Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky |

UPyotr Tchaikovsky

Kusukela ekhulwini kuya ekhulwini, ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, uthando lwethu ngoTchaikovsky, ngomculo wakhe omnandi, ludlula, futhi lokhu kungukungafi kwayo. D. Shostakovich

“Ngifisa ngawo wonke amandla omphefumulo wami ukuthi umculo wami usabalale, sande isibalo sabantu abawuthandayo, bathole ukududuzeka nokwesekwa kuwo.” Kula mazwi kaPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, umsebenzi wobuciko bakhe, awubona enkonzweni yomculo nabantu, "iqiniso, ngobuqotho futhi kalula" ukukhuluma nabo ngezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezibucayi nezijabulisayo, zichazwe ngokunembile. Isixazululo senkinga enjalo sasingenzeka ngokuthuthukiswa kokuhlangenwe nakho okucebile kakhulu kwesiko lomculo laseRussia nezwe, kanye nekhono lamakhono aphezulu okuqamba ochwepheshe. Ukushuba okungapheli kwamandla okudala, umsebenzi wansuku zonke nophefumulelwe ekwakhiweni kwemisebenzi eminingi yomculo kwakha okuqukethwe kanye nencazelo yayo yonke impilo yomdwebi omkhulu.

UTchaikovsky wazalelwa emndenini wonjiniyela wezimayini. Kusukela esemncane, wabonisa ukuthambekela kakhulu emculweni, wafunda njalo upiyano, ayekwazi kahle ngesikhathi ephothula eSikoleni Somthetho eSt. Petersburg (1859). Kakade ekhonza eMnyangweni woMnyango Wezobulungiswa (kuze kube ngu-1863), ngo-1861 wangena emakilasini e-RMS, eguqulelwe eSt. Petersburg Conservatory (1862), lapho afunda khona ukubunjwa noN. Zaremba no-A. Rubinshtein. Ngemva kokuphothula e-conservatory (1865), uTchaikovsky wamenywa nguN. Rubinstein ukuba afundise eMoscow Conservatory, eyavulwa ngo-1866. Umsebenzi kaTchaikovsky (wafundisa amakilasi emfundo eyimpoqo nekhethekile) wabeka izisekelo zesiko lokufundisa. yaseMoscow Conservatory, lokhu kwaqhutshwa ukwakhiwa kwencwadi yokuvumelana, ukuhunyushwa kwezinsiza-kufundisa ezihlukahlukene, njll. Ngo-1868, uTchaikovsky wavela okokuqala ephrintiwe enezihloko ezisekela uN. Rimsky- Korsakov kanye noM. Balakirev (ukudala okunobungane kwavela ubuhlobo naye), futhi ngo-1871-76. wayengumbhali wezincwadi zomculo wephephandaba i-Sovremennaya Letopis ne-Russkiye Vedomosti.

Lezi zihloko, kanye nokuxhumana okubanzi, kubonise imibono yobuhle yomqambi, owayenozwela olujulile ikakhulukazi ngobuciko buka-WA ​​Mozart, M. Glinka, R. Schumann. Ukusondelana ne-Moscow Artistic Circle, eyayiholwa ngu-AN Ostrovsky (i-opera yokuqala kaTchaikovsky "Voevoda" - 1868 yabhalwa ngokusekelwe emdlalweni wakhe; phakathi neminyaka yezifundo zakhe - i-overture "Thunderstorm", ngo-1873 - umculo weqembu. dlala "Intombi Yeqhwa"), uhambo oluya eKamenka ukuyobona udadewabo u-A. Davydova waba nesandla othandweni olwavela ebuntwaneni ngezingoma zomdabu - isiRashiya, bese kuba isi-Ukraine, uTchaikovsky avame ukucaphuna ngaso emisebenzini yenkathi yaseMoscow yokudala.

EMoscow, igunya likaTchaikovsky njengomqambi liqina ngokushesha, imisebenzi yakhe ishicilelwe futhi yenziwa. U-Tchaikovsky udale izibonelo zokuqala zakudala zezinhlobo ezahlukene zomculo waseRussia - ama-symphonies (1866, 1872, 1875, 1877), i-quartet yezintambo (1871, 1874, 1876), ikhonsathi yepiyano (1875, 1880, 1893), i-ballet , 1875 -76), ucezu lwekhonsathi ("Melancholic Serenade" ye-violin ne-orchestra - 1875; "Izinguquko ku-Rococo Theme" ye-cello ne-orchestra - 1876), ibhala ezothando, i-piano isebenza ("Izinkathi", 1875- 76, njll.).

Indawo ebalulekile emsebenzini womqambi yayigcwele imisebenzi ye-symphonic yohlelo - i-fantasy overture "Romeo and Juliet" (1869), inganekwane ethi "The Tempest" (1873, kokubili - ngemva kukaW. Shakespeare), inganekwane "Francesca da Rimini" (ngemuva kukaDante, 1876), lapho i-lyrical-psychological, i-orientation ephawulekayo yomsebenzi kaTchaikovsky, ebonakala kwezinye izinhlobo, ibonakala ngokukhethekile.

Ku-opera, ukusesha okulandela indlela efanayo kumholela edrama yansuku zonke kuya esakhiweni esingokomlando (“Oprichnik” esekelwe enhlekeleleni ka-I. Lazhechnikov, 1870-72) ngokusebenzisa isikhalazo endabeni ka-N. Gogol yamahlaya kanye nenganekwane (“ Vakula the Blacksmith” – 1874, edition 2nd – “Cherevichki” – 1885) to “Eugene Onegin” kaPushkin - izigcawu zomculo, njengoba umqambi (1877-78) abiza i-opera yakhe.

"U-Eugene Onegin" kanye ne-Fourth Symphony, lapho idrama ejulile yemizwa yomuntu ingenakuhlukaniswa nezibonakaliso zangempela zokuphila kwaseRussia, kwaba umphumela wenkathi yaseMoscow yomsebenzi kaTchaikovsky. Ukuqedwa kwabo kwaphawula ukuphuma enkingeni enzima edalwe ukugcwala kwamandla okudala, kanye nomshado ongaphumelelanga. Ukusekelwa kwezezimali okunikezwe uTchaikovsky nguN. von Meck (incwadi naye, eyathatha kusukela ngo-1876 kuya ku-1890, iyimpahla eyigugu yokutadisha imibono yobuciko yomqambi), yamnika ithuba lokushiya umsebenzi endaweni yokugcinwa kwemvelo eyayimsinda. leso sikhathi futhi uye phesheya ukuze uthuthukise impilo.

Imisebenzi yama-70s - ekuqaleni kwawo-80. okumakwe ngokubaluleka okukhulu kwenkulumo, ukwanda okuqhubekayo kohlu lwezinhlobo zomculo wezinsimbi (I-Concerto ye-violin ne-orchestra - 1878; amasudi e-orchestral - 1879, 1883, 1884; I-Serenade ye-orchestra yezintambo - 1880; "I-Trio in Memory of the Great Umculi” (N. Rubinstein) wepiyano , amaviyolini namacellos – 1882, njll.), isilinganiso semibono ye-opera (“Incekukazi yase-Orleans” ka-F. Schiller, 1879; “Mazeppa” ka-A. Pushkin, 1881-83 ), ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo emkhakheni wokubhala kwe-orchestra ("Italian Capriccio" - 1880, ama-suites), uhlobo lomculo, njll.

Kusukela ngo-1885, uTchaikovsky wahlala eduze kwaseKlin eduze kwaseMoscow (kusukela ngo-1891 - eKlin, lapho ngo-1895 kwavulwa i-House Museum yomqambi). Isifiso sokuba yedwa sokusungula asizange sikhiphe ukuxhumana okujulile nokuhlala njalo nempilo yomculo yaseRussia, eyathuthukiswa kakhulu hhayi eMoscow naseSt. Petersburg kuphela, kodwa naseKyiv, eKharkov, e-Odessa, eTiflis, njll. ekusabalaliseni kabanzi komculo uTchaikovsky. Uhambo lwekhonsathi oluya eJalimane, eCzech Republic, eFrance, eNgilandi, eMelika lwaletha umqambi wodumo emhlabeni wonke; izibopho zokudala nobungane nabaculi baseYurophu ziyaqiniswa (G. Bulow, A. Brodsky, A. Nikish, A. Dvorak, E. Grieg, C. Saint-Saens, G. Mahler, njll.). Ngo-1887 uTchaikovsky waklonyeliswa ngezinga likaDokotela woMculo eNyuvesi yaseCambridge eNgilandi.

Emisebenzini yenkathi yokugcina, evula ngohlelo lwe-symphony "Manfred" (ngokusho kukaJ. Byron, 1885), i-opera ethi "The Enchantress" (ngokuka-I. Shpazhinsky, 1885-87), i-Fifth Symphony (1888) ), kunokwanda okuphawulekayo kwesiqalo esidabukisayo, esifinyelela umvuthwandaba wazo zonke iziqongo zomsebenzi womqambi - i-opera ethi The Queen of Spades (1890) kanye neSixth Symphony (1893), lapho ekhuphukela ekuhlanganisweni okuphezulu kakhulu kwefilosofi kwezithombe. wothando, ukuphila nokufa. Eduze kwale misebenzi, ama-ballet ethi The Sleeping Beauty (1889) kanye ne-The Nutcracker (1892), i-opera ethi Iolanthe (emva kuka-G. Hertz, 1891) avela, afinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokunqoba kokukhanya nobuhle. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kombukiso wokuqala we-Sixth Symphony eSt. Petersburg, uTchaikovsky wafa ngokuzumayo.

Umsebenzi kaTchaikovsky wamukela cishe zonke izinhlobo zomculo, phakathi kwazo okuhamba phambili i-opera ne-symphony enkulu kakhulu. Zibonisa umqondo wobuciko womqambi ngokugcwele, phakathi nendawo okukhona izinqubo ezijulile zezwe langaphakathi lomuntu, ukunyakaza okuyinkimbinkimbi komphefumulo, okwembulwa ngokushayisana okubukhali nokushubile okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, nakulezi zinhlobo, iphimbo eliyinhloko lomculo kaTchaikovsky lihlala lizwakala - elimnandi, elinomculo, elizalwa ngokuzwakalisa okuqondile komzwelo womuntu nokuthola impendulo eqondile ngokulinganayo kumlaleli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye izinhlobo - kusukela kwezothando noma upiyano oluncane kuya ku-ballet, ikhonsathi yezinsimbi noma iqoqo legumbi - zinganikezwa izimfanelo ezifanayo zesikali se-symphonic, ukuthuthukiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokungena kwezingoma ezijulile.

U-Tchaikovsky naye wasebenza emkhakheni we-choral (kuhlanganise nomculo ongcwele), wabhala ama-vocal ensembles, umculo wokudlala okuphawulekayo. Amasiko kaTchaikovsky ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene athole ukuqhubeka kwawo emsebenzini ka-S. Taneyev, A. Glazunov, S. Rachmaninov, A. Scriabin, nabaqambi baseSoviet. Umculo kaTchaikovsky, owathola ukuqashelwa ngisho nangesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, okwathi, ngokusho kukaB. Asafiev, waba "yisidingo esibalulekile" kubantu, wathatha inkathi enkulu yempilo namasiko aseRussia ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX, wedlulela ngale kwawo futhi waba i impahla yabo bonke abantu. Okuqukethwe kwayo kusemhlabeni wonke: kuhlanganisa izithombe zokuphila nokufa, uthando, imvelo, ubuntwana, impilo ezungezile, ihlanganisa futhi yembule ngendlela entsha izithombe zezincwadi zesiRashiya nezomhlaba - uPushkin noGogol, uShakespeare noDante, ingoma yesiRashiya izinkondlo zengxenye yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Umculo kaTchaikovsky, ohlanganisa izimfanelo eziyigugu zesiko laseRussia - uthando nozwelo kumuntu, ukuzwela okungavamile ekusesheni okungaphumuli komphefumulo womuntu, ukungabekezelelani okubi nokomela okujulile okuhle, ubuhle, ukuphelela kokuziphatha - kwembula ukuxhumana okujulile umsebenzi kaL. Tolstoy noF. Dostoevsky, I. Turgenev no-A. Chekhov.

Namuhla, iphupho likaTchaikovsky lokwandisa inani labantu abathanda umculo wakhe liyafezeka. Obunye bobufakazi bodumo lomhlaba lomqambi omkhulu waseRussia kwaba uMncintiswano Wamazwe Ngamazwe oqanjwe ngaye, oheha amakhulu abaculi abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene ukuba baye eMoscow.

E. Tsareva

isikhundla somculo. I-Worldview. Ingqophamlando yendlela yokudala

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Ngokungafani nabaqambi be "isikole esisha somculo waseRussia" - Balakirev, Mussorgsky, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov, okwathi, ngenxa yokungafani kwezindlela zabo zokudala, basebenza njengabameleli bendlela ethile, behlanganiswe ukufana kwemigomo eyinhloko, izinhloso nezimiso zobuhle, u-Tchaikovsky wayengekho kunoma yimaphi amaqembu kanye nemibuthano. Emzabalazweni oyinkimbinkimbi wokuluka kanye nokuzabalaza kwezitayela ezahlukahlukene ezikhombisa impilo yomculo waseRussia engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ugcine isikhundla esizimele. Okuningi kwamsondeza ku-"Kuchkists" futhi kwabangela ukukhangana, kodwa kwakukhona ukungezwani phakathi kwabo, ngenxa yalokho ibanga elithile lalihlala lihlala ebuhlotsheni babo.

Esinye sezihlamba ezihlala njalo kuTchaikovsky, owazizwa ekamu le "Mighty Handful", kwakuwukuntuleka komlingiswa kazwelonke ovezwe ngokucacile womculo wakhe. "Isici sikazwelonke asihlali siphumelela kuTchaikovsky," uStasov uphawula ngokuqapha esihlokweni sakhe eside sokubuyekeza "Umculo Wethu Weminyaka Engu-25 Eyedlule." Kwesinye isenzakalo, ehlanganisa uTchaikovsky no-A. Rubinstein, usho ngokuqondile ukuthi bobabili abaqambi "abameleli ngokugcwele abaculi baseRussia abasha kanye nezifiso zabo: bobabili abazimele ngokwanele, futhi abanamandla ngokwanele futhi abanamandla ngokwanele ezweni lonke. .”

Umbono wokuthi izici kazwelonke zaseRussia zazingaziwa kuTchaikovsky, mayelana nomsebenzi wakhe "we-Europeanized" ngisho "nomhlaba wonke" wawusakazwa kabanzi ngesikhathi sakhe futhi awuvezwanga abagxeki kuphela ababekhulumela "isikole esisha saseRussia" . Ngendlela ebukhali futhi eqondile, ivezwa nguMM Ivanov. "Kubo bonke ababhali baseRussia," umgxeki wabhala cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ngemva kokufa komqambi, "yena [uTchaikovsky] wahlala ehlala emhlabeni wonke, ngisho nalapho ezama ukucabanga ngesiRashiya, ukuze afinyelele izici ezaziwayo zomculo waseRussia osafufusa. i-warehouse.” "Indlela yaseRussia yokuziveza, isitayela saseRussia, esisibonayo, isibonelo, eRimsky-Korsakov, akaboni ...".

Kithina, esibona umculo kaTchaikovsky njengengxenye ebalulekile yesiko laseRussia, kuwo wonke amafa angokomoya aseRussia, izahlulelo ezinjalo zizwakala zingenangqondo futhi kungenangqondo. Umbhali wencwadi ka-Eugene Onegin ngokwakhe, egcizelela njalo ukuxhumana kwakhe okungenakuqhathaniswa nezimpande zempilo yaseRussia kanye nothando lwakhe oluvuthayo ngayo yonke into yaseRussia, akazange ayeke ukuzibheka njengommeleli wezobuciko basekhaya obuhlobene eduze, isiphetho sakhe samthinta ngokujulile futhi samkhathaza.

Njengama-"Kuchkists", u-Tchaikovsky wayengu-Glinkian oqinisekile futhi wakhothama phambi kobukhulu besenzo esafezwa umdali we "Life for the Tsar" kanye "noRuslan noLyudmila". "Into engakaze ibonwe emkhakheni wezobuciko", "ingqondo yangempela yokudala" - ngamagama anjalo wakhuluma ngoGlinka. “Into emangalisayo, enkulukazi”, efana naleyo “okungekho uMozart, noma uGluck, nanoma yimuphi wamakhosi,” uTchaikovsky wezwa engomeni yokugcina yeculo elithi “A Life for the Tsar”, ebeka umbhali wayo “celeni (Yebo! !) Mozart , noBeethoven nanoma ubani.” "Akukho ukubonakaliswa okuncane kobuhlakani obungavamile" kutholwe uTchaikovsky ku-"Kamarinskaya". Amazwi akhe okuthi sonke isikole sama-symphony saseRussia “siseKamarinskaya, njengawo wonke isihlahla se-oki sise-acorn,” aba namaphiko. “Futhi isikhathi eside,” esho, “ababhali baseRussia bazokhipha kulo mthombo ocebile, ngoba kuthatha isikhathi esiningi nomzamo omkhulu ukuqeda yonke ingcebo yawo.”

Kodwa ngokuba umculi kazwelonke njenganoma yimuphi "amaKuchkists", uTchaikovsky waxazulula inkinga yabantu kanye kazwelonke emsebenzini wakhe ngendlela ehlukile futhi wabonisa ezinye izici zeqiniso likazwelonke. Iningi labaqambi be-The Mighty Handful, befuna impendulo yemibuzo ebekwe phambili yisimanje, baphendukela emsuka wempilo yaseRussia, kungaba izenzakalo ezibalulekile zesikhathi esidlule somlando, i-epic, inganekwane noma amasiko nemibono yasendulo yabantu basendulo. umhlaba. Akunakusho ukuthi uTchaikovsky wayengenasithakazelo ngokuphelele kukho konke lokhu. "... Angikahlangani nomuntu othandana noMama waseRussia ngokujwayelekile kunami," wabhala wake wabhala, "futhi ezingxenyeni zakhe ezinkulu zesiRashiya ikakhulukazi <...> Ngimthanda kakhulu umuntu waseRussia, isiRashiya inkulumo, ingqondo yesiRashiya, abantu abanobuhle baseRussia, amasiko aseRussia. Lermontov usho ngokuqondile lokho izinganekwane ezithandwayo zakudala ezimnyama umphefumulo wakhe awunyakazi. Futhi ngiyayithanda.”

Kodwa isihloko esiyinhloko sesithakazelo sokudala sikaTchaikovsky kwakungewona ukunyakaza okubanzi komlando noma izisekelo ezihlangene zokuphila kwabantu, kodwa ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi kwengqondo kwezwe elingokomoya lomuntu. Ngakho-ke, umuntu uyanqoba kuye ngaphezu kwendawo yonke, ingoma phezu kwe-epic. Ngamandla amakhulu, ukujula nobuqotho, wabonakalisa emculweni wakhe okhuphuka ekuzaziseni komuntu siqu, lokhomela ukukhululwa komuntu kukho konke okubopha ithuba lokudalulwa kwayo okugcwele, okungavinjelwa kanye nokuziqinisekisa, okwakuyisici Umphakathi waseRussia esikhathini se-post-reform. Isici somuntu siqu, i-subjective, sihlala sikhona ku-Tchaikovsky, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izihloko akhuluma ngazo. Ngakho-ke imfudumalo ekhethekile ye-lyrical kanye nokungena okugxilile emisebenzini yakhe yezithombe zokuphila kwabantu noma imvelo yaseRussia ayithandayo, futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubukhali kanye nokungezwani kwezingxabano ezimangalisayo ezavela ekuphikisaneni phakathi kwesifiso semvelo somuntu sokugcwala. yokujabulela ukuphila kanye neqiniso elinonya elingenasihawu, eligqashuka kulo.

Umehluko ekuqondeni okujwayelekile komsebenzi kaTchaikovsky nabaqambi "besikole esisha somculo saseRussia" baphinde banquma izici ezithile zolimi lwabo lomculo nesitayela, ikakhulukazi, indlela yabo yokuqaliswa kwezingoma zezingoma zomdabu. Kubo bonke, iculo lesintu lisebenze njengomthombo ocebile wezindlela ezintsha, ezihlukile zezwe zokuveza umculo. Kodwa uma "ama-Kuchkists" ayefuna ukuthola ezingoma zomdabu izici zasendulo ezitholakala kuwo futhi athole izindlela zokucubungula i-harmonic ezihambisana nazo, khona-ke uTchaikovsky waqaphela ingoma yomdabu njengento eqondile yeqiniso elizungezile eliphilayo. Ngakho-ke, akazange azame ukuhlukanisa isisekelo sangempela kuso kusukela kuleso esethulwe kamuva, ngenqubo yokufuduka nokushintshela endaweni ehlukile yenhlalo, akazange ahlukanise ingoma yabalimi bendabuko evela emadolobheni, eyashintsha ngaphansi kwe ithonya lamaphimbo othando, izigqi zomdanso, njll. umculo, wawucubungula ngokukhululekile, wawubeka ngaphansi kombono wakhe ngamunye.

Ukucwasa okuthile “kwesandla Esinamandla” kwabonakala kuTchaikovsky nanjengomfundi we-St. U-Tchaikovsky uyena kuphela wabaqambi baseRussia besizukulwane "samashumi ayisithupha" abathola imfundo ehlelekile yobuchwepheshe ngaphakathi kwezindonga zesikhungo semfundo esikhethekile somculo. U-Rimsky-Korsakov kamuva kwadingeka agcwalise izikhala ekuqeqeshweni kwakhe kochwepheshe, lapho, eseqalile ukufundisa iziyalo zomculo nezethiyori e-Conservatory, ngamazwi akhe, "waba omunye wabafundi bayo abahamba phambili." Futhi kungokwemvelo ukuthi kwakunguTchaikovsky noRimsky-Korsakov abangabasunguli bezikole ezimbili ezinkulu zabaqambi eRussia engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ngokuvamile elibizwa ngokuthi “iMoscow” kanye “nePetersburg”.

I-Conservatory ayizange ihlomise uTchaikovsky ngolwazi oludingekayo kuphela, kodwa futhi yafaka kuye ukuthi isiyalo esiqinile somsebenzi, ngenxa yokuthi angadala, ngesikhathi esifushane somsebenzi osebenzayo wokudala, imisebenzi eminingi yohlobo oluhlukahlukene kakhulu nomlingiswa, ecebisa ahlukahlukene. izindawo zobuciko bomculo waseRussia. Umsebenzi wokuqamba oqhubekayo, ohlelekile u-Tchaikovsky ucabangele umsebenzi oyisibopho wawo wonke amaciko eqiniso athatha umsebenzi wakhe ngokungathí sina nangokuzibophezela. Yilowo mculo kuphela, uphawula, ongathinta, ukushaqeka nokulimaza, okuye kwaphuma ekujuleni komphefumulo wobuciko ojabule ngokuphefumulelwa <...> Okwamanje, udinga njalo ukusebenza, futhi umculi wangempela othembekile akakwazi ukuhlala engenzi lutho. ekhona”.

Ukukhuliswa okulandelanayo nakho kwaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kukaTchaikovsky kwesimo sengqondo sokuhlonipha isiko, efeni lamakhosi amakhulu asendulo, okuyinto, nokho, eyayingahlotshaniswa neze nokucwasa okusha. U-Laroche ukhumbule "umbhikisho othule" lapho uTchaikovsky osemusha ephatha khona isifiso sothisha abathile "sokuvikela" abafundi babo emathonyeni "ayingozi" kaBerlioz, uLiszt, uWagner, abagcina ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezimiso zakudala. Kamuva, yena lo Laroche wabhala mayelana nokungaqondi kahle okuxakile mayelana nemizamo yabanye abagxeki yokuhlukanisa uTchaikovsky njengomqambi wendlela elandela imithetho yendabuko futhi waphikisa ngokuthi “uMnu. UTchaikovsky usondele kakhulu kwesokunxele sephalamende lomculo kunakwesokudla esimaphakathi. " Umehluko phakathi kwakhe ne "Kuchkists", ngokombono wakhe, "ubuningi" kunokuthi "qualitative".

Izahlulelo zikaLaroche, naphezu kobukhali bazo obuxakile, zilungile. Noma ngabe ukungaboni ngaso linye nezingxabano phakathi kuka-Tchaikovsky kanye ne-Mighty Handful bekubukhali kangakanani kwesinye isikhathi, kukhombisa ubunkimbinkimbi nokwehluka kwezindlela ngaphakathi kwekamu lentando yeningi eliqhubekela phambili elihlangene labaculi baseRussia engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Izibopho eziseduze zixhumanise u-Tchaikovsky nalo lonke usiko lobuciko lwaseRussia phakathi nosuku lwayo lwakudala oluphakeme. Umthandi oshisekayo wokufunda, wayazi kahle izincwadi zesiRashiya futhi walandela eduze konke okusha okuvela kuyo, ngokuvamile eveza izahlulelo ezithakazelisa kakhulu nezicatshangelwayo mayelana nemisebenzi ngayinye. Ekhothamela ubuhlakani bukaPushkin, izinkondlo zakhe zadlala indima enkulu emsebenzini wakhe, uTchaikovsky wayemthanda kakhulu uTurgenev, wazizwa ngobuqili futhi waqonda amazwi kaFet, awazange amvimbele ekuthandeni ukujula kwezincazelo zokuphila nemvelo kusukela kuleyo ndlela. umbhali wenhloso njengo-Aksakov.

Kodwa wabela uLN Tolstoy indawo ekhetheke kakhulu, ambiza ngokuthi “ingcweti kwezobuciko ezinkulu kunazo zonke” ezake zaba khona isintu. Emisebenzini yomlobi omkhulu uTchaikovsky wakhangwa ikakhulukazi "abanye ephakeme kakhulu uthando ngomuntu, oluphakeme isihawu ekusweleni kwakhe amandla, ekupheleni nasekungabalulekile kwakhe. “Umbhali, ongazange athole lutho kunoma ubani phambi kwakhe amandla angawanikwanga avela phezulu ukuze asiphoqelele, simpofu engqondweni, ukuba siqonde izindawo ezingangeneki nezincane zokuphila kwethu kokuziphatha,” “umdayisi wenhliziyo ojule kakhulu, ” emazwini anjalo wabhala ngalokho, ngokombono wakhe, kwaba , amandla nobukhulu bukaTolstoy njengomculi. “Yena yedwa kwanele,” ngokukaTchaikovsky, “ukuze umuntu waseRussia angagebisi ikhanda lakhe ngokunamahloni lapho kubalwa zonke izinto ezinkulu ezidalwe yiYurophu.”

Okuyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu kwakuyisimo sakhe sengqondo ngoDostoevsky. Eqaphela ubuhlakani bakhe, umqambi akazange azizwe esondelene naye kwangaphakathi njengoTolstoy. Uma, efunda uTolstoy, wayengakhala izinyembezi zokuncoma okubusisekile ngoba “ngokulamula kwakhe uthintwe nezwe elihle, ubuhle obuphelele nobuntu, "ithalente elinonya" lombhali we "The Brothers Karamazov" lamcindezela futhi lamethusa.

Kubabhali besizukulwane esisha, uTchaikovsky wayenozwela olukhethekile ngoChekhov, lapho izindaba namanoveli akhangwa inhlanganisela yamaqiniso angenasihe ngemfudumalo yamagama nezinkondlo. Lokhu kuzwelana, njengoba nazi, kwakuhlangene. Isimo sengqondo sikaChekhov ngoTchaikovsky sifakazelwa ngokucacile encwadini ayibhalela umfowabo womqambi, lapho avuma khona ukuthi "ukulungele imini nobusuku ukugada inhlonipho kuvulandi wendlu lapho uPyotr Ilyich ehlala khona" - wayeyithanda kakhulu umculi, owamnika indawo yesibili kwezobuciko Russian, ngokushesha ngemva Leo Tolstoy. Lokhu kuhlolwa kukaTchaikovsky ngomunye wezingcweti ezinkulu zasekhaya zaleli gama kufakazela ukuthi umculo womqambi wawuyini owabantu baseRussia abathuthukayo besikhathi sakhe.

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U-Tchaikovsky wayengowohlobo lwabaculi lapho umuntu siqu kanye nokudala, umuntu kanye nobuciko buxhumene kakhulu futhi buhlangene kangangokuthi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa omunye komunye. Konke okwakumkhathaza ekuphileni, okwakubangela ubuhlungu noma injabulo, intukuthelo noma uzwela, wayefuna ukukuveza ezingomeni zakhe ngolimi lwemisindo yomculo eduze kwakhe. I-subjective kanye nenhloso, okomuntu siqu kanye nokungenabuntu akuhlukaniseki emsebenzini kaTchaikovsky. Lokhu kusivumela ukuba sikhulume nge-lyricism njengendlela eyinhloko yokucabanga kwakhe kwezobuciko, kodwa ngencazelo ebanzi uBelinsky anamathisele kulo mqondo. “Konke evamile, yonke into enkulu, yonke imibono, yonke imicabango - izinjini eziyinhloko zomhlaba nokuphila, - wabhala, - ingenza okuqukethwe komsebenzi wezingoma, kodwa ngaphansi kombandela, noma kunjalo, ukuthi ujikelele uhunyushwe egazini lendaba. impahla, ngena ekuzweleni kwakhe, ungaxhunywanga nanoma yiluphi uhlangothi lwakhe, kodwa ngobuqotho bonke bobuntu bakhe. Konke okuthathayo, okujabulisayo, okujabulisayo, okudabukisayo, okujabulisayo, okuthulisa, okuphazamisayo, ngegama, yonke into eyakha okuqukethwe kwempilo engokomoya yendaba, konke okungena kuyo, kuvela kuyo - konke lokhu kwamukelwe lyric njengempahla yayo esemthethweni. .

I-Lyricism njengendlela yokuqonda kobuciko bomhlaba, u-Belinsky uchaza ngokuqhubekayo, akuyona nje uhlobo olukhethekile, oluzimele lobuciko, ububanzi bokubonakaliswa kwayo bubanzi: "i-lyricism, ekhona ngokwayo, njengohlobo oluhlukile lwezinkondlo, ingena kulo. bonke abanye, njenge-elementi, baphila kubo, njengoba umlilo we-Prometheans uphila yonke indalo kaZeus ... Ukwehliswa kwe-lyrical element nakho kwenzeka ku-epic nasedrama.

Ukuphefumula komuzwa oqotho noqondile onesigqi kwakhuthaza yonke imisebenzi ka-Tchaikovsky, kusukela kumculo omncane wezwi noma wepiyano kuya kuma-symphoni nama-opera, okungabandakanyi ukujula komcabango noma idrama eqinile necacile. Umsebenzi womculi wezingoma zomculo ubanzi ngokuqukethwe, lapho ubuntu bakhe bucebile kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezithakazelo zakhe, yilapho imvelo yakhe isabela kakhulu emibonweni yeqiniso elizungezile. UTchaikovsky wayenesithakazelo ezintweni eziningi futhi wasabela ngokujulile kukho konke okwenzeka eduze kwakhe. Kungaphikiswana ngokuthi kwakungekho nesisodwa isenzakalo esikhulu nesibalulekile ekuphileni kwakhe kwangaleso sikhathi esasingamshiya engenandaba futhi asizange sibangele impendulo eyodwa noma enye evela kuye.

Ngokwemvelo nangendlela yokucabanga, wayengungqondongqondo ojwayelekile waseRussia wesikhathi sakhe - isikhathi sezinqubo ezijulile zoguquko, amathemba amakhulu nokulindela, kanye nokudumazeka okumunyu nokulahlekelwa ngokufanayo. Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zikaTchaikovsky njengomuntu ukungaphumuli okungapheli komoya, okuyisici samanani amaningi ahamba phambili amasiko aseRussia ngaleso sikhathi. Umqambi ngokwakhe uchaze lesi sici ngokuthi “ukulangazelela okuhle.” Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe, ngokujulile, ngezinye izikhathi kabuhlungu, wafuna ukusekelwa okuqinile ngokomoya, ephendukela kufilosofi noma enkolweni, kodwa akakwazanga ukuletha imibono yakhe emhlabeni, endaweni nenjongo yomuntu kuwo ibe yisimiso esisodwa esibalulekile. . “… Angiwatholi emphefumulweni wami amandla okuthuthukisa izinkolelo eziqinile, ngoba mina, njengesivunguvungu sezulu, ngiyashintsha phakathi kwenkolo yendabuko kanye nezimpikiswano zomqondo ogxekayo,” kuvuma uTchaikovsky oneminyaka engamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa ubudala. Kuzwakala isisusa esifanayo encwadini yezenzakalo zezenzakalo ezabhalwa eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva: “Ukuphila kuyadlula, kuyaphela, kodwa angikaze ngicabange lutho, ngize ngikuhlakaze, uma kuqhamuka imibuzo ebulalayo, ngiyayishiya.”

Enikeza inzondo engenakuvinjelwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemfundiso kanye nezifinyezo ezomile ezinengqondo, u-Tchaikovsky wayengenasithakazelo esincane ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene zefilosofi, kodwa wayeyazi imisebenzi yezazi zefilosofi futhi waveza isimo sakhe sengqondo ngabo. Wayilahla ngokuphelele ifilosofi kaSchopenhauer, ngaleso sikhathi eyayisemfashinini eRussia. “Eziphethweni zokugcina zeSchopenhauer,” uyathola, “kunento ecasula isithunzi somuntu, into eyomile nobugovu, engafudunyezwa uthando ngesintu.” Ukuqina kwalokhu kubuyekezwa kuyaqondakala. Umdwebi, owazichaza ngokuthi “ungumuntu othanda ukuphila (naphezu kwabo bonke ubunzima) futhi ukuzonda ngokulinganayo ukufa,” akakwazanga ukwamukela nokuhlanganyela imfundiso yefilosofi eyayigomela ngokuthi uguquko lokungabibikho, ukuzibhubhisa kuphela lusebenza njengesizathu sokuzibhubhisa. ukukhululwa ebubini bezwe.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, ifilosofi kaSpinoza yavusa uzwela kuTchaikovsky futhi yamkhanga ngobuntu bayo, ukunaka nothando ngomuntu, okwavumela umqambi ukuba aqhathanise umcabango waseDashi noLeo Tolstoy. Ingqikithi yokungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu yemibono kaSpinoza ayizange ibonakale nakuye. “Ngase ngikhohliwe,” kuphawula uTchaikovsky, ekhumbula ingxabano yakhe yamuva novon Meck, “ukuthi kungase kube khona abantu abafana noSpinoza, uGoethe, uKant, abakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwenkolo? Sengikhohliwe-ke ukuthi, ngingasayiphathi-ke eyama-colossi, kukhona kwalasha abantu abakwazile ukuzakhela uhlelo oluvumelanayo lwemibono ethathe indawo yenkolo yabo.

Le migqa yabhalwa ngo-1877, lapho uTchaikovsky ezibheka njengomuntu ongakholelwa kuNkulunkulu. Ngemva konyaka, wamemezela ngokugcizelela nakakhulu ukuthi uhlangothi oluqinile lobu-Orthodox “kwase lunesikhathi eside lugxekwa engangizombulala.” Kodwa ekuqaleni kwawo-80, kwaba noshintsho esimweni sakhe sengqondo ngenkolo. “… Ukukhanya kokukholwa kungena emphefumulweni wami ngokuqhubekayo,” wavuma encwadini ayibhalela u-von Meck waseParis yangomhla zingama-16/28, 1881, “… Ngizwa sengathi ngiya ngokuya ngithambekela kulokhu okuwukuphela kwenqaba yethu. kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlekelele . Nginomuzwa wokuthi sengiqala ukwazi ukuthanda uNkulunkulu, okuyinto engangingayazi ngaphambili. Yiqiniso, ngokushesha la mazwi adlulela phambili: “ukungabaza kusangivakashela.” Kodwa umqambi uzama ngawo wonke amandla omphefumulo wakhe ukuqeda lokhu kungabaza futhi akuxoshe kuye.

Imibono yenkolo kaTchaikovsky yahlala iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ingaqondakali, isekelwe kakhulu ekushukunyisweni okungokomzwelo kunokukholelwa okujulile nokuqinile. Ezinye zezimfundiso zokholo lobuKristu zazingakamukeleki kuye. “Angigxilile kangako ngenkolo,” ephawula kwenye yezincwadi, “ukubona ngokuqiniseka ukuqala kokuphila okusha ekufeni.” Umbono wenjabulo yasezulwini yaphakade wabonakala kuTchaikovsky into efiphele kakhulu, engenalutho futhi engajabulisi: "Ukuphila kuyathandeka lapho kuqukethe injabulo nosizi, umzabalazo phakathi kokuhle nokubi, wokukhanya nesithunzi, ngegama, lokuhlukahlukana ngobunye. Singakubona kanjani ngeso lengqondo ukuphila okuphakade esimweni sentokozo engapheli?

Ngo-1887, uTchaikovsky wabhala encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo:inkolo Ngingathanda ukuchaza okwami ​​ngesinye isikhathi ngokuningiliziwe, uma nje ukuze kimina kanye kuphela ngiqonde izinkolelo zami kanye nomngcele lapho ziqala khona ngemva kokuqagela. Nokho, uTchaikovsky ngokusobala wehlulekile ukuletha imibono yakhe engokwenkolo ohlelweni olulodwa futhi axazulule konke ukuphikisana kwabo.

Wakhangwa ubuKristu ikakhulukazi ohlangothini lwesintu lokuziphatha, isithombe sevangeli sikaKristu sabonwa nguTchaikovsky njengophilayo futhi ongokoqobo, onikezwe izimfanelo zobuntu ezijwayelekile. “Nakuba WayenguNkulunkulu,” siyafunda kwenye yezincwadi zedayari, “kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo Wayengumuntu futhi. Wahlupheka, njengathi. Thina ukuzisola kuye, sithanda kuye umgomo wakhe womuntu izinhlangothi.” Umqondo kaNkulunkulu uSomandla nowesabekayo wawungoweTchaikovsky into ekude, okunzima ukuyiqonda futhi evuselela ukwesaba kunokuthembela nethemba.

Isazi esikhulu sobuntu uTchaikovsky, okubaluleke kakhulu kuye kwaba ngumuntu oqaphela isithunzi sakhe nomsebenzi wakhe kwabanye, akazange acabange kangako ngezindaba zesakhiwo somphakathi sokuphila. Imibono yakhe yezombangazwe yayiphakathi nendawo futhi ayizange idlule emicabangweni yobukhosi obungokomthethosisekelo. “Yeka ukuthi iRussia ibingakhanya kanjani,” ephawula ngolunye usuku, “uma ubukhosi (okusho u-Alexander II) waqeda ukubusa kwakhe okumangalisayo ngokusinika amalungelo ezombusazwe! Bangasho ukuthi asikakavuthwa amafomu omthethosisekelo.” Kwesinye isikhathi lo mbono womthethosisekelo kanye nokumelwa okudumile eTchaikovsky kwathatha uhlobo lomqondo we-Zemstvo sobor, owasakazeka ngeminyaka yama-70s kanye nama-80s, owabelwa imibuthano ehlukahlukene yomphakathi kusukela kwabahlakaniphi benkululeko kuya kubaguquli beVolontiya Yabantu. .

Ekude nokuzwelana nanoma yimiphi imibono yezinguquko, ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Tchaikovsky wayecindezelwe kanzima ukusabela okwandayo eRussia futhi wagxeka ubudlova bukahulumeni obunonya obuhloselwe ukucindezela umbono omncane wokunganeliseki nomcabango okhululekile. Ngo-1878, ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka nokukhula okuphezulu kakhulu kwenhlangano yeNarodnaya Volya, wabhala: “Sibhekene nesikhathi esibi, futhi lapho uqala ukucabanga ngalokho okwenzekayo, kuba kubi kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhulumeni odidekile ngokuphelele, olahlekile kangangokuthi u-Aksakov ukhonjwa ngesibindi, izwi eliyiqiniso; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngeshwa intsha ehlanyayo, edingiselwe izinkulungwane ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala noma uphenyo lapho igwababa lingazange lilethe khona amathambo - futhi phakathi kwalezi zimo ezimbili ezidlulele zokunganaki yonke into, uquqaba, olugcwele izithakazelo zobugovu, ngaphandle kokubhikisha okubheka eyodwa. noma okunye.

Lolu hlobo lwezitatimende ezibucayi lutholakala ngokuphindaphindiwe ezincwadini zikaTchaikovsky futhi kamuva. Ngo-1882, ngemva nje kokubusa kuka-Alexander III, okuhambisana nokushuba okusha kokusabela, kuzwakala isisusa esifanayo kubo: “Ezinhliziyweni zethu ezithandekayo, nakuba kuyizwe lobaba elidabukisayo, isikhathi esinzima kakhulu sesifikile. Wonke umuntu uzwa ukunganeliseki nokunganeliseki okungacacile; wonke umuntu unomuzwa wokuthi isimo asizinzile nokuthi izinguquko kufanele zenzeke - kodwa akukho okungabonwa kusengaphambili. Ngo-1890, isisusa esifanayo sizwakala futhi encwadini yakhe: "... kukhona okungalungile eRussia manje ... Umoya wokusabela ufinyelela iphuzu lokuthi imibhalo ka-Count. L. Tolstoy bashushiswa njengolunye uhlobo lwezimemezelo zoguquko. Intsha iyavukela, futhi isimo saseRussia empeleni sidabukisa kakhulu.” Konke lokhu, yiqiniso, kwaba nomthelela esimweni sengqondo esijwayelekile sikaTchaikovsky, kwandisa umuzwa wokungezwani neqiniso futhi kwabangela umbhikisho wangaphakathi, owawubonakala nasemsebenzini wakhe.

U-Tchaikovsky, indoda enezithakazelo zobuhlakani eziguquguqukayo, umcabango wobuciko, wayehlale esindwa umcabango ojulile, ojulile ngenjongo yokuphila, indawo yakhe nenjongo yakho, ngokungapheleli kobudlelwane babantu, nangezinye izinto eziningi eziye zagcwaliseka. iqiniso langaleso sikhathi lamenza wacabanga. Umqambi akakwazanga kodwa ukukhathazeka ngemibuzo eyisisekelo evamile ephathelene nezisekelo zobuciko bobuciko, indima yobuciko ezimpilweni zabantu nezindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwayo, lapho izingxabano ezibukhali nezishubile zenziwa khona ngesikhathi sakhe. Lapho uTchaikovsky ephendula imibuzo eyayibhekiswe kuye yokuthi umculo kufanele ulotshwe “njengoba uNkulunkulu ebeka emphefumulweni,” lokhu kwabonisa ukungahambisani kwakhe nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwethiyori engabonakali, futhi ngisho nangokwengeziwe ekugunyazweni kwanoma yimiphi imithetho eyisibopho nezimiso zobuciko. . . Ngakho, ehlambalaza uWagner ngokufaka umsebenzi wakhe ngenkani embonweni oyinkolelo-mbono ongeyona neze into engaqondakali, uyaphawula: “UWagner, ngokubona kwami, wabulala amandla amakhulu okudala kuye ngombono. Noma iyiphi ithiyori ecatshangelwe ngaphambili ipholisa umuzwa wokudala osheshayo.

Ukwazisa emculweni, okokuqala, ubuqotho, iqiniso kanye nokushesha ukukhuluma, u-Tchaikovsky wagwema izitatimende ezizwakalayo zokumemezela nokumemezela imisebenzi nezimiso zakhe zokuqaliswa kwazo. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi akazange acabange ngazo: izinkolelo zakhe zobuhle zaziqinile futhi zingaguquki. Ngendlela ejwayelekile kakhulu, zingancishiswa zibe izinhlinzeko ezimbili eziyinhloko: 1) intando yeningi, inkolelo yokuthi ubuciko kufanele buqondiswe kubantu abahlukahlukene, busebenze njengendlela yokuthuthukiswa kwabo ngokomoya nokucebisa, 2) iqiniso elingenamibandela ukuphila. Amazwi kaTchaikovsky aziwa kakhulu futhi avame ukucashunwa: "Ngingafisa ngawo wonke amandla omphefumulo wami ukuthi umculo wami usakaze, ukuthi isibalo sabantu abawuthandayo, bathole induduzo nokusekelwa kuwo" kwanda, kwakubonakaliswa ukuphishekela okungelona okuyize kokuthandwa ngazo zonke izindleko, kodwa isidingo somqambi semvelo sokuxhumana nabantu ngobuciko bakhe, isifiso sokubaletha injabulo, ukuqinisa amandla nemimoya emihle.

U-Tchaikovsky uhlala ekhuluma ngeqiniso lenkulumo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngezinye izikhathi wayebonisa isimo sengqondo esibi ngegama elithi "ngokoqobo". Lokhu kuchazwa ukuthi wakubona ngokuhumusha okukha phezulu, okuyinhlamba kwePisarev, okungabandakanyi ubuhle obumangalisayo nezinkondlo. Wabheka into eyinhloko kwezobuciko hhayi ukuba nokwenzeka kwemvelo kwangaphandle, kodwa ukujula kokuqonda incazelo yangaphakathi yezinto futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, lezo zinqubo ezingokwengqondo ezicashile neziyinkimbinkimbi ezifihliwe ekubukeni okukha phezulu okwenzeka emphefumulweni womuntu. Ngumculo, ngokombono wakhe, ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi omunye ubuciko, onaleli khono. “Kumculi,” kubhala uTchaikovsky, “kuneqiniso eliphelele, hhayi ngomqondo we-banal protocol, kodwa kwelinye eliphakeme, elisivulela ama-horizons esingaziwa, imikhakha ethile esingafinyeleleki lapho kungangena khona umculo kuphela, futhi kungekho muntu ohambile. kuze kube manje phakathi kwababhali. njengoTolstoy."

U-Tchaikovsky wayengeyena owehlukile ekuthambekeni kokuqagela kwezothando, ekudlaleni kwamahhala kwenganekwane nenganekwane emangalisayo, emhlabeni wokumangalisayo, imilingo nokungakaze kube khona. Kodwa ukunaka kobuciko bomqambi bekulokhu kuwumuntu ophilayo wangempela onemizwa yakhe elula kodwa enamandla, injabulo, usizi nobunzima. Lokho kuqapha okubukhali okungokwengqondo, ukuzwela okungokomoya kanye nokusabela uTchaikovsky aphiwe ngakho kwamvumela ukuba enze izithombe ezicacile ngokungavamile, eziyiqiniso kakhulu nezikholisayo esizibona njengeziseduze, eziqondakalayo nezifana nathi. Lokhu kumenza alingane nabameleli abakhulu kangaka beqiniso lasendulo laseRussia njengoPushkin, uTurgenev, uTolstoy noma uChekhov.

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Kungashiwo ngokufanelekile ngoTchaikovsky ukuthi inkathi ayephila kuyo, isikhathi sokukhuphuka komphakathi okuphezulu kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu ezithela izithelo kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwaseRussia, kwamenza waba umqambi. Lapho isikhulu esisha soMnyango Wezobulungisa kanye nomculi oyimfundamakhwela, singene e-St. kuyena. Njengoba ingenayo ingozi ethile, isenzo sikaTchaikovsky sasingeyona ingozi futhi singacabangi. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, uMussorgsky wayethathe umhlalaphansi emsebenzini wezempi ngenjongo efanayo, ngokumelene neseluleko nokuncenga abangane bakhe abadala. Bobabili abantu abasha abahlakaniphile bakhuthazwa ukuba bathathe lesi sinyathelo ngesimo sengqondo mayelana nobuciko, okuqinisekisa emphakathini, njengendaba ebucayi nebalulekile enomthelela ekuthuthukisweni okungokomoya kwabantu kanye nokwanda kwamagugu kazwelonke amasiko.

Ukungena kukaTchaikovsky endleleni yomculo ochwepheshe kwakuhlotshaniswa noshintsho olujulile emibonweni yakhe nemikhuba yakhe, isimo sengqondo empilweni nasemsebenzini. Umfowabo omncane womqambi kanye nombhali wokuqala wokuphila kwabantu u-MI Tchaikovsky ukhumbule ukuthi ngisho nokubukeka kwakhe kwashintsha kanjani ngemva kokungena endaweni yokugcina izinto: ngezinye izici. Ngokubonisa ukunganaki kwendlu yangasese, u-Tchaikovsky wayefuna ukugcizelela ikhefu lakhe eliwujuqu nemvelo yangaphambili yezikhulu kanye ne-bureaucratic kanye nokuguqulwa kwendoda yezwe ephucuziwe ibe isisebenzi-raznochintsy.

Eminyakeni engaphezudlwana kwemithathu yokufunda e-conservatory, lapho u-AG Rubinshtein engomunye wabeluleki bakhe abakhulu nabaholi, uTchaikovsky wakwazi kahle zonke iziyalo ezidingekayo zethiyori futhi wabhala imisebenzi eminingi ye-symphonic ne-chamber, nakuba ingakazimele ngokuphelele futhi ingalingani, kodwa. iphawulwe ngethalente elimangalisayo. Okukhulu kunawo wonke kwakuyi-cantata ethi "To Joy" ngamazwi kaSchiller's ode, eyenziwa esinyathelweni esihloniphekile sokuthweswa iziqu ngoDisemba 31, 1865. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, umngane kaTchaikovsky kanye nomfundi afunda naye ekilasini uLaroche bambhalela: “Uyithalente lomculo elikhulu kunawo wonke. yaseRussia yanamuhla… ngibona kuwe elikhulu kunawo wonke, noma kunalokho, okuwukuphela kwethemba lekusasa lethu lomculo… Nokho, konke okwenzile… Ngibheka umsebenzi womfana wesikole kuphela.” , ukulungiselela nokuhlola, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso. Indalo yakho izoqala, mhlawumbe, eminyakeni emihlanu kuphela, kodwa yona, evuthiwe, yakudala, izodlula yonke into esasinayo ngemva kweGlinka.

Umsebenzi wokudala kaTchaikovsky ozimele wembuleka engxenyeni yesibili yama-60s eMoscow, lapho athuthela khona ekuqaleni kuka-1866 ngesimemo sika-NG Rubinshtein ukuba afundise emakilasini omculo we-RMS, wabe eseya eMoscow Conservatory, eyavulwa ekwindla ye-RMS. ngawo lowo nyaka. “… Ku-PI Tchaikovsky,” njengoba omunye wabangane bakhe abasha baseMoscow u-ND Kashkin efakaza, “iminyaka eminingi waba yilo mndeni wezobuciko indawo yawo ithalente lakhe elakhula futhi lathuthuka.” Umqambi osemusha wahlangana nokuzwelana nokusekelwa hhayi kuphela emculweni, kodwa futhi emibuthanweni yetemibhalo kanye yaseshashalazini ngaleso sikhathi eMoscow. Ukujwayelana no-AN Ostrovsky nabanye abadlali abahamba phambili be-Maly Theatre baba nesandla ekukhuleni kwesithakazelo sikaTchaikovsky ezingomeni zomdabu kanye nempilo yasendulo yaseRussia, eyabonakala emisebenzini yakhe yale minyaka (i-opera ethi Voyevoda esekelwe emdlalweni ka-Ostrovsky, i-First Symphony " Amaphupho Asebusika”) .

Isikhathi sokukhula okushesha ngokungavamile nangokujulile kwethalente lakhe lokudala kwakuyiminyaka yama-70s. Wabhala: “Kunenqwaba yokukhathazeka, okukuhlanganisa kakhulu phakathi nomsebenzi omningi kangangokuthi awubi naso isikhathi sokuzinakekela futhi ukhohlwe yonke into ngaphandle kwalokho okuhlobene ngokuqondile nomsebenzi.” Kulesi simo sokuthatheka kwangempela ngoTchaikovsky, ama-symphonies amathathu, amakhonsathi amabili epiyano ne-violin, ama-opera amathathu, i-Swan Lake ballet, ama-quartet amathathu kanye nezinye eziningi, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi emikhulu nebalulekile, zadalwa ngaphambi kuka-1878. Uma sengeza ku- lokhu kuwumsebenzi omkhulu wokufundisa, odla isikhathi esikhungweni sokugcinwa kwezincwadi kanye nokubambisana okuqhubekayo emaphephandabeni aseMoscow njengombhali wengosi yomculo kuze kube maphakathi nawo-70s, khona-ke umuntu ushaywa ngamandla ngamandla amakhulu nokugeleza okungapheli kokuphefumulelwa kwakhe.

Ingqikithi yokudala yalesi sikhathi yayiyimisebenzi yobuciko emibili - "Eugene Onegin" ne-Fourth Symphony. Ukudalwa kwabo kwaqondana nenkinga enkulu yengqondo eyaletha uTchaikovsky onqenqemeni lokuzibulala. Umfutho osheshayo walokhu kushaqeka kwakuwumshado wowesifazane, ukungakwazi ukuhlala ndawonye naye okwatholwa kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala ngumqambi. Kodwa-ke, le nkinga yalungiswa yingqikithi yezimo zempilo yakhe kanye nenqwaba yeminyaka eminingi. "Umshado ongaphumeleli washeshisa le nkinga," u-BV Asafiev uphawula ngokufanelekile, "ngoba uTchaikovsky, enze iphutha ekuthembeleni ekwakhiweni kwendawo entsha, enobuhlakani obuhle - umndeni - ngaphansi kwezimo zokuphila ezinikeziwe, wakhululeka ngokushesha - inkululeko ephelele yokudala. Ukuthi le nkinga bekungeyona eyemvelo edabukisayo, kodwa yalungiselelwa ukuthuthuka okuphelele komsebenzi womqambi kanye nomuzwa wokukhuphuka okukhulu kokudala, kuboniswa umphumela walokhu kuqubuka kwemizwa: i-opera Eugene Onegin kanye ne-Fourth Symphony edumile. .

Lapho ubunzima benhlekelele buyehla kancane, kwafika isikhathi sokuhlaziywa okubucayi nokubuyekezwa kwayo yonke indlela eyahanjwa, eyadonsa iminyaka. Le nqubo yayihambisana nezikhathi zokunganeliseki okubukhali kuye ngokwakhe: izikhalazo ezivame ukuzwakala ezincwadini zikaTchaikovsky mayelana nokuntuleka kwekhono, ukungavuthwa nokungapheleli kwakho konke akubhalile kuze kube manje; ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala kuye ukuthi ukhathele, ukhathele futhi ngeke esakwazi ukudala noma yini yanoma yikuphi ukubaluleka. Ukuzihlola okuqinile nokuzolile kuqukethwe encwadini eya ku-von Meck yangomhla zingama-25-27 kuNhlaba 1882: “… Ushintsho olungangabazeki lwenzekile kimi. Akusekho lokho kukhaphukhaphu, lokho bumnandi emsebenzini, ngenxa yokuthi izinsuku namahora andiza adlula nginganakiwe kimi. Ngiyaziduduza ngeqiniso lokuthi uma imibhalo yami elandelayo ingafudunyezwa umuzwa weqiniso kunangaphambili, khona-ke izowina ngokuthungwa, izoba ngamabomu kakhudlwana, ivuthwe kakhulu.

Isikhathi kusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-70s kuya phakathi neminyaka yama-80s ekuthuthukisweni kukaTchaikovsky singachazwa njengenkathi yokusesha nokuqoqwa kwamandla okwenza imisebenzi yobuciko emisha. Umsebenzi wakhe wokudala awuzange wehle phakathi nale minyaka. Ngenxa yokusekelwa ngokwezimali kuka-von Meck, uTchaikovsky wakwazi ukuzikhulula emsebenzini wakhe onzima emakilasini etiyetha e-Moscow Conservatory futhi wazinikela ngokuphelele ekuqambeni umculo. Inqwaba yemisebenzi iphuma ngaphansi kwepeni lakhe, mhlawumbe ingenawo amandla amakhulu ahlaba umxhwele kanye nokuqina kwenkulumo njengo-Romeo noJuliet, uFrancesca noma i-Fourth Symphony, intelezi yezingoma ezifudumele nezinkondlo ezinjengo-Eugene Onegin, kodwa ubuciko, ingenasici ngendlela kanye nokuthungwa kwayo, ibhalwe ngomcabango omuhle, inobuhlakani futhi ihlakaniphile, futhi ngokuvamile inobuhlakani bangempela. Lawa ngamasuite amathathu e-orchestra amahle kanye neminye imisebenzi yamasymphonic yale minyaka. Ama-opera i-Maid of Orleans ne-Mazeppa, adalwe ngasikhathi sinye, ahlukaniswa nobubanzi bamafomu, isifiso sabo sezimo ezibukhali, ezishubile, nakuba ehlushwa ukuphikisana kwangaphakathi nokuntuleka kobuqotho kwezobuciko.

Lokhu kusesha nokuhlangenwe nakho kwalungiselela umqambi ukushintshela esigabeni esisha somsebenzi wakhe, esimakwe ngokuvuthwa okuphezulu kakhulu kobuciko, inhlanganisela yokujula nokubaluleka kwemibono nokuphelela kokuqaliswa kwayo, ukunotha kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo, izinhlobo nezindlela isisho somculo. Emisebenzini enjalo phakathi nengxenye yesibili ye-80s njenge "Manfred", "Hamlet", i-Fifth Symphony, uma iqhathaniswa nemisebenzi yangaphambili kaTchaikovsky, izici zokujula okukhulu kwengqondo, ukugxila kwengqondo kubonakala, izisusa ezibuhlungu ziyaqina. Eminyakeni efanayo, umsebenzi wakhe uthola ukuqashelwa okubanzi komphakathi kokubili ekhaya nasemazweni amaningi angaphandle. Njengoba uLaroche ake asho, eRussia ngeminyaka yama-80s ufana noVerdi ayeyi-Italy ngeminyaka yawo-50s. Umqambi, owayefuna ukuba yedwa, manje ngokuzithandela uvela phambi komphakathi futhi wenza esiteji sekhonsathi ngokwakhe, eqhuba imisebenzi yakhe. Ngo-1885, wakhethwa usihlalo wegatsha laseMoscow RMS futhi wabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuhleleni ukuphila ekhonsathini eMoscow, ukuya izivivinyo ngesikhathi Conservatory. Kusukela ngo-1888, uhambo lwakhe lwekhonsathi lokunqoba lwaqala eNtshonalanga Yurophu nase-United States of America.

Umsebenzi ojulile womculo, umphakathi kanye nekhonsathi awuwenzi buthaka amandla okudala ka-Tchaikovsky. Ukuze agxile ekuqambeni umculo ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula, wazinza eduze kwaseKlin ngo-1885, kwathi entwasahlobo ka-1892 waqasha indlu emaphethelweni edolobha laseKlin ngokwalo, esekhona kuze kube namuhla. inkumbulo yomqambi omkhulu kanye nenqolobane eyinhloko yefa lakhe elicebe kakhulu lombhalo wesandla.

Iminyaka emihlanu yokugcina yempilo yomqambi yaphawulwa ukuqhakaza okuphezulu nokugqamile komsebenzi wakhe wokudala. Esikhathini sika-1889 kuya ku-1893 wadala imisebenzi emangalisayo njenge-opera ethi "The Queen of Spades" kanye ne "Iolanthe", ama-ballet "Sleeping Beauty" kanye ne "The Nutcracker" futhi, ekugcineni, engenakuqhathaniswa emandleni enhlekelele, ukujula kwe ukwakhiwa kwemibuzo yokuphila nokufa komuntu, isibindi kanye nokucaca ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuphelela komqondo wobuciko we-Sixth ("Pathetic") Symphony. Njengoba isibe umphumela wempilo yonke kanye nendlela yokudala yomqambi, lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ngesikhathi esifanayo zaba intuthuko yesibindi esikhathini esizayo futhi zavula ama-horizons amasha obuciko bomculo basekhaya. Okuningi kuzo manje sekuthathwa njengokulangazela kwalokho okwazuzwa kamuva ngabaculi abakhulu baseRussia bekhulu lesi-XNUMX - uStravinsky, uProkofiev, uShostakovich.

U-Tchaikovsky kwakungadingeki ukuthi adlule ezimbotsheni zokuncipha kokudala kanye nokubuna - ukufa okungalindelekile okuyinhlekelele kwamfica ngesikhathi esagcwele amandla futhi esesiqongweni sethalente lakhe elinamandla.

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Umculo weTchaikovsky, phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, wangena ekuqapheleni kwezigaba ezibanzi zomphakathi waseRussia futhi waba yingxenye ebalulekile yefa elingokomoya kazwelonke. Igama lakhe lilingana namagama kaPushkin, uTolstoy, uDostoevsky nabanye abameleli abakhulu bezincwadi zakudala zesiRashiya nesiko lobuciko bebonke. Ukufa okungalindelekile komqambi ngo-1893 kwabonwa yiRussia yonke ekhanyisiwe njengokulahlekelwa okungenakulungiseka kwezwe. Lokho ayeyikho kubantu abaningi abacabangayo abafundile kufakazelwa ngokucacile ukuvuma kuka-VG Karatygin, okubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kungokomuntu owamukela umsebenzi kaTchaikovsky ngaphandle kwemibandela futhi ngezinga elibalulekile lokugxeka. Esihlokweni esiphathelene nokugubha iminyaka engamashumi amabili ashona, uKaratygin wabhala: “… Lapho uPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky eshona eSt. Angikwazanga ukuqonda kuphela ubukhulu bokulahlekelwa , okwenziwe isiRashiya umphakathikodwa futhi kubuhlungu ukuzwa inhliziyo yosizi lonke-Russian. Ngokokuqala ngqa, kulesi sisekelo, ngezwa ukuxhumana kwami ​​nomphakathi uwonke. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi kwenzeka ngokokuqala ngqa, ukuthi ngikweleta uTchaikovsky ukuvuka kwami ​​​​kokuqala kokuzizwa yisakhamuzi, ilungu lomphakathi waseRussia, usuku lokufa kwakhe lusenencazelo ethile ekhethekile kimi.

Amandla okusikisela avela kuTchaikovsky njengomculi nomuntu ayemakhulu kakhulu: akekho umqambi oyedwa waseRussia owaqala umsebenzi wakhe wokudala emashumini eminyaka okugcina ekhulu lama-900 owaphunyuka ethonyeni lakhe ngezinga elithile noma kwelinye. Ngaso leso sikhathi, kuma-910s nasekuqaleni kwawo-XNUMXs, mayelana nokusabalala kwezimpawu kanye nokunye ukunyakaza kobuciko obusha, ukuthambekela okuqinile kwe-"anti-Chaikovist" kwavela emibuthanweni ethile yomculo. Umculo wakhe uqala ukubonakala ulula kakhulu futhi uyinto evamile, engenawo umfutho “kweminye imihlaba”, kokungaqondakali nokungaziwa.

Ngo-1912, u-N. Ya. UMyaskovsky ukhulume ngokuzimisela ngokumelene nokudelela okuthambekele kwefa likaTchaikovsky esihlokweni esaziwayo esithi “Tchaikovsky noBeethoven.” Wayilahla ngokucasuka imizamo yabanye abagxeki yokululaza ukubaluleka komqambi omkhulu waseRussia, “omsebenzi wakhe awuzange nje unike omama ithuba lokuba sezingeni nazo zonke ezinye izizwe zamasiko ngokuqashelwa kwazo, kodwa ngaleyo ndlela walungiselela izindlela zamahhala zesikhathi esizayo. ubukhulu. ”… Ukufana osekujwayelekile kithi manje phakathi kwabaqambi ababili amagama abo aqhathaniswa esihlokweni se-athikili kungase kubonakale kwabaningi kunesibindi futhi kuyindida. I-athikili kaMyaskovsky yavusa izimpendulo eziphikisanayo, okuhlanganisa nezingxabano ezibukhali. Kodwa kwaba nezinkulumo emaphephandabeni ezeseka futhi zathuthukisa imicabango evezwa kuwo.

Ama-echoes aleso simo sengqondo esingesihle ngomsebenzi kaTchaikovsky, owasukela ekuzilibaziseni kobuhle kwasekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka, nawo azwakala ngeminyaka yawo-20s, ehlangana ngendlela exakile nemikhuba engcolile yezenhlalo yaleyo minyaka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakuyile minyaka eyishumi ephawulwe ngokunyuka okusha kwesithakazelo efeni lengcweti enkulu yaseRussia kanye nokuqonda okujulile ngokubaluleka kwayo nencazelo, lapho ukufaneleka okukhulu kungokuka-BV Asafiev njengomcwaningi kanye nomsakazi wenkulumo-ze. Izincwadi eziningi nezinhlobonhlobo emashumini eminyaka alandelayo zembule ukunotha nokuguquguquka kwesithombe sokudala sika-Tchaikovsky njengomunye wamaciko nezihlakaniphi ezinkulu zesintu zesikhathi esidlule.

Izingxabano mayelana nenani lomculo kaTchaikovsky ziye zayeka isikhathi eside ukuba zibalulekile kithi, inani layo eliphezulu lobuciko alinciphi nje ekukhanyeni kwempumelelo yakamuva yobuciko bomculo waseRussia nowomhlaba wesikhathi sethu, kodwa likhula njalo futhi liziveza ngokujulile. futhi ngobubanzi, ezinhlangothini ezintsha, enganakiwe noma ebukelwa phansi abantu besikhathi kanye nabamele isizukulwane esilandelayo esamlandela.

Yu. Woza

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