I-Bass Guitar Umlando

Ngokufika kwe-jazz-rock, abaculi be-jazz baqala ukusebenzisa izinsimbi ze-elekthronikhi nemiphumela ehlukahlukene, behlola "amaphalethi omsindo" amasha okungezona izici ze-jazz yendabuko. Izinsimbi ezintsha nemiphumela nakho kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola izindlela ezintsha zokudlala. Njengoba abaculi be-jazz bebelokhu bedume ngomsindo nobuntu babo, le nqubo ibingokwemvelo kubo. Omunye wabacwaningi be-jazz wabhala: “Umculi we-jazz unezwi lakhe. Inqubo yokuhlola umsindo wayo ibilokhu ingasekelwe kangako emibonweni yendabuko mayelana nomsindo wensimbi, kodwa emizweni yayo [enomsindo]. Futhi, enye yezinsimbi ezaziveza kumabhendi e-jazz kanye ne-jazz-rock yama-70-80s kwaba isigingci se-bass ,  umlando we ozokufunda kulesi sihloko.

Abadlali abafana UStanley Clarke futhi Jaco Pastorius  bathathe ukudlala kwe-bass guitar bakuyisa ezingeni elisha emlandweni omfushane kakhulu wensimbi, bebeka izinga lezizukulwane zabadlali be-bass. Ukwengeza, ekuqaleni kwenqatshwe amabhendi e-jazz "endabuko" (ene-bass ephindwe kabili), isiginci se-bass sithathe indawo yaso efanele ku-jazz ngenxa yokuhamba kalula kanye nokukhulisa isignali.

IZIDINGO ZOKUDALA ITHULUSI ELISHA

Umsindo wensimbi uyinkinga yaphakade yabadlala i-bass ababili. Ngaphandle kokukhulisa, kunzima kakhulu ukuncintisana ngezinga levolumu nesigubhu, upiyano, isiginci nebhendi yethusi. Futhi, umshayi webhesi wayevame ukungazizwa ngoba wonke umuntu wayedlalela phezulu. Bekuyisifiso sokuxazulula inkinga yomsindo webhesi ephindwe kabili eyagqugquzela u-Leo Fender nabanye abenzi besiginci ngaphambi kwakhe ukuthi bakhe insimbi ehlangabezana nezidingo zomdlali we-jazz. Umqondo ka-Leo bekuwukudala inguqulo kagesi ye-double bass noma inguqulo ye-bass yesiginci sikagesi.

Insimbi bekufanele ihlangabezane nezidingo zabaculi abadlala emaqenjini amancane omdanso e-US. Kubo, bekubalulekile ukuthi kube lula ukuthutha insimbi uma kuqhathaniswa nama-bass aphindwe kabili, ukunemba okukhulu kwezwi [indlela inothi elakha ngayo], kanye nekhono lokufinyelela ibhalansi edingekayo yevolumu ngesiginci sikagesi esizuza ukuduma.

Omunye angase acabange ukuthi isiginci se-bass sasidumile phakathi kwamaqembu omculo adumile, kodwa empeleni, sasivame kakhulu phakathi kwamaqembu e-jazz angama-50s. Kukhona nenganekwane yokuthi Leo Fender wasungula isiginci se-bass. Eqinisweni, udale umklamo ophumelele kakhulu futhi othengiswayo, uma kuqhathaniswa nezimbangi.

IMIZAMO YOKUQALA YABAKHIQIZI besiginci

Kudala ngaphambi kuka-Leo Fender, kusukela ngekhulu le-15, kuye kwenziwa imizamo yokwakha ithuluzi lokubhalisa i-bass elizokhiqiza isiphetho esiphansi esihlanzekile, esinomsindo ozwakalayo. Lokhu kuhlola kwakungahlanganisi nje kuphela ukuthola usayizi nokuma okulungile, kodwa kwafinyelela nasekunamathiseleni izimpondo, njengakumagramafoni amadala, endaweni yebhuloho ukuze kukhulise umsindo nokuwusakaza ngendlela eqondile.

Omunye wemizamo yokudala ithuluzi elinjalo kwaba I-Regal bass guitar (Regal Bassoguitar) , eyethulwa ekuqaleni kwawo-30s. I-prototype yayo kwakuyisiginci se-acoustic, kodwa yayidlalwa mpo. Ubukhulu bethuluzi bufinyelele ku-1.5 m ubude, ngaphandle kwe-quarter-meter spire. I-fretboard yayiyisicaba njengasesigingci, futhi isikali sasingu-42” njenge-bass ephindwe kabili. Futhi kule nsimbi, kwenziwa umzamo wokuxazulula izinkinga ze-intonation ye-double bass - kwakukhona ama-frets ebhodini leminwe , kodwa banqunywa ngokushaywa ebusweni bentamo. Ngakho-ke, kwakuyisibonelo sokuqala sesiginci se-bass esingenasici esinomaka we-fretboard (Eks.1).

Kamuva ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930, Gibson wethula ezabo I-Electric Bass Guitar , isiginci esikhulu se-semi-acoustic esine-pickup eqondile kanye ne-electromagnetic pickup. Ngeshwa, ama-amplifiers kuphela ngaleso sikhathi ayenzelwe isiginci, futhi isignali yensimbi entsha ihlanekezelwe ngenxa yokungakwazi kweamplifier ukuphatha amaza aphansi. UGibson wakhiqiza kuphela izinsimbi ezinjalo iminyaka emibili kusukela ku-1938 kuya ku-1940 (Eks. 2).

Amabhesi amaningi kagesi avela kuma-30s, futhi omunye wabameleli balo mndeni kwaba I-Rickenbacker Electro Bass-Viol eyenziwe nguGeorge Beauchamp (George Beauchamp) . Yayifakwe induku yensimbi eyayinameke esivalweni se-amp, iveni emise okwesicathulo sehhashi, futhi izintambo zazisongwe ngocwecwe endaweni ngenhla nje kweveni. Le-bass ephindwe kabili kagesi yayingahloselwe ukunqoba imakethe futhi idume ngempela. Nokho, I-Electro Bass-Viol ibhekwa njengesisekelo sokuqala sikagesi esiqoshwe kwirekhodi. Yayisetshenziswa lapho kuqoshwa i- UMark Allen kanye ne-Orchestra Yakhe ku 30s.

Iningi, uma kungezona zonke, lemiklamo ye-bass guitar yama-1930s yayisekelwe ekwakhiweni kwesigingci se-acoustic noma idizayini ye-bass ephindwe kabili, futhi kwakudingeka isetshenziswe endaweni eqondile. Inkinga yokukhulisa isignali yayingasenamandla kangako ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwama-pickup, futhi izinkinga zephimbo zaxazululwa ngosizo lwama-frets noma okungenani amamaki ebhodini leminwe. Kodwa izinkinga zobukhulu nokuthuthwa kwala mathuluzi zazingakaxazululwa.

INDLELA YOKUQALA YE-BASS GUITAR AUDIOVOX MODEL 736

Ngawo-1930 ofanayo, Paul H. Tutmarc wethula izinto ezintsha ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwesiginci se-bass eminyakeni eyi-15 ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe. Ngo-1936 uTutmark I-Audiovox Manufacturing inkampani ikhishwe isiginci sebhesi sokuqala emhlabeni njengoba sesikwazi manje, i Imodeli ye-Audiovox 736 . Isiginci senziwe ngokhuni olulodwa, sinezintambo ezi-4, intamo ene-frets kanye ne-pickup kazibuthe. Sekukonke, cishe i-100 yalezi ziginci zakhiqizwa, futhi namuhla kwaziwa abasindile abathathu kuphela, intengo engafinyelela ngaphezu kwama-$ 20,000. Ngo-1947, indodana kaPaul, uBud Tutmark, yazama ukwakha phezu kombono kayise nge I-Serenader Electric String Bass , kodwa wehluleka.

Njengoba lingekho igebe elingako phakathi kweziginci ze-bass ze-Tutmark ne-Fender, kunengqondo ukuzibuza ukuthi u-Leo Fender wabona yini iziginci zomndeni wakwa-Tutmark esikhangisweni sephephandaba, isibonelo? Umsebenzi kaLeo Fender kanye nesazi sempilo uRichard R. Smith, umbhali we I-Fender: I-Sound Heard 'Emhlabeni Wonke, ukholelwa ukuthi uFender akazange awukopishe umqondo kaTutmark. Ukuma kwe-bass ka-Leo kukopishwe ku-Telecaster futhi kunesilinganiso esikhulu kune-bass ye-Tutmark.

UKUQALA KOKUKHUTSHWA KWEBASS FENDER

Ngo-1951, u-Leo Fender wagunyaza umklamo omusha wesiginci we-bass owaphawula inguquko kumdlalo. umlando we-bass guitar nomculo jikelele. Ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi bamabhesi e-Leo Fender kuxazulule zonke izinkinga ama-bass angaleso sikhathi okwakudingeka abhekane nazo: ukuwavumela ukuba akhulume kakhulu, anciphise izindleko zokuthutha insimbi, futhi awavumele ukuthi adlale ngephimbo elinembe kakhudlwana. Ngokumangalisayo, ama-bass guitars e-Fender aqala ukuthandwa ku-jazz, nakuba ekuqaleni abadlali abaningi be-bass babemanqikanqika ukukwamukela, naphezu kwazo zonke izinzuzo zayo.

Singalindele, sabona ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle eqenjini. Yayingenayo i-bassist, nakuba sasiyizwa kahle ibhesi. Ngomzuzwana kamuva, sabona into esingayazi: kwakukhona abadlali besiginci ababili, nakuba sezwa isiginci esisodwa kuphela. Ngemva kwesikhashana, konke kwacaca. Eduze komshayi wesiginci kwakuhlezi umculi owayeshaya into ecishe ifane nesigingci sikagesi, kodwa lapho esibhekisisa kahle, intamo yesiginci sakhe yayiyinde, inomsindo, nomzimba omise ngendlela engavamile onamafindo okulawula kanye nentambo egijima i-amp.

I-DOWNBEAT MAGAZINE JULY 1952

U-Leo Fender uthumele amabhesi akhe amasha ambalwa kubaphathi bama-orchestra athandwayo ngaleso sikhathi. Omunye wabo wahamba waya lionel hampton I-Orchestra ngo-1952. U-Hampton walithanda ithuluzi elisha kangangokuthi wagcizelela ukuthi umdlali webhesi I-Monk Montgomery , umfowabo wesigingci Wes Montgomery , yidlale. I-Bassist USteve Swallow , ekhuluma ngoMontgomery njengomdlali ovelele emlandweni webhesi: “Iminyaka eminingi uyena kuphela owavula ngempela ikhono lensimbi ku-rock and roll and blues.” Omunye umdlali webhesi owaqala ukudlala ibhesi kwaba Shift Henry waseNew York, owayedlala kubhendi ye-jazz ne-jump (jump blues).

Ngenkathi abaculi be-jazz beqaphile mayelana nokusungulwa okusha, I-Precision Bass wasondelana nesitayela esisha somculo - i-rock and roll. Kwakungalesi sitayela lapho isiginci se-bass saqala ukuxhashazwa ngokungenasihawu ngenxa yamandla aso ashukumisayo - ngokukhuliswa okulungile, kwakungenzima ukubamba ivolumu yesiginci sikagesi. I-bass guitar yashintsha unomphela ibhalansi yamandla kuqoqo: esigabeni sesigqi, phakathi kwebhendi yethusi nezinye izinsimbi.

Umculi waseChicago uDave Myers, ngemuva kokusebenzisa isiginci sebhesi ebhendini yakhe, usethe indinganiso ye-de facto yokusebenzisa isiginci sebhess kwamanye amabhendi. Lo mkhuba ulethe ama-lineups amancane amasha endaweni ye-blues kanye nokuhamba kwamaqembu amakhulu, ngenxa yokungabaza kwabanikazi bamakilabhu ukukhokha ama-lineups amakhulu lapho abadlali abancane bengenza okufanayo ngemali encane.

Ngemuva kokwethulwa ngokushesha okungaka kwesiginci se-bass emculweni, kusadala inkinga phakathi kwabashayi bebhesi ababili. Naphezu kwazo zonke izinzuzo ezisobala zensimbi entsha, isiginci se-bass santula inkulumo etholakala kuma-bass aphindwe kabili. Naphezu "kwezinkinga" zomsindo wensimbi kuma-ensembles wendabuko we-jazz, okungukuthi Ngezinsimbi ze-acoustic kuphela, abadlali abaningi be-bass ababili abafana no-Ron Carter, isibonelo, basebenzisa isiginci se-bass uma sidingeka. Eqinisweni, "abaculi be-jazz bendabuko" abaningi abanjengoStan Getz, uDizzy Gillespie, uJack DeJohnette abazange baphikisane nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Kancane kancane, isiginci se-bass saqala ukuhamba ngasohlangothini lwaso nabaculi besiveza kancane kancane futhi besiyisa ezingeni elisha.

Kusukela ekuqaleni…

Isiginci sokuqala esaziwayo sikagesi se-bass senziwa ngawo-1930 ngumsunguli we-Seattle nomculi u-Paul Tutmark, kodwa asizange sibe yimpumelelo kakhulu futhi ukusungulwa kwakhohlwa. U-Leo Fender uklame i-Precision Bass, eyaqala ngo-1951. Ukulungiswa okuncane kwenziwa phakathi nawo-50s. Kusukela lapho, zimbalwa kakhulu izinguquko ezenziwe kulokho ngokushesha okwaba yizinga lemboni. I-Precision Bass kuseyisona siginci sebhesi esisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi amakhophi amaningi aleli thuluzi elihle enziwe abanye abakhiqizi emhlabeni jikelele.

Eminyakeni embalwa ngemuva kokusungulwa kwesiginci sokuqala sebhesi, wethula ubuchopho bakhe besibili emhlabeni - i-Jazz Bass. Yayinentamo ezacile, edlalekayo kanye nama-pickupu amabili, i-pickup eyodwa emgqeni kanti enye isentanyeni. Lokhu kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukunweba ububanzi bethoni. Ngaphandle kwegama, i-Jazz bass isetshenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomculo wesimanje. Njenge-Precision, ukwakheka nokwakheka kwe-Jazz Bass kuye kwaphindwa ngabakhi besigingci abaningi.

Ukuqala kwemboni

Akufanele adlulelwe yisikhathi, u-Gibson wethule ibhesi yokuqala encane emise okwevayolini engadlalwa iqonde noma ivundlile. Babe sebethuthukisa uchungechunge lwamabhesi lwe-EB oluhlonishwa kakhulu, kwathi i-EB-3 yaba yimpumelelo kakhulu. Kube sekufika ibhesi ye-Thunderbird edume ngokulinganayo, obekuyibhesi yabo yokuqala enesikalo esingu-34″.

Omunye umugqa webhesi odumile owenkampani yeMusic Man, eyakhiwe nguLeo Fender ngemuva kokushiya inkampani eqanjwe ngegama lakhe. I-Music Man Stingray yaziwa ngethoni yayo ejulile, ehlabayo kanye nedizayini yakudala.

Kukhona isiginci se-bass esihlotshaniswa nomculi oyedwa - i-Hofner Violin Bass, manje esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Beatle Bass. ngenxa yobudlelwane bakhe noPaul McCartney. Umculi-umbhali wezingoma uncoma le bhesi ngesisindo sayo esilula nekhono lokujwayela kalula abantu abangakwesokunxele. Yingakho esebenzisa ibhesi yeHofner ngisho nangemva kweminyaka engama-50. Yize kukhona ezinye izinhlobo eziningi zesigingci se-bass ezitholakalayo, iningi lingamamodeli achazwe kulesi sihloko kanye nezifaniso zawo.

Kusukela esikhathini se-jazz kuya ezinsukwini zokuqala ze-rock and roll, ama-bass aphindwe kabili nabafowabo babesetshenziswa. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwakho kokubili i-jazz ne-rock, kanye nesifiso sokuphatheka okukhulu, ukuphatheka, ukudlala kalula, nokuhlukahluka kwemisindo ye-bass kagesi, amabhesi kagesi akhuphukele phezulu. Kusukela ngo-1957, lapho u-Elvis Presley odlala ibhesi uBill Black “ehamba ngogesi” nemigqa yebhesi enhle kaPaul McCartney, ama-bass aqanjwe kabusha kaJack Bruce, imigqa ye-jazz ewisa imihlathi kaJaco Pastorius, imigqa yenqubekela phambili kaTony Levine kanye noChris Squire. ziyadluliselwa, isiginci se-bass bekungamandla angenakuvinjwa. emculweni.

I-BASS GUITAR KUMAREKHODI E-STUDIO

Ngawo-1960, abadlali be-bass nabo bazinza kakhulu ezitudiyo. Ekuqaleni, i-double bass yayibizwa ngokuqoshwa ngesiginci se-bass, okwadala umphumela we-tick-tock owawudingwa abakhiqizi. Ngezinye izikhathi, amabhesi amathathu abamba iqhaza ekurekhodeni: i-bass ephindwe kabili, i-Fender Precision kanye ne-Danelectro enezintambo ezingu-6. Ukubona ukuthandwa kwe Dano bass , Leo Fender wakhulula eyakhe I-Fender Bass VI e 1961.

Kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60s, isiginci se-bass sasidlalwa kakhulu ngeminwe noma ngepiki. Kwaze kwaba yilapho u-Larry Graham eqala ukushaya izintambo ngesithupha sakhe nangokuhuka ngomunwe wakhe wokukhomba. Okusha "ukushaya nokukhipha" ubuciko bokushaywa bekuyindlela nje yokugcwalisa ukuntuleka komshayi wesigubhu ebhendini. Eshaya intambo ngesithupha, walingisa isigubhu sebhesi, wenza ihuku ngomunwe wokukhomba, isigubhu sogibe.

Kamuva, UStanley Clarke kuhlanganiswe isitayela sikaLarry Graham kanye nesitayela esiyingqayizivele somdlali we-bassist ophindwe kabili uScott LaFaro ngendlela yakhe yokudlala, eba umdlali webhesi wokuqala omkhulu emlandweni nge Buyela Phakade e 1971.

AMA-BASS GUITARS AVELA KWEZINYE IZINHLOBO

Kulesi sihloko, sibheke umlando wesiginci se-bass kusukela ekuqaleni kwaso, amamodeli okuhlola azame ukuba phezulu, alula, futhi anembe kakhulu kunamabhesi akabili ngaphambi kokunwetshwa kwamabhesi e-Fender. Yiqiniso, i-Fender kwakungeyena kuphela umkhiqizi wama-bass guitar. Ngokushesha nje lapho insimbi entsha iqala ukuthandwa, abakhiqizi bezinsimbi zomculo babamba igagasi futhi baqala ukunikeza intuthuko yabo kumakhasimende.

U-Höfner wakhulula isiginci sabo se-bass esifana ne-violin ngo-1955, wasibiza ngokuthi  Höfner 500/1 . Kamuva, le modeli yaziwa kabanzi ngenxa yokuthi yakhethwa njengensimbi eyinhloko kaPaul McCartney, umdlali we-bass weBeatles. UGibson akazange asalele ngemuva kwezimbangi. Kodwa, zonke lezi zinsimbi, njenge-Fender Precision Bass, zifanelwe isihloko esihlukile ngaphakathi kwale bhulogi. Futhi ngolunye usuku nakanjani uzofunda ngabo emakhasini esayithi!