-homophonic, i-harmonic. ukuhambisana (homophony). Izwi elilodwa uNar. umculo pl. abantu; phakathi kwezizwe eziningi, ubunye kwakuwubunye. uhlobo loprofesa. umculo ngezikhathi ezithile zomlando noma kuwo wonke umlando wabo. Emculweni, ngaphezu kwesimiso sezwi, esibaluleke kakhulu emculweni, ama-muses anjalo nawo avela. izici ezifana nemodi, isigqi, umculo. isakhiwo (ifomu). Kungomculo, emculweni, lapho beveza khona izisho zabo kuqala. kanye namathuba okuhlela. Kodwa ngisho nasemculweni we-polyphonic uM. ubusa ngokuphelele, "ungumphefumulo womsebenzi womculo" (DD Shostakovich).

Isihloko sidingida i-etymology, incazelo nomlando wegama elithi “M.” (I), imvelo ka-M. (II), ukwakheka kwayo (III), umlando (IV), izimfundiso ngo-M. (V).

I. isiGreki. Igama elithi melos (bheka i-Melos), elakha isisekelo segama elithi “M.”, ekuqaleni lalinencazelo evamile futhi libonisa ingxenye yomzimba, kanye nomzimba njengento ephilayo ephinyisiwe. lonke (G. Hyushen). Ngalo mqondo, igama elithi "M". y I-Homer ne-Hesiod isetshenziselwa ukukhomba ukulandelana kwemisindo eyakha ingqikithi enjalo, ngakho-ke, eyokuqala. incazelo yegama elithi melodia ingaqondwa futhi ngokuthi “indlela yokucula” ( G. Huschen, M. Vasmer). Kusukela kumsuka we-mel - ngesiGreki. inani elikhulu lamagama avela olimini: melpo – ngiyacula, ngihola imidanso eyindilinga; i-melograpia - ukubhala izingoma; i-melopoipa - ukwakheka kwemisebenzi (yamagama, ezomculo), ithiyori yokuqamba; kusuka ku-melpo - igama lemnyuziyamu i-Melpomene ("Ukucula"). Igama eliyinhloko lamaGreki lithi "melos" (uPlato, u-Aristotle, u-Aristoxenus, u-Aristides Quintilian, njll.). Muses. Ababhali be-Medieval and Renaissance basebenzisa i-lat. amagama: M., melos, melum (melum) (“i-melum iyafana ne-canthus” – J. Tinktoris). Amagama esimanje (M., melodic, melismatic kanye namatemu afanayo empande efanayo) agxiliswa emculweni-thiyori. Imibhalo kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke ngesikhathi soguquko kusuka ku-lat. ulimi kuya kuzwelonke (emakhulwini e-16-17), nakuba umehluko ekuchazeni imiqondo efanelekile waqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20. Olimini lwesiRashiya, igama lasendulo elithi “ingoma” (futhi elithi “melody”, “izwi”) nezincazelo zalo ezihlukahlukene kancane kancane (ikakhulukazi kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18) lathatha indawo yegama elithi “M.” Ngeminyaka ye-10. Ikhulu lama-20 BV Asafiev wabuyela esiGrekini. igama elithi “melos” ukuchaza into ethi melodic. ukunyakaza, ukucula (“transfusion of sound into sound”). Besebenzisa igama elithi “M.”, ngokwengxenye enkulu, bagcizelela olunye lwezinhlangothi zalo kanye nezinhlaka zokubonakaliswa ezichazwe ngenhla, ngokwezinga elithile lisusa kokunye. Kulokhu kuxhumana, izincazelo zegama eliyinhloko:

1) M. – uchungechunge olulandelanayo lwemisindo exhumene ibe yinto eyodwa (M. line), ngokuphambene nokuvumelana (ngokunembile, iculo) njengenhlanganisela yemisindo ngesikhathi esisodwa (“inhlanganisela yemisindo yomculo, … landelana ngokulandelana, ... ibizwa ngokuthi iculo” – PI Tchaikovsky).

2) M. (encwadini ye-homophonic) - izwi eliyinhloko (isibonelo, ezimweni ezithi "M. kanye nokuhambisana", "M. kanye ne-bass"); ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-M. ayisho noma yikuphi ukuhlangana okuvundlile kwemisindo (kutholakala futhi kuma-bass nakwamanye amazwi), kodwa kuphela okunjalo, okugxilwe kuyo melodiousness, umculo. ukuxhumana kanye nencazelo.

3) M. - ubunye be-semantic nengokomfanekiso, "umculo. umcabango”, ukugxila komculo. ukuzwakalisa; njengengqikithi engahlukaniseki eyembuleka ngesikhathi, i-M.-thought iphakamisa ukugeleza kwenqubo ukusuka endaweni yokuqala kuya kweyokugcina, eqondwa njengezixhumanisi zesikhashana zesithombe esisodwa nesizimele; izingxenye ezivela ngokulandelana ze-M. zibonwa njengeziyingxenye yengqikithi efanayo ezayo kancane kancane. Ubuqotho nokuvezwa kwe-M. nakho kubonakala kuwubuhle. inani elifana nenani lomculo (“… Kodwa uthando lubuye luwumculo” – AS Pushkin). Ngakho-ke ukuhunyushwa komculo njengobuhle bomculo (M. - "ukulandelana kwemisindo ... eveza omnandi noma, uma ngingasho, umbono ovumelanayo", uma kungenjalo, "sibiza ukulandelana kwemisindo non-melodious” – G. Bellerman).

II. Ngemva kokuvela njengohlobo lokuqala lomculo, uM. igcina iminonjana yokuxhumana kwayo kwasekuqaleni nenkulumo, ivesi, ukunyakaza komzimba. Ukufana nenkulumo kubonakala ezicini eziningi zesakhiwo sika-M. njengomculo. ngokuphelele kanye nemisebenzi yayo yezenhlalo. Njengenkulumo, uM. isikhalo kumlaleli ngenhloso yokumthonya, indlela yokuxhumana nabantu; M. isebenza ngempahla yomsindo (izwi elithi M. - into efanayo - izwi); inkulumo M. incike ezwini elithile elingokomzwelo. Iphimbo (tessitura, irejista), isigqi, umsindo omkhulu, i-tempo, izithunzi ze-timbre, ukuhlukaniswa okuthile, nokunengqondo kubalulekile kokubili enkulumweni nasenkulumweni. isilinganiso sezingxenye, ikakhulukazi ukuguquguquka kwezinguquko zazo, ukusebenzisana kwazo. Ukuxhumana negama, inkulumo (ikakhulukazi, i-oratorical) nayo ivela enanini eliphakathi le-melodic. umusho ohambisana nesikhathi sokuphefumula komuntu; ngezindlela ezifanayo (noma ezivamile) zokuhlobisa inkulumo nomculo (muz.-rhetoric. izibalo). Isakhiwo somculo. ukucabanga (okuboniswa kokuthi M.) kuveza ubunikazi bemithetho yayo evamile ngomqondo ojwayelekile ohambisanayo. izimiso zokucabanga (cf. imithetho yokwakha inkulumo ku-rhetoric - Inventio, Dispositio, Elaboratio, Pronuntiatio - ngezimiso ezijwayelekile zomculo. ukucabanga). Ukuqonda okujulile kokujwayelekile kokuqukethwe kwempilo yangempela kanye nemibandela-yobuciko (komculo) kwenkulumo yomsindo kuvunyelwe u-B. AT. I-Asafiev ikhombisa ukuvezwa komsindo kwamamuse ngegama elithi iphimbo. umcabango, oqondwa njengento enqunywa emphakathini iminyuziyamu yomphakathi. ukwazi (ngokusho kwakhe, "iphimbo lezwi liba omunye wemisebenzi yokuqaphela umphakathi", "umculo ubonisa iqiniso ngokusebenzisa iphimbo"). Umehluko wemelodi. iphimbo elikhuluma lilele kolunye uhlobo lwemelodi (kanye nomculo uwonke) - ekusebenzeni ngamathoni anyathelwe anobude obungaguquki ncamashi, iminyuziyamu. izikhawu zesistimu yokushuna ehambisanayo; ku-modal nesigqi esikhethekile. inhlangano, esakhiweni esithile somculo sika-M. Ukufana nevesi kuyindaba ethile futhi ekhethekile yokuxhumana nenkulumo. Ihlukile ku-syncretic yasendulo. "Sangita", "trochai" (ubunye bomculo, amagama nomdanso), M., umculo awukalahlekelwa yilokho okuvamile okwakuwuxhuma ngevesi nokunyakaza komzimba - i-metrorhythm. ukuhlela isikhathi (ngezwi, kanye nokumasha nokudansa). umculo osetshenzisiwe, lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuyingxenye noma kugcinwe ngokuphelele). "I-Order in motion" (uPlato) intambo evamile ebamba ngokwemvelo zonke lezi zindawo ezintathu ndawonye. Umculo wehlukene kakhulu futhi ungahlukaniswa ngo-dec. izimpawu – umlando, isitayela, uhlobo, isakhiwo. Ngomqondo ojwayelekile, umuntu kufanele ahlukanise ngokuyisisekelo uM. umculo we-monophonic ovela ku-M. i-polyphonic. Nge-monotone M. ihlanganisa wonke umculo. yonke, ku-polyphony, iyingxenye eyodwa kuphela yendwangu (ngisho noma ibaluleke kakhulu). Ngakho-ke, mayelana ne-monophony, ukumbozwa okuphelele kwemfundiso kaM. iwukuvezwa kwayo yonke ithiyori yomculo. Ku-polyphony, ukufundwa kwezwi elihlukile, ngisho noma kuyilona eliyinhloko, akuvumelekile ngokuphelele (noma akukho emthethweni). Noma kuwukuboniswa kwemithetho yombhalo ogcwele (i-polyphonic) wamamuse. isebenzela izwi eliyinhloko (khona-ke lena akuyona "imfundiso yomculo" ngomqondo ofanelekile). Noma ihlukanisa izwi elikhulu kwamanye axhumene nalo. amazwi kanye nezakhi zendwangu zomculo ophilayo. umzimba (khona-ke “imfundiso yomculo” inephutha emculweni. ubudlelwano). Ukuxhumana kwezwi elikhulu namanye amazwi omculo we-homophonic. Kodwa-ke, izicubu akufanele zikhishwe ngokuphelele. Cishe noma yiliphi iculo le-homophonic arehouse lingafakwa uzimele futhi ngempela lifakwe ku-polyphony ngezindlela ezahlukene. Noma kunjalo, phakathi kwe-M. futhi, noDkt. uhlangothi, ukucatshangelwa okuhlukile kokuvumelana ("ezimfundisweni zokuvumelana"), iphuzu eliphikisayo, izinsimbi zomculo, akukho ukufanisa okwanele, ngoba isifundo sakamuva, nakuba sisohlangothini olulodwa, ngokugcwele wonke umculo. Umcabango womculo (M.) wokuqanjwa kwe-polyphonic kokukodwa kwe-M. akukaze kuvezwe ngokugcwele; lokhu kufinyelelwa kuphela ngenani lawo wonke amavoti. Ngakho-ke, izikhalazo mayelana nokungathuthuki kahle kwesayensi ye-M., mayelana nokuntuleka kwezifundo ezifanele zokuqeqesha (E. Tokh nabanye) akukho emthethweni. Ubudlelwane obuvele buzinze phakathi kwezindawo zeqhwa eziyinhloko bungokwemvelo, okungenani maqondana neYurophu. umculo we-classical, i-polyphonic in nature. Ngakho-ke ethize. izinkinga zemfundiso kaM.

III. I-M. iyisici esinezingxenye eziningi zomculo. Isikhundla esiphezulu somculo phakathi kwezinye izici zomculo sichazwa ukuthi umculo uhlanganisa inqwaba yezingxenye zomculo ezibalwe ngenhla, mayelana nokuthi umculo ungamela futhi uvame ukumelela wonke umculo. ephelele. Okuqondile kakhulu. ingxenye M. – pitch line. Abanye ngokwabo. izici zomculo: izenzakalo ze-modal-harmonic (bona i-Harmony, i-Mode, i-Tonality, i-Interval); imitha, isigqi; ukuhlukaniswa kwesakhiwo somculo ube yi-motif, imishwana; ubudlelwano obunendikimba ku-M. (bheka Indlela Yomculo, Ingqikithi, Isisusa); izici zohlobo, ashukumisayo. ama-nuances, i-tempo, i-agogics, izithunzi ezidlalwayo, imivimbo, umbala we-timbre kanye nokuguquguquka kwe-timbre, izici zokwethulwa kombhalo. Umsindo wengxubevange yamanye amazwi (ikakhulukazi endaweni yokugcina impahla ebhalwe ngendlela efanayo) unomthelela omkhulu ku-M., unikeza isisho sawo ukugcwala okukhethekile, okukhiqiza ama-modal acashile, ama-harmonic, nama-nuances wephimbo, kwakha isizinda esisusa kahle i-M. Isenzo sayo yonke le nkimbinkimbi yezakhi ezihlobene eduze senziwa ngo-M. futhi kubonakala sengathi konke lokhu kungokukaM.

Amaphethini we-melodic. imigqa isekelwe ku-dynamics yokuqala. izakhiwo zokwehla nokwenyuka kwerejista. I-prototype yanoma iyiphi i-M. – vocal M. iwaveza ngendlela ehluke kakhulu; I-instrumental M. izwakala kumodeli yezwi. Ukushintshela kwimvamisa ephezulu yokudlidliza kuwumphumela womzamo othile, ukubonakaliswa kwamandla (okuvezwa ngezinga lokuqina kwezwi, ukudonsa kwezintambo, njll.), nokunye okuphambene. Ngakho-ke, noma yikuphi ukunyakaza komugqa ukuya phezulu kuhlotshaniswa ngokwemvelo nokukhuphuka okujwayelekile (okuguquguqukayo, okungokomzwelo), kanye nokwehla nokwehla (ngezinye izikhathi abaqambi baphula ngamabomu leli phethini, ukuhlanganisa ukukhuphuka kokunyakaza nokunciphisa amandla, kanye nokwehla. ngokwanda, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuzuzwe umphumela ongajwayelekile wokuvezwa). Ukujwayela okuchazwe njalo kubonakala ku-interweaving eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokujwayelekile kwe-modal gravity; Ngakho, umsindo ophakeme we-fret awuhlali unamandla kakhulu, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Igoba i-melodic. imigqa, ukukhuphuka nokuwa kuyazwela ekuboniseni ama-shades vnutr. isimo somzwelo ngesimo sabo sokuqala. Ubunye nokuqiniseka komculo kunqunywa ukukhanga komsindo womsindo endaweni eyisithenjwa eqinile-i-abutment ("i-melodic tonic," ngokusho kwe-BV Asafiev), lapho kwakhiwa khona insimu yokudonsela phansi kwemisindo eseduze. Ngokusekelwe kokuzwakalayo okubonwa indlebe. ukuzalana, kuvela ukwesekwa kwesibili (imvamisa iyiquart noma ingxenye yesihlanu ngaphezu kwesisekelo sokugcina). Ngenxa yokuxhumana kwe-quint yesine, amathoni eselula agcwalisa isikhala phakathi kwezisekelo agcina ekleliswe ngokulandelana kwe-diatonic. gamma. Ukushintsha komsindo M. kwesekhondi phezulu noma phansi ngokufanelekile "kusula umkhondo" wangaphambilini futhi kunikeza umuzwa wokushintsha, ukunyakaza okwenzekile. Ngakho-ke, ukudlula kwemizuzwana (i-Sekundgang, igama lika-P. Hindemith) liqondile. izindlela zika-M. (ukudlula kwemizuzwana kwakha uhlobo “lwesiqu se-melodic”), futhi umgomo oyisisekelo womugqa we-M., ngesikhathi esifanayo, iseli layo le-melodic-modal. Ubudlelwano bemvelo phakathi kwamandla omugqa kanye nesiqondiso se-melodic. ukunyakaza kunquma imodeli endala ye-M. - umugqa owehlayo ("umugqa oyinhloko", ngokusho kukaG. Schenker; "umugqa wereferensi ohamba phambili, ngokuvamile wehla ngemizuzwana", ngokusho kuka-IV Sposobin), oqala ngomsindo ophezulu ( "ithoni yekhanda" yomugqa oyinhloko, ngokusho kuka-G. Schenker; "umthombo ophezulu", ngokusho kwe-LA Mazel) futhi iphetha ngokuwa endaweni ephansi:

Ingoma yomdabu yaseRussia "Kwakukhona i-birch ensimini."

Umgomo wokwehla komugqa oyinhloko (uhlaka lwesakhiwo lwe-M.), olungaphansi kwemiculo eminingi, lubonisa isenzo sezinqubo zomugqa eziqondile ku-M.: ukubonakaliswa kwamandla ekuhambeni kwe-melodic. umugqa kanye nesigaba sawo ekugcineni, ovezwe esiphethweni. ukwehla komnotho; ukususwa (ukuqedwa) kokungezwani okwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo kunikeza umuzwa wokwaneliseka, ukushabalala kwe-melodic. amandla anomthelela ekunqanyulweni kwe-melodic. ukunyakaza, ukuphela kuka-M. Isimiso sokwehla siphinde sichaze, "imisebenzi eqondile" ye-M. (igama lika-LA Mazel). "Ukunyakaza okuzwakalayo" (G. Grabner) njengengqikithi ye-melodic. umugqa unomgomo wawo ithoni yokugcina (eyokugcina). Ukugxila kokuqala kwe-melodic. amandla akha “indawo yokubusa” yethoni ebusayo (insika yesibili yomugqa, ngomqondo obanzi - ukubusa komculo; bona umsindo u-e2 esibonelweni esingenhla; ukubusa komculo akukhona ngempela okwesihlanu ngaphezu kowokugcina, kungaba ihlukaniswe nayo ngokwesine, neyesithathu). Kodwa ukunyakaza kwe-rectilinear kungokokuqala, kusicaba, akukhangi ngobuhle. Ubuciko. intshisekelo ikumibala yayo ehlukahlukene, izinkinga, ukuchezuka, izikhathi zokungqubuzana. Amathoni omgogodla wesakhiwo (umugqa oyinhloko owehlayo) agcwele amaphaseji amagatsha, afihla imvelo yokuqala ye-melodic. isiqu (i-polyphony efihliwe):

A. Thomas. “Ndizela kithi, kusihlwa kuthule.”

Iculo lokuqala. i-dominant as1 ihlotshiswe nge-axiliary. umsindo (okhonjiswa ngohlamvu “v”); ithoni ngayinye yesakhiwo (ngaphandle kweyokugcina) yenza imisindo emnandi ephuma kuyo iphile. "ukuphunyuka"; isiphetho somugqa kanye nengqikithi yesakhiwo (imisindo es-des) ihanjiswe kwenye i-octave. Ngenxa yalokho, umugqa we-melodic uba ocebile, oguquguqukayo, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ubuqotho nobunye obuhlinzekwa ukunyakaza kokuqala kwamasekhondi ngaphakathi kwe-consonance as1-des-1 (des2).

Ku-harmonic. Uhlelo lwaseYurophu. Emculweni, indima yamathoni azinzile idlalwa imisindo yongwaqa ongunxantathu (hhayi amaquarts noma ingxenye yesihlanu; isisekelo sonxantathu sivame ukutholakala emculweni wesintu, ikakhulukazi wakamuva; esibonelweni somculo wengoma yaseRussia. onikezwe ngenhla, amakhonto kanxantathu omncane ayaqagelwa). Ngenxa yalokho, imisindo yomculo ihlangene. ababusayo - baba ngowesithathu nowesihlanu we-triad, eyakhelwe phezu kwethoni yokugcina (i-prime). Futhi ubuhlobo phakathi kwemisindo ye-melodic. imigqa (kokubili ingqikithi yesakhiwo namagatsha ayo), egcwele isenzo sokuxhunywa kwe-triadic, kucatshangelwa kabusha ngaphakathi. Ubuciko buyaqina. incazelo ye-polyphony efihliwe; M. ihlangana namanye amazwi; umdwebo M. ungalingisa ukunyakaza kwamanye amazwi. Ukuhlobisa ithoni yekhanda lomugqa oyinhloko kungakhula ekubunjweni kokuzimela. izingxenye; ukunyakaza okuya phansi kuleli cala kuhlanganisa kuphela ingxenye yesibili ye-M. noma ngisho nokuqhubekela phambili, ekupheleni. Uma ukukhuphuka kwenziwa ethoni yekhanda, isimiso sokwehla sithi:

iphenduka ibe umgomo wokulinganisa:

(nakuba ukuya phansi komugqa ekugcineni kugcina inani lakho lokukhishwa kwamandla omculo):

VA Mozart. "I-Little Night Music", ingxenye I.

F. Chopin. Nocturn op. 15 nxa2.

Ukuhlobisa ingqikithi yesakhiwo ngeke kuzuzwe kuphela ngosizo lwemigqa eseceleni efana nesilinganiso (kokubili ukwehla nokukhuphuka), kodwa futhi ngosizo lokuhamba ngemisindo yezingoma, zonke izinhlobo ze-melodic. imihlobiso (izibalo ezifana nama-trills, gruppetto; asekelayo asekelayo, afana nama-mordens, njll.) nanoma iyiphi inhlanganisela yazo zonke enye kwenye. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka komculo we-melody kwembulwa njengengqikithi enezingqimba eziningi, lapho ngaphansi kwephethini eliphezulu kukhona i-melodic. izibalo zilula futhi ziqinile melodic. iminyakazo, yona, ephenduka ibe umfanekiso wesakhiwo esiyisisekelo esenziwe ngohlaka oluyisisekelo lwesakhiwo. Isendlalelo esiphansi kunazo zonke isisekelo esilula. imodeli yokukhathazeka. (Umqondo wamazinga amaningi esakhiwo somculo wathuthukiswa ngu-G. Schenker; indlela yakhe “yokususa” izingqimba zesakhiwo ngokulandelana kwazo futhi ehliselwe kumamodeli ayinhloko yayibizwa ngokuthi “indlela yokunciphisa”; “indlela yokunciphisa” ye-IP Shishov. uhlaka lwamathambo” ngokwengxenye luhlobene nalo.)

IV. Izigaba zokuthuthukiswa kwemiculo zihambisana nezinkulu. izigaba emlandweni womculo uwonke. Umthombo weqiniso kanye nengcebo engashi ye-M. - Nar. ukudala umculo. Nar. I-M. iwukubonakaliswa kokujula kwamabhanga eqoqo. ukwazi, isiko “lemvelo” elenzeka ngokwemvelo, elondla umculo womqambi oqeqeshiwe. Ingxenye ebalulekile ye-Russian nar. ubuhlakani bucwebezeliswe emakhulwini eminyaka umlimi wasendulo uM., ohlanganisa ukuhlanzeka okumsulwa, okudumile. ukucaca kanye nombono wezwe. Ukuzola okubabazekayo, ukujula kanye nokushesha kokuzizwa kuxhumene ngokwemvelo kuzo ngobunzima, "ukushisekela" kwe-diatonic. uhlelo lokukhathazeka. Uhlaka oluyisisekelo lwe-M. lwengoma yomdabu yase-Russian "Kunezindlela ezingaphezu kweyodwa ensimini" (bona isibonelo) imodeli yesikali esingu-c2-h1-a1.

Ingoma yomdabu yaseRussia "Ayikho indlela eyodwa ensimini."

Isakhiwo se-organic se-M. sifakwe ohlelweni lokulandelana. ukuzithoba kwawo wonke la mazinga esakhiwo futhi kubonakaliswa kalula kanye nemvelo yenani elibaluleke kakhulu, ungqimba olungaphezulu.

IsiRashiya. izintaba ingoma iqondiswa i-harmonic emithathu. uhlaka lwamathambo (okujwayelekile, ikakhulukazi, ukunyakaza okuvulekile okuhambisana nemisindo ye-chord), isikwele, ingxenye enkulu kunesisusa esicacile sokuphimisa, ukuncenceza kwe-melodic:

Ingoma yomdabu yaseRussia ethi "Evening ringing".

UMugham “Shur”. Inombolo yerekhodi. A. Karaeva.

Umculo wasendulo kakhulu wasempumalanga (kanye nengxenye waseYurophu) usekelwe ngokomgomo we-maqam (umgomo we-raga, i-fret-model). Isikali-sikalo sohlaka lwesakhiwo esiphindayo (bh ukwehla) siba yisibonelo (imodeli) yesethi yokulandelana kwemisindo ethile ethize. ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlukahluka kochungechunge oluyinhloko lwemisindo.

I-guiding melody-model kokubili i-M. kanye nemodi ethile. E-India, imodeli enjalo ibizwa nge-para, emazweni esiko lama-Arab-Persian kanye nezikhova eziningi zase-Asia Ephakathi. ama-republic - maqam (poppy, mugham, torment), eGrisi lasendulo - nom ("umthetho"), ku-Java - patet (patet). Indima efanayo ku-Old Russian. umculo wenziwa ngezwi njengeqoqo lamaculo, okuculwa kuwo ama-M. aleli qembu (amaculo afana ne-melody-model).

E-Russian yasendulo Ekuculweni kwehlelo, umsebenzi wemodeli yemodi wenziwa ngosizo lwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubukhazikhazi, okuyizingoma ezimfishane eziye zacwebezela ekuculeni isiko lokucula ngomlomo futhi zakhiwe ngama-motifs-chants afakiwe inkimbinkimbi echaza izwi elihambisanayo.

Poglasica and Psalm.

Imiculo yasendulo isuselwe esikweni elicebe kakhulu le-intonational, okuthi, ngokwehlukana kwayo ngezikhawu, lidlule imiculo yakamuva yaseYurophu. umculo. Ngaphezu kobukhulu obubili besistimu ye-pitch esekhona nanamuhla - imodi ne-tonality, emandulo kwakukhona enye, evezwe ngomqondo wobulili (i-genos). Ubulili obuthathu (i-diatonic, i-chromatic ne-enharmonic) nezinhlobonhlobo zabo zinikeze amathuba amaningi amathoni eselula (i-Greek kinoumenoi) ukuze agcwalise izikhala phakathi kwamathoni onqenqema (ama-estotes) we-tetrachord (okwakha "i-symphony" yesine esihlanzekile), kuhlanganise (kanye ne-diatonic. imisindo) nemisindo kuma-microintervals - 1/3,3/8, 1/4 tones, njll. Isibonelo M. (ingcaphuno) enharmonic. uhlobo (okunqanyuliwe kusho ukuncipha kwethoni engu-1/4):

I-stasim yokuqala evela ku-Euripides' Orestes (ucezu).

Umugqa we-M une (njengaseMpumalanga M. yasendulo) isiqondiso esichazwe ngokucacile esibheke phansi (ngokusho kuka-Aristotle, ukuqala kuka-M. phezulu futhi kugcine ngamarejista aphansi kunomthelela ekuqinisekeni, ukuphelela). Ukuncika kukaM. egameni (umculo wesiGreki ungowomculo ikakhulukazi), ukunyakaza komzimba (emdanso, udwendwe, umdlalo wokuvivinya umzimba) kwazibonakalisa endulo ngokuphelela nokushesha okukhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke indima eyinhloko yesigqi emculweni njengento elawula ukuhleleka kobudlelwane besikhashana (ngokuka-Aristides Quintilian, isigqi isimiso sobudoda, futhi umculo ungowesifazane). Umthombo ungowakudala. I-M. ijule nangokwengeziwe - lena indawo yokunyakaza kwemisipha ye-uXNUMXbuXNUMXb” okusekela kokubili umculo nezinkondlo, okungukuthi yonke i-triune chorea ”(RI Gruber).

Ihubo likaGregory (bheka ingoma kaGregory) liphendula enkolweni yalo yobuKristu. ukuqokwa. Okuqukethwe kwe-Gregorian M. kuphambene ngokuphelele nesimangalo se-antique yamaqaba. ukuthula. Umfutho womzimba nemisipha we-M. wasendulo uphikiswa lapha ukuhlukaniswa kokugcina okuvela kumotho womzimba. izikhathi kanye nokugxila encazelweni yegama (eliqondwa ngokuthi “isambulo saphezulu”), ekuzibonakaliseni okuphakeme, ukucwiliswa ekuzindleni, ekuzijuleni. Ngakho-ke, emculweni wamakhwaya, yonke into egcizelela isenzo ayikho - isigqi esijahwayo, ubukhulu bokukhuluma, umsebenzi wezisusa, amandla adonsela phansi ethoni. Ingoma kaGregory isiko le-melodrama ephelele ("ubunye bezinhliziyo" akuhambisani "nokungavumelani"), okungeyona nje into engavamile kunoma yikuphi ukuvumelana kwe-chordal, kodwa ayivumeli noma yikuphi "i-polyphony" nhlobo. Isisekelo se-modal sikaGregorian M. - okuthiwa. amathoni esonto (amapheya amane ezindlela ze-diatonic eziqinile, ezihlukaniswa ngokwezimpawu ze-finalis - ithoni yokugcina, i-ambitus kanye ne-repercussion - ithoni yokuphindaphinda). Ngayinye yezindlela, ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlotshaniswa neqembu elithile lezimpawu ze-motifs-chants (okugxilwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi amathoni we-psalmodic - toni psalmorum). Ukwethulwa kwamashuni emodi enikeziwe ezinsimbini zomculo ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene nayo, kanye ne-melodic. ukushintshashintsha kwezinhlobo ezithile zengoma kaGregory, efana nesimiso sasendulo se-maqam. Ukuma komugqa wezingoma zamakhwaya kuvezwa ekwakhiweni kwawo okuvame ukwenzeka nge-arcuate; ingxenye yokuqala ka-M. (initium) iwukukhuphukela kuthoni yokuphindaphinda (i-tenor noma i-tuba; futhi i-repercussio), futhi ingxenye yokugcina iwukwehla kwethoni yokugcina (finalis). Isigqi sekhora asimile kahle futhi sincike ekubizeni igama. Ubudlelwano phakathi kombhalo nomculo. ukuqala kwembula ama-DOS amabili. uhlobo lokusebenzelana kwazo: ukuphindaphinda, ihubo (lectio, orationes; accentue) nokucula (cantus, modulatio; concentus) ngezinhlobo zazo kanye noshintsho. Isibonelo sikaGregorian M.:

I-Antiphon "Asperges me", ithoni IV.

I-Melodika polyphonic. Izikole zeRenaissance ngokwengxenye zithembele eculweni likaGregory, kodwa zihluka kuhlu oluhlukile lokuqukethwe okungokomfanekiso (ngokuphathelene nobuhle besintu), uhlobo lwesistimu yephimbo, eklanyelwe i-polyphony. Uhlelo lwe-pitch lusekelwe "kumathoni esonto" amadala ayisishiyagalombili ngokwengezwa kwe-Ionian ne-Aeolian nezinhlobo zabo ze-plagal (izindlela zokugcina cishe zazikhona kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkathi ye-polyphony yaseYurophu, kodwa zaqoshwa ngokombono kuphela phakathi no ngekhulu le-16). Indima eyinhloko ye-diatonic kule nkathi ayiphikisani neqiniso lokuhlelekile. ukusetshenziswa kwethoni yesethulo (musica ficta), kwesinye isikhathi iba kubi (ngokwesibonelo, ku-G. de Machaux), ngezinye izikhathi ukuthamba (ePalestrina), kwezinye izimo kushube kuze kufike ezingeni lokuthi isondele ku-chromaticity yekhulu lama-20. (Gesualdo, ukuphela kwe-madrigal ethi “Mercy!”). Ngaphandle kokuxhumana ne-polyphonic, ukuvumelana kwe-chordal, i-polyphonic. ingoma isaqanjwa ngokulandelana (okungukuthi, ayidingi ukusekelwa kwe-harmonic futhi ivumela noma yiziphi izinhlanganisela zokwephula). Umugqa wakhiwe phezu kwesimiso sesikali, hhayi unxantathu; i-monofunctionality yamathoni ebangeni lesithathu akubonakali (noma ibonakaliswe ngokubuthakathaka kakhulu), ukuthuthela ku-diatonic. okwesibili nguCh. ithuluzi lokuthuthukisa umugqa. I-contour evamile ye-M. iyantanta futhi iyaguquguquka, ayibonisi ukuthambekela kokujova okuvezayo; uhlobo lomugqa ngokuvamile alufiki kuvuthondaba. Ngokwesigqi, imisindo ye-M. ihlelwa ngokuzinza, ngokungaguquki (okuvele kunqunywe i-polyphonic warehouse, i-polyphony). Nokho, imitha inenani lokulinganisa isikhathi ngaphandle kwanoma yimuphi umehluko obonakalayo wemethrikhi. imisebenzi eseduze. Eminye imininingwane yesigqi somugqa nezikhawu ichazwa ngokubala kwamagama aphikisayo (amafomula okugcinwa okulungisiwe, ukuvumelanisa, ama-cambiate, njll.). Ngokuphathelene nesakhiwo somculo esivamile, kanye ne-counterpoint, kukhona ukuthambekela okuphawulekayo kokuvimbela ukuphindaphinda (imisindo, amaqembu omsindo), ukuchezuka okuvunyelwe kuphela njengokuqinisekile, okuhlinzekwa yizinkulumo zomculo. imiyalelo, ubucwebe M.; umgomo wokuvinjelwa ukuhlukahluka (rule redicta, y ka-J. Tinktoris). Ukuvuselelwa okuqhubekayo emculweni, ikakhulukazi isici se-polyphony yokubhala okuqinile ngekhulu le-15 nele-16. (okuthiwa i-Prosamelodik; igama elithi G. Besseler), alifaki ithuba lemethrikhi. kanye ne-symmetry yesakhiwo (i-periodicity) ye-close-up, ukwakheka kwesikwele, izikhathi ze-classical. uhlobo namafomu ahlobene.

Palestrina. "Missa brevis", Benedictus.

Iculo elidala laseRussia. umculi. I-art-va ngokohlobo imele ukuhambisana nengoma yaseNtshonalanga kaGregory, kodwa yehluke kakhulu kuyo ngokuqukethwe kwezwi. Kusukela ekuqaleni waboleka eByzantium M. azizange zilungiswe ngokuqinile, ngaleso sikhathi lapho zidluliselwa eRussia. umhlabathi, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu ohlelweni lokuba khona kwekhulu lesikhombisa likaCh. hlela. ekudluliseleni ngomlomo (kusukela ekurekhodweni kwehhuku ngaphambi kwekhulu le-17. ayizange ibonise ukuphakama okuqondile kwemisindo) ngaphansi kwethonya eliqhubekayo likaNar. ukubhalwa kwengoma, bacatshangelwa kabusha ngokujulile futhi, ngendlela eyehlela kithi (ekurekhodweni kwekhulu le-17), ngokungangabazeki yaphenduka yaba isiRashiya nje. isimangaliso. Imiculo yamakhosi amadala iyimpahla ebalulekile yamasiko eRussia. abantu. (“Ngokombono wokuqukethwe kwawo komculo, ama-melos asendulo ehlelo laseRussia awabalulekile kangako kunezikhumbuzo zomdwebo wasendulo waseRussia,” kuphawula uB. AT. Asafiev.) Isisekelo esijwayelekile sohlelo lwe-modal lokucula u-Znamenny, okungenani kusukela ngekhulu le-17. (cm. Znamenny chant), - okuthiwa. isikali sansuku zonke (noma imodi yansuku zonke) I-GAH cde fga bc'd' (kuma-“accordion” amane esakhiwo esifanayo; isikali njengesistimu asiyona i-octave, kodwa esesine, singahunyushwa ngokuthi ama-tetrachords amane e-Ionian, achazwe ngendlela ehlukile). Iningi le-M. ihlukaniswa ngokwelinye lamazwi ayi-8. Izwi iqoqo lamaculo athile (kunenqwaba yawo ezwini ngalinye), aqoqwe azungeze imiculo yawo. i-tonic (2-3, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphezulu kwamazwi amaningi). Ukucabanga okungaphandle kwe-octave nakho kubonakala esakhiweni se-modal. UM. ingase iqukathe inani lokwakheka kwesikali esincane sevolumu encane ngaphakathi kwesikali esisodwa esivamile. Ulayini M. ebonakala ngokushelela, ukugqama kwe-gamma, ukunyakaza kwesibili, ukugwema ukugxuma ngaphakathi kokwakhiwa (ngezinye izikhathi kuba khona okwesithathu nokwesine). Ngokwemvelo ethambile evamile yenkulumo (kufanele “iculwe ngezwi elipholile nelipholile”) enomculo. umugqa unamandla futhi unamandla. IsiRashiya esidala. umculo wehlelo uhlale unezwi futhi ikakhulukazi i-monophonic. Ukuveza. ukuphinyiselwa kombhalo kunquma isigqi se-M. (eqokomisa ama-syllables agcizelelwe egameni, izikhathi ezibalulekile encazelweni; ekupheleni kuka-M. isigqi esijwayelekile. funda, ch. hlela. isikhathi eside). Isigqi esilinganisiwe siyagwenywa, isigqi esiseduze silawulwa ubude nokuchazwa kwemigqa yombhalo. Izingoma ziyahlukahluka. UM. ngezindlela ezitholakala kuye, kwesinye isikhathi uveza lezo zimo noma izehlakalo ezishiwo embhalweni. Zonke M. ngokuvamile (futhi ingaba yinde kakhulu) yakhelwe phezu komgomo wokuthuthuka okuhlukile kwamashuni. Ukwehluka kuqukethe ukucula okusha okuphindaphindwayo kwamahhala, ukuhoxiswa, ukungezwa kwe-otd. imisindo kanye namaqembu emisindo yonke (cf. isibonelo amahubo namahubo). Ikhono le-chanter (umqambi) labonakaliswa ekhonweni lokudala i-M. kusuka kumkhawulo inani lezisusa eziyisisekelo. Isimiso sokuqala sasibhekwa ngokuqinile yi-Old Russian. Izingcweti zokucula, umugqa omusha bekufanele ube neculo elisha (meloprose). Ngakho-ke ukubaluleka okukhulu kokuhlukahluka ngomqondo obanzi wegama njengendlela yokuthuthuka.

I-Stichera yoMkhosi we-Vladimir Icon kaMama kaNkulunkulu, ingoma yokuhamba. Umbhalo nomculo (ofana) ngu-Ivan the Terrible.

I-European melodic 17th-19th Century isekelwe ohlelweni olukhulu lwethoni encane futhi ixhumeke ngokwendalo nendwangu ye-polyphonic (hhayi kuphela ku-homophony, kodwa futhi ku-polyphonic warehouse). "I-Melody ayikwazi ukuvela emcabangweni ngenye indlela ngaphandle kokuvumelana nokuvumelana" (PI Tchaikovsky). U-M. uyaqhubeka nokugxila komcabango, nokho, ukuqamba i-M., umqambi (mhlawumbe engazi) uyidala kanye nenhloko. counterpoint (i-bass; ngokusho kukaP. Hindemith - "izwi eliyisisekelo elibili"), ngokuvumelana nokuvumelana okuvezwe ku-M.. Ukuthuthukiswa okuphezulu komculo. umcabango uqukethwe kumcimbi we-melodic. izakhiwo ngenxa yokuhlalisana kwezakhi zofuzo kuyo. izendlalelo, ngendlela ecindezelwe equkethe izinhlobo zangaphambilini zemiculo:

1) i-linear-energy eyinhloko. isici (ngendlela ye-dynamics of ups and downs, umgogodla owakhayo womugqa wesibili);

2) isici se-metrorhythm esihlukanisa lesi sici (ngesimo sesistimu ehlukaniswe kahle yobudlelwane besikhashana kuwo wonke amazinga);

3) ukuhlelwa kwe-modal yomugqa wesigqi (ngendlela yohlelo oluthuthuke ngokucebile lokuxhumana okusebenzayo kwethoni; nakuwo wonke amazinga omculo wonke).

Kuzo zonke lezi zingqimba zesakhiwo, okokugcina kwengezwe - ukuvumelana kwe-chord, okuvezwa emgqeni wezwi elilodwa ngokusebenzisa okusha, hhayi kuphela i-monophonic, kodwa namamodeli we-polyphonic wokwakhiwa kwezinsimbi zomculo. Kucindezelwe kube umugqa, ukuvumelana kuvame ukuthola uhlobo lwayo lwe-polyphonic lwemvelo; ngakho-ke, i-M. yenkathi "ye-harmonic" cishe izalwa njalo kanye nokuvumelana kwayo okuvuselelwe - nge-bass contrapuntal kanye namazwi aphakathi agcwalisayo. Esibonelweni esilandelayo, ngokususelwe endikimbeni ye-Cis-dur fugue evela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-Well-Tempered Clavier ka-JS Bach kanye netimu evela ku-Fantasy Overture i-Romeo and Juliet ka-PI Tchaikovsky, kuboniswa ukuthi ukuhambisana kwezwi (A) ) iba imodeli yemodi eculayo (B), okuthi, efakwe ku-M., ikhiqize kabusha ukuvumelana okufihlwe kuyo (V; Q 1, Q2, Q3, njll. - imisebenzi yamachord yokuqala, yesibili, yesithathu, njll. Q1 - ngokulandelana kwesihlanu phansi; 0 - "zero fives", tonic); ukuhlaziywa (ngendlela yokunciphisa) ekugcineni kuveza isici sayo esimaphakathi (G):

Ngakho-ke, engxabanweni edumile phakathi kukaRameau (owayethi ukuvumelana kubonisa indlela yezwi ngalinye, kubangele ingoma) noRousseau (owayekholelwa ukuthi “umculo emculweni ufana nokudweba emdwebeni; ukuvumelana kuphela isenzo semibala”) URameau wayeqinisile; Ukwakhiwa kukaRousseau kufakazela ukungaqondi kahle kwama-harmonics. izisekelo zomculo we-classic kanye nokudideka kwemiqondo: "i-harmony" - "chord" (i-Rousseau izolunga uma "ukuvumelana" kungaqondwa njengamazwi ahambisanayo).

Ukuthuthukiswa kwenkathi ye-European melodic "harmonic" uchungechunge lomlando kanye nesitayela. izigaba (ngokusho kwe-B. Sabolchi, i-baroque, i-rococo, i-Viennese yakudala, i-romanticism), ngayinye ebonakala yinkimbinkimbi ethile. izimpawu. Izitayela zomculo zomuntu ngamunye ze-JS Bach, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, F. Chopin, R. Wagner, MI Glinka, PI Tchaikovsky, MP Mussorgsky. Kodwa umuntu angakwazi futhi ukuqaphela amaphethini athile ajwayelekile omculo wenkathi "ye-harmonic", ngenxa yezimpawu zobuhle obuvelele. ukufakwa okuhloselwe ukudalulwa okuphelele kakhulu kwangaphakathi. umhlaba womuntu, umuntu. ubuntu: uhlamvu olujwayelekile, “lwasemhlabeni” (ngokungafani nokufinyezwa okuthile komculo wenkathi edlule); ukuthintana ngqo nomkhakha wezwi womculo wesintu wansuku zonke; ukungena ngesigqi kanye nemitha yomdanso, imashi, ukunyakaza komzimba; inhlangano yemethrikhi eyinkimbinkimbi, enegatsha enokuhlukaniswa kwamaleveli amaningi ama-lobes alula nasindayo; umfutho oqinile wokubumba ovela kusigqi, motif, imitha; i-metrorhythm. kanye nokuphindaphinda okushukumisayo njengokubonakaliswa komsebenzi womuzwa wokuphila; amandla adonsela phansi abheke ku-squareness, okuba indawo eyinkomba yesakhiwo; i-triad kanye nokubonakaliswa kwama-harmonics. imisebenzi ku-M., i-polyphony efihliwe emgqeni, ukuvumelana okushiwo nokucatshangwa ku-M.; ukusebenza okukodwa okuhlukile kwemisindo ebonwa njengezingxenye zechodi eyodwa; ngalesi sisekelo, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwangaphakathi komugqa (isibonelo, c - d - shift, c - d - e - ngaphandle, "quantitatively" ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo, kodwa ngaphakathi - ukubuyela ku-consonance yangaphambilini); inqubo ekhethekile yokunqoba ukubambezeleka okunjalo ekuthuthukisweni komugqa ngokusebenzisa isigqi, ukuthuthukiswa kwesisusa, ukuvumelana (bheka isibonelo esingenhla, isigaba B); isakhiwo somugqa, motif, ibinzana, ingqikithi kunqunywa imitha; i-metric dismemberment kanye ne-periodicity kuhlanganiswe nokunqunywa kanye ne-periodicity yama-harmonics. izakhiwo emculweni (izinsimbi ezijwayelekile zomculo ziyisici esikhethekile); mayelana nokwangempela (itimu evela ku-Tchaikovsky esibonelweni esifanayo) noma eshiwo (itimu evela ku-Bach) ukuvumelana, wonke umugqa we-M. ucacile (ngesitayela se-Viennese yakudala ngisho nakancane ngokugcizelela) ihlukaniswe yaba i-chord futhi engeyona- imisindo ye-chord, isibonelo, endikimbeni evela ku-Bach gis1 ekuqaleni isinyathelo sokuqala - ukuboshwa. Ukulinganisa kobudlelwane befomu okukhiqizwa imitha (okungukuthi, ukuxhumana okuhambisanayo kwezingxenye) kudlulela ekwandiseni okukhulu (ngezinye izikhathi kukhulu kakhulu), okunomthelela ekudalweni kwamamitha athuthukayo wesikhathi eside futhi abalulekile ngokumangalisayo (Chopin, Tchaikovsky).

Ikhulu lama-20 le-Melodika lembula isithombe sokuhlukahluka okukhulu - kusukela ku-archaic yezingqimba zasendulo zama-bunks. umculo (IF Stravinsky, B. Bartok), imvelaphi engeyona eyaseYurophu. amasiko omculo (Negro, East Asian, Indian), mass, pop, jazz songs to modern tonal (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, AI Khachaturyan, RS Ledenev, R K. Shchedrin, BI Tishchenko, TN Khrennikov, U-AN Alexandrov, A. Ya. Stravinsky nabanye), i-modal entsha (O. Messiaen, AN Cherepnin), ithoni eyishumi nambili, i-serial, umculo we-serial (A. Schoenberg, A. Webern, A. Berg, ongasekho uStravinsky, P. Boulez, L. Nono, D Ligeti, EV Denisov, AG Schnittke, RK Shchedrin, SM Slonimsky, KA Karaev nabanye), electronic, aleatoric (K. Stockhausen, V. Lutoslavsky nabanye .), stochastic (J. Xenakis), umculo onobuciko bekholaji (L. Berio, CE Ives, AG Schnittke, AA Pyart, BA Tchaikovsky), kanye neminye imisinga nezikhombisi-ndlela ezidlulele nakakhulu. Angeke kube khona umbuzo wanoma yisiphi isitayela esijwayelekile nanoma yiziphi izimiso ezijwayelekile zomculo lapha; ngokuphathelene nezigigaba eziningi, wona kanye umqondo womculo kungenzeka awusebenzi nhlobo, noma kufanele ube nencazelo ehlukile (isibonelo, “iculo le-timbre”, i-Klangfarbenmelodie – ngesiSchoenbergian noma omunye umqondo). Amasampula ekhulu leminyaka engu-M. 20: purely diatonic (A), ithoni eyishumi nambili (B):

SS Prokofiev. "Impi Nokuthula", i-aria Kutuzov.

DD Shostakovich. I-symphony ye-14, ukunyakaza kwe-V.

V. Iziqalo zemfundiso kaM. ziqukethwe emisebenzini yomculo kaDkt Greece kanye noDkt. East. Njengoba umculo wabantu basendulo uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-monophonic, yonke inkolelo-mbono yomculo empeleni yayiyisayensi yomculo (“Umculo uyisayensi yamamelos aphelele” – Anonymous II Bellerman; “okuphelele”, noma “okugcwele”, amaculo ubunye begama, ishuni nesigqi). Okufanayo ngezindlela. Okuncane okuthinta i-musicology yenkathi yaseYurophu. yeNkathi Ephakathi, ezicini eziningi, ngaphandle kweningi lemfundiso yokuphikisa, nayo yeRenaissance: “Umculo uyisayensi yomculo” (Musica est peritia modulationis – Isidore of Seville). Imfundiso kaM. ngomqondo ofanele wegama ihlehlela emuva esikhathini lapho iminyuziyamu. ithiyori yaqala ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-harmonics, isigqi kanye nomculo kanjalo. Umsunguli wemfundiso kaM. uthathwa njengo-Aristoxenus.

Imfundiso yasendulo yomculo iwubheka njengento evumelanayo: “I-Melos inezingxenye ezintathu: amagama, ukuvumelana, nesigqi” (Plato). Umsindo wezwi uvamile emculweni nasenkulumweni. Ngokungafani nenkulumo, i-melos iwukunyakaza kwezinyathelo zesikhawu semisindo (i-Aristoxenus); ukunyakaza kwezwi kukabili: "enye ibizwa ngokuthi i-continuous and colloquial, enye i-interval (i-diastnmatikn) ne-melodic" (Angaziwa (Cleonides), kanye no-Aristoxenus). Ukunyakaza kwezikhawu "kuvumela ukubambezeleka (komsindo endaweni efanayo) nezikhawu phakathi kwazo" ezishintshana. Ukuguquka ukusuka kokunye ukuphakama kuya kokunye kuhunyushwa ngokuthi kungenxa ye-muscular-dynamic. factor (“ukubambezeleka sikubiza ngokuthi ukungezwani, nezikhawu phakathi kwazo – uguquko kusuka kwesinye isiyaluyalu kuya kwesinye. Okuletha umehluko ekushubeni ukushuba nokukhululwa” – Angaziwa). U-Anonymous ofanayo (u-Cleonides) uhlukanisa izinhlobo ze-melodic. ukunyakaza: "kunezinguquko ezine zomculo lapho ingoma eyenziwa ngayo: i-agogy, i-plok, i-petteia, ithoni. I-Agogue ukuhamba komculo phezu kwemisindo elandelayo ngokulandelana ngokushesha (ukunyakaza okuhamba kancane); i-ploke - ukuhlelwa kwemisindo ngezikhawu ngokusebenzisa inombolo eyaziwayo yezinyathelo (ukunyakaza kokugxuma); i-petteiya - ukuphindaphinda okuphindaphindiwe komsindo ofanayo; ithoni – umsindo obambezelekayo isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. U-Aristides Quintilian kanye no-Bacchius Omdala bahlobanisa ukunyakaza kwe-M. ukusuka phezulu kuya kwemisindo ephansi nokuba buthakathaka, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi nokukhulisa. NgokukaQuintilian, ama-M. ahlukaniswa ngamaphethini akhuphukayo, awehlayo, futhi ayindilinga (amagagasi). Enkathini yasendulo, kwaqashelwa ukujwayela, ngokusho ukuthi ukugxuma ukuya phezulu (i-prolnpiz noma i-prokroysiz) kuhlanganisa ukwehla okubuyayo ngemizuzwana (ukuhlaziya), futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. M. banikezwe uhlamvu olucacile (“ethos”). "Ngokuqondene nezingoma, ngokwazo ziqukethe ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlamvu" (Aristotle).

Esikhathini seNkathi Ephakathi neNkathi Yokuzalwa kabusha, okusha emfundisweni yomculo kwavezwa ngokuyinhloko ekusungulweni kobunye ubudlelwano negama, inkulumo njengokuwukuphela kwayo okusemthethweni. Uhlabelela ukuze kungabi izwi lalowo oculayo, kodwa amazwi athokozise uNkulunkulu ”(Jerome). "I-Modulatio", eqondwa hhayi nje njengomculo wangempela we-M., kodwa futhi njengokumnandi, ukucula "kongwaqa" nokwakhiwa kahle kwamamuse. lonke, elikhiqizwe ngu-Augustine kusuka ku-root modus (isilinganiso), lihunyushwa ngokuthi "isayensi yokuhamba kahle, okungukuthi, ukuhamba ngokuhambisana nesilinganiso", okusho ukuthi "ukugcina isikhathi nezikhawu"; imodi nokungaguquguquki kwezakhi zesigqi nemodi nakho kufakiwe emqondweni "wokushintshashintsha kwezwi". Futhi njengoba i-M. ("modulation") ivela "ekulinganiseni", ngakho-ke, emoyeni we-neo-Pythagoreanism, u-Augustine ubheka inombolo njengesisekelo sobuhle ku-M..

Imithetho “yokwakheka okulula kwemiculo” (modulatione) kokuthi “Microlog” kaGuido d'Arezzo b.ch. ungakhathaleli kakhulu umculo ngomqondo omncane wegama (ngokungafani nesigqi, imodi), kodwa ukwakheka nje jikelele. “Inkulumo yomculo kufanele ihambisane nesihloko ngokwaso, ukuze ezimweni ezidabukisayo umculo ube ongathi sína, ezimweni ezolile ube mnandi, ezimweni ezijabulisayo kufanele wenama, njll. Isakhiwo sika-M. sifaniswa nesakhiwo sombhalo wezwi: “njengamamitha ezinkondlo kukhona izinhlamvu namagama, izingxenye neziqephu, amavesi, kanjalo nasemculweni (nge-harmonia) kukhona ama-phthong, okungukuthi, imisindo ... ahlanganiswe abe ama-syllables, futhi ngokwawo (amalunga ), alula futhi aphindwe kabili, enza i-nevma, okungukuthi, ingxenye yomculo (cantilenae), ", izingxenye zengezwa emnyangweni. Ukucula kufanele kube “njengokungathi kulinganiswa ezinyathelweni zemethrikhi.” Iminyango kaM., njengasezinkondlo, kufanele ilingane, futhi eminye kufanele iphindane. U-Guido ukhomba izindlela ezingase zibe khona zokuxhumanisa iminyango: “ukufana ekunyakazeni komculo okhuphukayo noma owehlayo”, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobudlelwano obulinganayo: ingxenye ephindaphindayo ye-M. ingahamba “ngokuhlehla futhi nasezinyathelweni ezifanayo njengoba ihambile. lapho liqala ukubonakala”; umfanekiso kaM., ophuma emsindweni ongenhla, uqhathaniswa nomfanekiso ofanayo ophuma emsindweni ophansi (“kunjengokungathi thina, sibheka emthonjeni, sibona ukuvezwa kobuso bethu”). “Iziphetho zemisho nezigaba kufanele zihambisane neziphetho ezifanayo zombhalo, ... .” Ngaphezu kwalokho, uGuido - umculi wenkathi ephakathi - unikeza indlela enelukuluku lokuqamba umculo, lokho okubizwa. indlela ye-equivocalism, lapho iphimbo lika-M. liboniswa ngonkamisa oqukethwe kuhlamvu olunikeziwe. Ku-M. olandelayo, unkamisa u-“a” uhlala ezwakala enomsindo C (c), “e” – emsindweni D (d), “i” – ngo-E (e), “o” – ngo-F ( f) kanye “kanye” naku-G(g). (“Le ndlela ifundisa kakhulu kunokuqamba,” kuphawula uK. Dahlhaus):

Ummeleli ovelele we-aesthetics ye-Renaissance Tsarlino encwadini ethi "Izisekelo Zokuvumelana", ebhekisela encazelweni yasendulo (kaPlato) ka-M., uyala umqambi ukuthi "akhiqize kabusha incazelo (soggetto) equkethwe enkulumweni." Ngomoya wesiko lasendulo, i-Zarlino ihlukanisa izimiso ezine emculweni, ezihlanganisa ndawonye umphumela wayo omangalisayo kumuntu, lezi: ukuvumelana, imitha, inkulumo (i-oratione) nomqondo wobuciko (soggetto - "iploti"); abokuqala abathathu empeleni ngu-M. Ukuqhathanisa izinkulumo. amathuba kaM. (ngomqondo omncane wegama) kanye nesigqi, ukhetha uM. ‘njengabanamandla amakhulu okuguqula izinkanuko nokuziphatha ngaphakathi. U-Artusi (ku-“The Art of Counterpoint”) kumodeli yokuhlukaniswa kwasendulo kwezinhlobo zemiculo. ukunyakaza kusetha i-melodic ethile. imidwebo. Ukuhunyushwa komculo njengokumelela kokuthinta (ngokusondelene nombhalo) kuhlangana nokuqonda kwawo ngesisekelo sokukhuluma komculo, ukuthuthukiswa kwethiyori okuningiliziwe okuwela ekhulwini le-17 nele-18. Izimfundiso ezimayelana nomculo wesikhathi esisha sezivele zihlola umculo we-homophonic (ukuphinyiselwa kwawo ngesikhathi esifanayo kuwukuvezwa kwawo wonke umculo). Nokho, kuphela ku-Ser. Ikhulu le-18 ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana ehambisana nemvelo yayo ngokwesayensi kanye methodological. isizinda. Ukuncika komculo we-homophonic ekuvumelaneni, kwagcizelelwa nguRameau (“Lokho esikubiza ngokuthi ihubo, okungukuthi, imelodi yezwi elilodwa, kwakhiwe ukuhleleka kwemisindo ehambisanayo ngokuhambisana nokulandelana okuyisisekelo kanye nayo yonke imiyalo engenzeka yemisindo evumelanayo. ekhishwe “kokuyisisekelo”) yabeka ngaphambi komculo wethiyori, inkinga yokuhlobana komculo nokuvumelana, okwathi isikhathi eside yanquma ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundiso yomculo. Isifundo somculo ngekhulu le-17-19. kwenziwe bh hhayi emisebenzini enikezelwe kuye ngokukhethekile, kodwa emisebenzini yokwakheka, ukuvumelana, iphuzu eliphikisayo. Ithiyori yenkathi yeBaroque ikhanyisa ukwakheka kukaM. ngokwengxenye ngokombono wezinkulumo zomculo. izibalo (ikakhulukazi ukujika okucacile kwe-M. zichazwa njengemihlobiso yenkulumo yomculo - eminye imidwebo yemigqa, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphindaphinda, izibabazo, njll.). Kusuka ku-Ser. Ikhulu le-18 imfundiso kaM. iba yilokhu osekushiwo yileli gama. Umqondo wokuqala wemfundiso entsha kaM. yakhiwe ezincwadini zika-I. Mattheson (1, 1737), J. URipel (1739), K. UNickelman (1755). Inkinga kaM. (ngaphezu kwezakhiwo zomculo zendabuko, isibonelo, ku-Mattheson), lezi ziJalimane. ama-theorists anquma ngesisekelo semfundiso yemitha nesigqi (“Taktordnung” kaRipel). Ngomoya wokukhanyiseleka, uMattheson ubona ingqikithi kaM. ku-aggregate, okokuqala, izimfanelo zayo eziqondile ze-1755: ukukhanya, ukucaca, ukushelela (fliessendes Wesen) nobuhle (ukuheha - Lieblichkeit). Ukufeza ngayinye yalezi zimfanelo, utusa amasu aqondile ngokulinganayo. imithethonqubo.

1) qapha ngokucophelela ukufana kwezitobhi zomsindo (Tonfüsse) nesigqi;

2) ungaphuli i-geometric. izilinganiso (i-Verhalt) yezingxenye ezithile ezifanayo (i-Sdtze), okuyi-numerum musicum (izinombolo zomculo), okungukuthi qaphela ngokunembile i-melodic. izilinganiso zezinombolo (Zahlmaasse);

3) iziphetho ezincane zangaphakathi (förmliche Schlüsse) ku-M., lapho kuba bushelelezi, njll. Ukufaneleka kwe-Rousseau ukuthi ugcizelele kakhulu incazelo ye-melodic. iphimbo (“Melody … lilingisa iphimbo lolimi kanye nalawo mathuba okuthi olimini ngalunye lwesigodi ahambisane nokunyakaza okuthile kwengqondo”).

Isondelene kakhulu nezimfundiso zekhulu le-18. A. Reich kweyakhe ethi “Treatise on Melody” kanye no-AB Marx kwethi “The Doctrine of Musical Composition”. Basebenza kabanzi ngezinkinga zokuhlukaniswa kwesakhiwo. U-Reich uchaza umculo ovela ezinhlangothini ezimbili—ubuhle (“Ihubo ulimi lomuzwa”) kanye nobuchwepheshe (“Isihlabelelo siwukulandelana kwemisindo, njengoba ukuvumelana kuwukulandelana kwamachords”) futhi uhlaziya ngokuningiliziwe inkathi, umusho (membre), ibinzana (dessin mélodique), “ itimu noma motif” ngisho nezinyawo (pieds mélodiques)—trocheus, iambic, amphibrach, njll. U-Marx wenza ngobuhlakani incazelo ye-semantic ye-motif: “Iculo kufanele lishukunyiswe.”

X. U-Riemann uqonda i-M. njengengqikithi nokusebenzelana kwakho konke okuyisisekelo. izindlela zomculo - ukuvumelana, isigqi, isigqi (imitha) kanye ne-tempo. Ekwakheni isikali, u-Riemann usuka esikalini, echaza imisindo yawo ngayinye ngokulandelana kwamaculo, futhi adlulele ekuxhumekeni kwethoni, okunqunywa ukuhlobana nendawo. i-chord, bese ingeza isigqi ngokulandelana, melodic. imihlobiso, iphimbo ngokusebenzisa ama-cadenza futhi, ekugcineni, kuvela ezihlosweni kuye emishweni futhi kuqhubeke kuya ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu (ngokuvumelana nethi “Teaching about Melody” kusukela kumqulu l we-“Great Teaching about Composition”). E. Kurt wagcizelela ngamandla athile ukuthambekela okuyisici kwemfundiso yekhulu lama-20 emayelana nomculo, ephikisana nokuqondwa kokuvumelana kwezingoma nesigqi esikalwa isikhathi njengezisekelo zomculo. Ngokuphambene, wabeka phambili umqondo wamandla wokunyakaza okuqondile, ovezwa ngokuqondile emculweni, kodwa kufihlwe (ngendlela "yamandla angenzeka") ekhona ku-chord, ukuvumelana. G. Schenker wabona ku-M., okokuqala nje, inhlangano elwela ukufinyelela emgomweni othize, olawulwa ubudlelwano bokuvumelana (ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezi-3 - "imigqa eyinhloko"

,

и

; womathathu amaphuzu phansi). Ngokwesisekelo sale "migqa eyinhloko", imigqa yegatsha "iqhakaza", okuvela kuyo, ihlumela imigqa "ihlumela", njll. Ithiyori kaP. Hindemith yomculo iyafana nekaSchenker (futhi hhayi ngaphandle kwethonya layo) (M. Umcebo usekunqamula ukunyakaza kwesibili okuhlukahlukene, inqobo nje uma izinyathelo zixhumene nethoni). Izinombolo zamamanyuwali ziveza ithiyori ye-dodecaphone melody (indaba ekhethekile yale nqubo).

Ngo-Russian theory ezincwadini, umsebenzi wokuqala okhethekile othi "On Melody" wabhalwa ngu-I. Gunke (1859, njengengxenye ye-1 ye "Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wokuqamba Umculo"). Ngokwesimo sakhe sengqondo esijwayelekile, uGunke useduze neReich. I-metrorhythm ithathwa njengesisekelo somculo (amagama okuqala oMhlahlandlela: “Umculo usungulwe futhi uqanjwe ngokwezinyathelo”). Okuqukethwe kuka-M. ngaphakathi komjikelezo owodwa othiwa. iwashi motif, izibalo ngaphakathi motifs kukhona onobuhle noma imidwebo. Ucwaningo lwe-M. ngokwezinga elikhulu lulandisa ngemisebenzi ehlola inganekwane, yasendulo neyasempumalanga. umculo (DV Razumovsky, AN Serov, PP Sokalsky, AS Famintsyn, VI Petr, VM Metallov; ngezikhathi zamaSoviet - MV Brazhnikov, VM Belyaev, ND Uspensky nabanye).

IP Shishov (engxenyeni yesibili yawo-2 wafundisa isifundo somculo womculo eMoscow Conservatory) uthatha esinye isiGreki. isimiso sokuhlukaniswa kwesikhashana kwe-M. (eyabuye yathuthukiswa ngu-Yu. N. Melgunov): iyunithi encane kunazo zonke i-mora, i-mora ihlanganiswe ibe yizitobhi, lezo zibe imihlobiso elengayo, imihlobiso elengayo ibe yinkathi, izikhathi zibe yizigaba. Ifomu M. lithobela i-b.ch. umthetho we-symmetry (okucacile noma okufihliwe). Indlela yokuhlaziya inkulumo ihlanganisa ukucabangela zonke izikhawu ezakhiwe ukunyakaza kwezwi kanye nobudlelwano bokuxhumana bezingxenye ezivela emculweni. I-LA Mazel encwadini ethi "On Melody" ibheka uM. ekusebenzelaneni kwe-main. izoveza. indlela yomculo - melodic. imigqa, imodi, isigqi, ukuphimisela kwesakhiwo, kunikeza izindatshana zomlando. ukuthuthukiswa komculo (kusuka ku-JS Bach, L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, PI Tchaikovsky, SV Rachmaninov, nabanye abaqambi baseSoviet). U-MG Aranovsky kanye ne-MP Papush emisebenzini yabo baphakamisa umbuzo wemvelo ka-M. kanye nengqikithi yomqondo ka-M.

References: Gunke I., The doctrine of melody, encwadini: Umhlahlandlela ophelele wokuqamba umculo, iSt. Petersburg, 1863; Serov A., ingoma yomdabu yaseRussia njengesihloko sesayensi, "Umculo. isizini", 1870-71, No 6 (isigaba 2 - Indawo yokugcina impahla yengoma yesiRashiya); okufanayo, encwadini yakhe: Ukhethiwe. izihloko, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950; U-Petr VI, Endleleni yokugcina umculo yengoma ye-Aryan. Okuhlangenwe nakho Komlando Nokuqhathanisa, i-SPV, 1899; I-Metallov V., i-Osmosis ye-Znamenny Chant, M., 1899; U-Küffer M., Isigqi, umculo nokuvumelana, “RMG”, 1900; Shishov IP, Embuzweni wokuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo somculo, "Imfundo yomculo", 1927, No 1-3; Belyaeva-Kakzemplyarskaya S., Yavorsky V., Isakhiwo somculo, M., 1929; I-Asafiev BV, Ifomu lomculo njengenqubo, incwadi. 1-2, M.-L., 1930-47, L., 1971; eyakhe, Speech intonation, M.-L., 1965; Kulakovsky L., Ku-Methodology yokuhlaziywa komculo, "SM", 1933, No 1; Gruber RI, Umlando Wamasiko omculo, vol. 1, ingxenye 1, M.-L., 1941; Sposobin IV, Ifomu lomculo, M.-L., 1947, 1967; Mazel LA, O melody, M., 1952; Ubuhle bomculo wasendulo, ukungena. Art. futhi coll. imibhalo ka-AF Losev, eMoscow, ngo-1960; Belyaev VM, Izindatshana zomlando womculo wabantu base-USSR, vol. 1-2, M., 1962-63; Uspensky ND, ubuciko bokucula baseRussia obudala, M., 1965, 1971; I-Shestakov VP (comp.), I-Musical aesthetics yeNkathi Ephakathi yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu kanye Nokuvuselela, M., 1966; yakhe, Musical aesthetics of Western Europe of the XVII-XVIII eminyaka, M., 1971; Aranovsky MG, Melodika S. Prokofiev, L., 1969; I-Korchmar L., Imfundiso yomculo wekhulu le-XVIII, eqoqweni: Imibuzo yethiyori yomculo, vol. 2, M., 1970; I-Papush MP, Ekuhlaziyweni komqondo womculo, ku: Ubuciko Bomculo Nesayensi, vol. 2, M., 1973; Zemtsovsky I., Melodika wezingoma zekhalenda, L., 1975; Plato, State, Works, trans. kusukela kusiGreki sasendulo A. Egunova, vol. 3, ingxenye 1, M., 1971, p. 181, § 398d; U-Aristotle, Ezombusazwe, trans. kusukela esiGrekini sasendulo S. Zhebeleva, M., 1911, p. 373, §1341b; Ongaziwa (Cleonides?), Isingeniso se-harmonica, trans. kusukela kusiGreki sasendulo G. Ivanova, "Philological Review", 1894, v. 7, incwadi. eyodwa.

Yu. N. Kholopov