Boris Alexandrovich Tchaikovsky |

Boris Tchaikovsky

Lo mqambi uyiRussia ejulile. Izwe lakhe likamoya liwumhlaba wezinkanuko ezimsulwa neziphakeme. Kuningi okungashiwongo kulo mculo, ukuthamba okucashile, ubumsulwa obukhulu obungokomoya. G. Sviridov

U-B. Tchaikovsky uyingcweti ekhanyayo neyokuqala, umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala, imvelaphi kanye nokungcoliswa okujulile kokucabanga komculo kuhlanganiswe ngokwemvelo. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka, umqambi, naphezu kwezilingo zemfashini nezinye izimo zesikhonzi, ngokungaguquki uhamba ngendlela yakhe kwezobuciko. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wethula ngesibindi kangakanani emisebenzini yakhe izingoma ezilula, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nezijwayelekile namafomula anesigqi. Ngoba, esedlulile esihlungini sokubona kwakhe okumangalisayo komsindo, ubuhlakani obungapheli, ikhono lokufanisa into ebonakala ingahambelani, insimbi yakhe entsha, esobala, ecace ngokugqamile, kodwa ecebile ngokuthungwa kombala, i-molecule yephimbo evamile kakhulu ibonakala kumlaleli njengokungathi izelwe kabusha. , iveza ingqikithi yayo, ingqikithi yayo ...

B. Tchaikovsky wazalelwa emndenini lapho umculo wawuthandwa kakhulu futhi amadodana abo akhuthazwa ukuba awufunde, bobabili bakhetha umculo njengomsebenzi wabo. Ebuntwaneni, uB. Tchaikovsky waqamba izingcezu zepiyano zokuqala. Ezinye zazo zisafakwe ohlwini lwabashayi bopiyano abasha. Esikoleni esidumile samaGnessins, wafunda upiyano nomunye wabasunguli baso u-E. Gnesina no-A. Golovina, futhi uthisha wakhe wokuqala ekuqambeni kwakungu-E. Messner, indoda eyakhulisa abaculi abaningi abadumile, owayazi ngokunembile indlela yomculo. holela ingane ekuxazululeni izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi. imisebenzi yokuqamba, ukwembulela incazelo ezwakalayo yokuguqulwa kwezwi nokuhlanganisa.

Esikoleni naseMoscow Conservatory, uB. Tchaikovsky wafunda emakilasini amakhosi adumile aseSoviet - V. Shebalin, D. Shostakovich, N. Myaskovsky. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, izici ezibalulekile zobuntu bokudala bomculi osemusha zamenyezelwa ngokucacile, uMyaskovsky azenza ngale ndlela: "Inqolobane engavamile yaseRussia, ukuqina okungavamile, indlela enhle yokuqamba ..." Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uB. isigaba somdlali wepiyano waseSoviet ophawulekayo uL. Oborin. Umqambi usasebenza njengomhumushi wezingoma zakhe nanamuhla. Emdlalweni wakhe, i-Piano Concerto, i-Trio, iViolin ne-Cello Sonatas, i-Piano Quintet iqoshwa kumarekhodi egilamafoni.

Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, umqambi wadala inqwaba yemisebenzi emikhulu: i-First Symphony (1947), i-Fantasia ku-Russian Folk Themes (1950), i-Slavic Rhapsody (1951). I-Sinfonietta ye-string orchestra (1953). Kuyo ngayinye, umbhali uthola indlela yoqobo, ejulile yomuntu ngamunye emibonweni ebonakala yaziwa kakhulu yephimbo-melodic kanye ne-content-semantic, eya ezinhlotsheni zendabuko, akukho ndawo ephambukela ezixazululweni ezingefani, nezigxilile ezazivamile kuleyo minyaka. Akumangalisi ukuthi izingoma zakhe zazihlanganisa nabaqhubi abanjengo-S. Samosud no-A. Gauk ohlwini lwabo lwezingoma. Eminyakeni eyishumi ka-1954-64, wagxila ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezinhlobo zezinsimbi zegumbi (Piano Trio - 1953; Ikota yokuqala - 1954; String Trio - 1955; Sonata for Cello and Piano, Concerto for Clarinet and Chamber Orchestra - 1957; Sonata for I-Violin nepiyano - 1959; I-Quartet Yesibili - 1961; Piano Quintet - 1962), umqambi akagcinanga nje ngokuthuthukisa ulwazimagama lomculo ongaqondakali, kodwa futhi wahlonza izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zomhlaba wakhe ongokomfanekiso, lapho ubuhle, buhlanganiswe ezindikimbeni zomculo, ngesiRashiya. ikhululekile, ingajahi, "i-laconic", ibonakala njengophawu lokuhlanzeka kokuziphatha nokuphikelela komuntu.

I-Cello Concerto (1964) ivula inkathi entsha emsebenzini ka-B. Tchaikovsky, ephawulwe ngemiqondo emikhulu ye-symphonic ebeka imibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu yokuba. Umcabango ongaphumuli, ophilayo ushayisana kuzo noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokunganaki, noma ukungazinzi, umkhuba wansuku zonke, noma ukukhanya okusabekayo kolaka olunganqandeki, olunonya. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kushayisana kugcina kabuhlungu, kodwa nalapho inkumbulo yomlaleli igcina izikhathi zokuqonda okuphezulu, ukukhuphuka komoya womuntu. Lawa ngama-symphonies wesibili (1967) nowesithathu, "Sevastopol" (1980); Itimu kanye Nezinguquko Eziyisishiyagalombili (1973, ngesikhathi seminyaka engama-200 ye-Dresden Staatskapelle); izinkondlo ze-symphonic "Umoya waseSiberia" kanye "Nentsha" (ngemuva kokufunda inoveli kaF. Dostoevsky - 1984); Umculo we-Orchestra (1987); Amakhonsathi e-Violin (1969) kanye noPiano (1971); Okwesine (1972), Eyesihlanu (1974) kanye Neyesithupha (1976) amakwata.

Kwesinye isikhathi isisho samagama sibonakala sifihlwe ngemuva kwamamaski ahlekisayo, ayingxenye ye-ironic yesitayela noma i-dryish etude. Kodwa kokubili ku-Partita ye-cello ne-chamber ensemble (1966) kanye ne-Chamber Symphony, ekugcineni okudabukisayo, phakathi kwezingcezu-echoes yama-chorales angaphambilini nokunyakaza kwama-mashi, ama-unisons nama-toccatas, into ebuthakathaka futhi eyimfihlo yomuntu siqu, ethandekayo, yembulwa. . Ku-Sonata yamapiyano amabili (1973) kanye naku-Six Etudes yezintambo nesitho (1977), ukushintshana kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuthungwa kubuye kufihle uhlelo lwesibili - imidwebo, "i-etudes" mayelana nemizwa nemicabango, imibono ehlukene yokuphila, kancane kancane. ukwakha isithombe esivumelanayo "somhlaba onobuntu". Umqambi akavamile ukusebenzisa izindlela ezithathwe kunqolobane yobunye ubuciko. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuthweswa iziqu e-conservatory - i-opera "Star" ngemuva kuka-E. Kazakevich (1949) - wahlala engaqediwe. Kodwa uma kuqhathaniswa, imbalwa yemisebenzi yezwi kaB. Tchaikovsky egxile ezinkingeni ezibalulekile: umdwebi nesiphetho sakhe (umjikelezo othi “Pushkin’s Lyrics” – 1972), ukucabanga ngokuphila nokufa (cantata for soprano, harpsichord kanye neyunithi yezinhlamvu ethi “Signs of the Zodiac” F. Tyutchev, A. Blok, M. Tsvetaeva noN. Zabolotsky), mayelana nomuntu nemvelo (umjikelezo "Intwasahlobo Yokugcina" esiteshini sikaN. Zabolotsky). Ngo-1988, emkhosini womculo wamaSoviet eBoston (USA), Izinkondlo Ezine zika-I. Brodsky, ezabhalwa emuva ngo-1965, zenziwa okokuqala. Kuze kube muva nje, umculo wabo ezweni lakithi waziwa kuphela ekulotshweni kombhali ka-1984 (Izandulela ezine ze-orchestra yekamelo). Kuphela emkhosini waseMoscow Autumn-88 lapho umjikelezo uzwakala okokuqala e-USSR enguqulweni yawo yokuqala.

B. Tchaikovsky ungumbhali womculo wezinkondlo nojabulisayo wezinganekwane zomsakazo wezingane ezisekelwe ku-GX Andersen no-D. Samoilov: "I-Tin Soldier", "Galoshes of Happiness", "Swineherd", "Puss in Boots", "Tourist Indlovu” nezinye eziningi, ezaziwa futhi ngamarekhodi egilamafoni. Kubo bonke ubulula bangaphandle nokungathobeki, kunemininingwane eminingi enobuhlakani, izikhumbuzo ezicashile, kepha ngisho namacebo amancane wokumiswa kwe-schlager, isitembu, lapho imikhiqizo enjalo ngezinye izikhathi wona, ayikho ngokuphelele. Izisombululo zakhe zomculo zisha, zinembile futhi ziyakholisa kumafilimu afana ne-Seryozha, Umshado ka-Balzaminov, i-Aibolit-66, i-Patch ne-Cloud, i-French Lessons, i-Teenager.

Ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, emisebenzini kaB. Tchaikovsky kunamanothi ambalwa, kodwa umculo omningi, umoya omningi, isikhala. Amazwi akhe awawona ama-banal, kodwa ukuhlanzeka kwawo kanye nobusha akukude nakho kokubili ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri “okumsulwa ngamakhemikhali”, okukhululwe ngamabomu ngisho nokusikisela kwansuku zonke, kanye nemizamo “yokudlala ngothando” nale ndawo. Ungawuzwa umsebenzi wengqondo ongakhathali kubo. Lo mculo udinga umsebenzi ofanayo womphefumulo ovela kumlaleli, umnikeze injabulo ephakeme ngokuqonda okunembile kokuvumelana kwezwe, okunganikezwa ubuciko beqiniso kuphela.

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