André Jolivet |

U-André Jolivet

Ngifuna ukubuyisela umculo encazelweni yawo yasendulo, lapho wawuwukubonakaliswa kwesimiso senkolo esinomlingo nesihlazisayo esihlanganisa abantu. A. Zholyve

Umqambi wezingoma ongumFulentshi wanamuhla u-A. Jolivet wathi ulwela “ukuba indoda yangempela yendawo yonke, indoda yasemkhathini.” Wayephatha umculo njengamandla omlingo athinta abantu ngomlingo. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe lo mthelela, uJolivet wayehlale efuna inhlanganisela ye-timbre engavamile. Lezi zingaba izindlela ezingavamile nezigqi zabantu base-Afrika, e-Asia nase-Oceania, imiphumela ye-sonorous (lapho umsindo uthinta umbala wayo ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa okucacile phakathi kwamathoni ngamanye) nezinye izindlela.

Igama likaJolivet lavela emkhathizwe womculo maphakathi nawo-30s, ngesikhathi enza njengelungu leqembu le-Young France (1936), elalihlanganisa no-O. Messiaen, I. Baudrier kanye no-D. Lesure. Laba baqambi bacele ukuthi kudalwe "umculo obukhoma" ogcwele "ukufudumala okungokomoya", baphupha "i-humanism entsha" kanye "ne-romanticism entsha" (okwakuwuhlobo lokusabela ekuthakazelweni kwe-constructivism kuma-20s). Ngo-1939, umphakathi wahlakazeka, futhi ilungu ngalinye lahamba ngendlela yalo, lihlala lithembekile emibonweni yobusha. UJolivet wazalelwa emndenini womculo (umama wakhe wayengumdlali wepiyano omuhle). Wafunda izinto eziyisisekelo zokuqamba no-P. Le Flem, wabe esefunda no-E. Varèse (1929-33) ekwenzeni izinsimbi. Kusuka ku-Varèse, ukhokho womculo we-sonor no-elekthronikhi, ukuthanda kuka-Jolivet kokuhlolwa kwemisindo emibalabala ngezindlela eziningi. Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe njengomqambi, u-Jolivet wayesemcabangweni womqondo "wokwazi ingqikithi" yomlingo "womculo." Yile ndlela umjikelezo wezingcezu zepiyano "Mana" (1935). Igama elithi “mana” kolunye lwezilimi zase-Afrika lisho amandla angaqondakali ahlala ezintweni. Lo mugqa uqhutshekwe ngokuthi "I-Incantations" ye-flute solo, "Ritual Dances" ye-orchestra, "Symphony of Dances and Delphic Suite" yethusi, amagagasi e-Martenot, ihabhu nokushaywa. UJolivet wayevame ukusebenzisa amagagasi kaMartenot - aqanjwa ngeminyaka yama-20s. insimbi yomculo kagesi ekhiqiza ubushelelezi, njengemisindo engekho emhlabeni.

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, uJolivet wabuthwa futhi wachitha cishe unyaka nesigamu ebuthweni. Imibono yesikhathi sempi yabangela "Izikhalazo Ezintathu zesosha" - umsebenzi wamazwi wekamelo ezinkondlweni zakhe (uJolivet wayenethalente elihle kakhulu lokubhala futhi waze wangabaza ebusheni bakhe ukuthi yikuphi ubuciko okukhethwa kukho). 40s - isikhathi soshintsho kwisitayela seJolivet. I-First Piano Sonata (1945), enikezelwe kumqambi waseHungary u-B. Bartok, ihlukile “kuziphonso” zakuqala ngamandla nokucaca kwesigqi. Umbuthano wezinhlobo uyakhula lapha kanye ne-opera (“Dolores, noma Isimangaliso Sowesifazane Omubi”), nama-ballet angu-4. Okuhle kakhulu kubo, "Guignol and Pandora" (1944), kuvusa umoya wemidlalo ye-puppet ye-farcical. U-Jolivet ubhala ama-symphonies angu-3, ​​ama-orchestral suites ("Transoceanic" kanye "nesiFulentshi"), kodwa uhlobo lwakhe aluthandayo kuma-40-60s. bekuyikhonsathi. Uhlu lwezinsimbi zomculo eziyedwa kumakhonsathi e-Jolivet kuphela lukhuluma ngokusesha ngokungakhathali kwe-timbre expressiveness. UJolivet wabhala ikhonsathi yakhe yokuqala yamagagasi kaMartenot kanye ne-orchestra (1947). Lokhu kwalandelwa amakhonsathi ecilongo (2), umtshingo, upiyano, ihabhu, i-bassoon, i-cello (i-Second Cello Concerto inikezelwe ku-M. Rostropovich). Kukhona ngisho nekhonsathi lapho izinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo zizodwa! Ekhonsathini Yesibili yecilongo ne-orchestra, kuzwakala izingoma ze-jazz, futhi ekhonsathini yopiyano, kanye ne-jazz, kuzwakala kunanela umculo wase-Afrika nowasePolynesia. Abaqambi abaningi baseFrance (C. Debussy, A. Roussel, O. Messiaen) babebheka amasiko angavamile. Kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuthi noma ubani angaqhathanisa noJolivet ngokuqhubekayo kwalesi sithakazelo, kungenzeka ukumbiza ngokuthi "uGauguin emculweni."

Imisebenzi kaJolivet njengomculi ihluke kakhulu. Isikhathi eside (1945-59) wayengumqondisi womculo waseshashalazini yaseParis uComedie Francaise; phakathi neminyaka wadala umculo wemidlalo ye-13 (phakathi kwayo ethi "The Imaginary Sick" ka-JB Moliere, "Iphigenia in Aulis" ka-Euripides). Njengomqhubi, uJolivet wenza emazweni amaningi omhlaba futhi wavakashela e-USSR ngokuphindaphindiwe. Isiphiwo sakhe sokubhala sazibonakalisa encwadini ekhuluma ngoL. Beethoven (1955); ezama njalo ukuxhumana nomphakathi, uJolivet wasebenza njengomfundisi kanye nentatheli, wayengumxhumanisi oyinhloko ezindabeni zomculo eMnyangweni Wezamasiko WaseFrance.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, uJolivet wazinikela ekufundiseni. Kusukela ngo-1966 kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, umqambi ubambe isikhundla sokuba uprofesa eParis Conservatory, lapho efundisa khona ikilasi lokuqamba.

Ekhuluma ngomculo nomthelela wawo womlingo, i-Jolivet igxile ekukhulumisaneni, umuzwa wobunye phakathi kwabantu nomhlaba wonke: “Umculo ngokuyinhloko uyisenzo sokuxhumana… Ukuxhumana phakathi komqambi nemvelo… ngesikhathi sokwenza umsebenzi, bese kuba ukuxhumana phakathi komqambi nomphakathi ngesikhathi sokusebenza kuyasebenza”. Umqambi wakwazi ukufeza ubunye obunjalo komunye wemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu - i-oratorio ethi "Iqiniso ngoJeanne". Kwenziwa okokuqala ngo-1956 (iminyaka engu-500 ngemva kwecala elakhulula u-Joan wase-Arc) ezweni le-heroine - edolobhaneni laseDomremy. UJolivet wasebenzisa imibhalo yezivumelwano zale nqubo, kanye nezinkondlo zezimbongi zenkathi ephakathi (kuhlanganise noCharles of Orleans). I-oratorio ayenziwanga ehholo lekhonsathi, kodwa endaweni evulekile, phambi kwezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zabantu.

K. Zenkin