Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin |

Alexander Borodin

Umculo we-Borodin … uvusa umuzwa wamandla, u-vivacity, ukukhanya; inokuphefumula okunamandla, ububanzi, ububanzi, indawo; inomuzwa wokuphila ovumelanayo onempilo, injabulo evela ekuqapheleni ophilayo. B. Asafiev

U-A. Borodin ungomunye wabameleli abamangalisayo besiko laseRussia engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX: umqambi okhaliphile, usokhemisi ovelele, umuntu okhuthele emphakathini, uthisha, umbhidisi, umhlaziyi womculo, ubuye wabonisa incwadi evelele. ithalente. Nokho, Borodin wangena emlandweni isiko emhlabeni ngokuyinhloko njengoba umqambi. Akadalanga imisebenzi eminingi kangaka, kodwa ihlukaniswa ukujula nokunotha kokuqukethwe, izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo, ukuvumelana kwakudala kwamafomu. Iningi labo lixhumene ne-epic yaseRussia, nendaba yezenzo zobuqhawe zabantu. I-Borodin nayo inamakhasi wezingoma ezisuka enhliziyweni, eziqotho, amahlaya namahlaya amnene akuzona ezingavamile kuye. Isitayela somculo somqambi sibonakala ngobubanzi obubanzi bokulandisa, ubumnandi (uBorodin wayenekhono lokuqamba ngesitayela sengoma yesintu), ukuhambisana okumibalabala, kanye nokulangazelela okusebenzayo okuguquguqukayo. Eqhubeka namasiko kaM Glinka, ikakhulukazi i-opera yakhe ethi "Ruslan noLyudmila", uBorodin wadala i-symphony yama-Russian epic, futhi wagunyaza uhlobo lwe-opera yama-Russian epic.

U-Borodin wazalwa emshadweni ongekho emthethweni weNkosana L. Gedianov kanye nonxiwankulu baseRussia u-A. Antonova. Wathola isibongo sakhe kanye patronymic indoda egcekeni Gedianov - Porfiry Ivanovich Borodin, indodana yakhe eyalotshwa.

Ngenxa yengqondo namandla kanina, umfana wathola imfundo enhle kakhulu ekhaya futhi kakade ebuntwaneni wabonisa amakhono ahlukahlukene. Umculo wakhe wawukhanga ngokukhethekile. Wafunda ukudlala umtshingo, upiyano, i-cello, walalela ngesithakazelo imisebenzi ye-symphonic, wafunda ngokuzimela izincwadi zomculo zakudala, esephinde wadlala wonke ama-symphonies kaL. Beethoven, I. Haydn, F. Mendelssohn nomngane wakhe uMisha Shchiglev. Uphinde wakhombisa ikhono lokuqamba kusenesikhathi. Ukuhlola kwakhe kokuqala kwakuyi-polka ethi "Helene" yepiyano, i-Flute Concerto, i-Trio yama-violin amabili kanye ne-cello kumatimu avela ku-opera ethi "Robert the Devil" ka-J. Meyerbeer (4). Ngayo leyo minyaka, uBorodin waqala ukuthanda amakhemikhali. Etshela u-V. Stasov ngobungane bakhe noSasha Borodin, uM. Shchiglev ukhumbula ukuthi "hhayi nje ikamelo lakhe, kodwa cishe yonke indlu yayigcwele izimbiza, ama-retorts kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zezidakamizwa zamakhemikhali. Yonke indawo emafasiteleni kwakumi izimbiza ezinezinhlobonhlobo zezixazululo zekristalu. Izihlobo zaphawula ukuthi kusukela ebuntwaneni, uSasha wayehlale ematasa ngokuthile.

Ngo-1850, u-Borodin waphumelela ngempumelelo ukuhlolwa kwe-Medico-Surgical (kusukela ngo-1881 Military Medical) Academy e-St. Ukuxhumana nososayensi ovelele waseRussia uN. Zinin, owafundisa ngobuhlakani inkambo ye-chemistry esikoleni, waqhuba amakilasi awusizo ngabanye elabhorethri futhi wabona umlandeli wakhe kule nsizwa enekhono, waba nethonya elikhulu ekubunjweni kobuntu bukaBorodin. USasha naye wayethanda izincwadi, wayethanda ikakhulukazi imisebenzi ka-A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, N. Gogol, imisebenzi ka-V. Belinsky, wafunda izihloko zefilosofi komagazini. Isikhathi samahhala esivela ku-academy sanikelwa emculweni. U-Borodin wayevame ukuya emihlanganweni yomculo, lapho kwakudlalwa khona izingoma zothando zika-A. Gurilev, A. Varlamov, K. Vilboa, izingoma zomdabu zaseRussia, ama-arias asukela ngaleso sikhathi ama-opera ase-Italiya asemfashinini; wayevakashela njalo izikhathi zakusihlwa ze-quartet nomculi oyimfundamakhwela u-I. Gavrushkevich, ngokuvamile ebamba iqhaza njengomdlali we-cellist ekuculweni komculo wezinsimbi zegumbi. Ngayo leyo minyaka, wajwayelana nemisebenzi Glinka. Umculo wesizwe okhaliphile, ojulile wathumba futhi waheha le nsizwa, futhi kusukela lapho isibe umthandi oqotho nomlandeli womqambi omkhulu. Konke lokhu kuyamkhuthaza ukuthi abe nobuciko. U-Borodin usebenza kakhulu eyedwa ukuze akwazi ubuciko bomqambi, ubhala izingoma ezizwakalayo ngomoya wothando lwansuku zonke lwasemadolobheni (“Uyini ekuseni, ekuseni”; “Lalela, zintombi, ingoma yami”; “Intombi enhle yawa uthando"), kanye nama-trios amaningana ama-violin amabili kanye ne-cello (kuhlanganise nengqikithi yengoma yomdabu yaseRussia ethi "Ngikucasule kanjani"), intambo ethi Quintet, njll. Emisebenzini yakhe yezinsimbi yalesi sikhathi, ithonya lamasampuli yomculo waseNtshonalanga Yurophu, ikakhulukazi uMendelssohn, usabonakala. Ngo-1856, u-Borodin waphasa izivivinyo zakhe zokugcina ngamalengiso, futhi ukuze aphumelele umkhuba wokwelapha oyimpoqo wanikezwa umsebenzi wokufundela umsebenzi eSibhedlela Sesibili Somhlaba Wezempi; ngo-1858 wavikela ngempumelelo incwadi yakhe yeziqu zobudokotela bezokwelapha, futhi ngemva konyaka wathunyelwa phesheya yisikhungo sokuthuthukisa isayensi.

U-Borodin wazinza e-Heidelberg, lapho ngaleso sikhathi kwakuhlangene ososayensi abaningi abasebasha baseRussia bezobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona u-D. Mendeleev, I. Sechenov, E. Junge, A. Maikov, S. Eshevsky nabanye, ababa abangane bakaBorodin futhi benza. phakamisa lokho okubizwa nge-” Heidelberg Circle. Ukuhlangana ndawonye, ​​abazange baxoxe ngezinkinga zesayensi kuphela, kodwa futhi nezindaba zempilo yezenhlalo nezombusazwe, izindaba zezincwadi nezobuciko; I-Kolokol ne-Sovremennik yafundwa lapha, imibono ka-A. Herzen, N. Chernyshevsky, V. Belinsky, N. Dobrolyubov yezwakala lapha.

I-Borodin ihileleke kakhulu kwisayensi. Phakathi neminyaka engu-3 ehlala phesheya, wenza imisebenzi yokuqala yamakhemikhali engu-8, eyamenza waduma kakhulu. Usebenzisa wonke amathuba ukuze azungeze i-Europe. Usosayensi osemusha wajwayelana nokuphila namasiko abantu baseJalimane, e-Italy, eFrance naseSwitzerland. Kodwa umculo ubulokhu umphelezela. Wayesadlala umculo ngentshiseko emibuthanweni yasekhaya futhi akazange aphuthelwe ithuba lokuhambela amakhonsathi e-symphony, izindlu ze-opera, ngaleyo ndlela ajwayelane nemisebenzi eminingi yabaqambi besimanje baseNtshonalanga Yurophu - KM Weber, R. Wagner, F. Liszt, G. Berlioz . Ngo-1861, e-Heidelberg, u-Borodin wahlangana nomkakhe wesikhathi esizayo, u-E. Protopopova, umculi wopiyano onekhono futhi onguchwepheshe wezingoma zomdabu zaseRussia, owakhuthaza ngentshiseko umculo ka-F. Chopin no-R. Schumann. Okuvelayo okusha komculo kukhuthaza ubuhlakani bukaBorodin, kumsize azibone njengomqambi waseRussia. Uphikelela efuna izindlela zakhe, izithombe zakhe nezindlela ezizwakalayo zomculo emculweni, eqamba izingoma ezihambisana nezinsimbi zomculo. Kokungcono kakhulu kubo - upiyano u-Quintet ngo-C minor (1862) - umuntu usengavele ezwe kokubili amandla amakhulu kanye nomculo omnandi, nombala wesizwe ogqamile. Lo msebenzi, njengokungathi, ufingqa ukuthuthukiswa kobuciko kwangaphambilini kweBorodin.

Ekwindla ka-1862 wabuyela eRussia, wakhethwa njengoprofesa e-Medico-Surgical Academy, lapho efundisa khona futhi eqhuba amakilasi awusizo nabafundi kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe; kusukela ngo-1863 wabuye wafundisa isikhathi esithile e-Forest Academy. Waphinde waqala ucwaningo lwamakhemikhali olusha.

Ngokushesha ngemva kokubuyela ezweni lakubo, endlini kaprofesa we-academy S. Botkin, u-Borodin wahlangana noM. Balakirev, owathi, ngokuqonda kwakhe isici, wabonga ngokushesha ithalenta lokuqamba likaBorodin futhi watshela usosayensi osemusha ukuthi umculo wawuwumsebenzi wakhe weqiniso. U-Borodin uyilungu lombuthano, okuthi, ngaphezu kukaBalakirev, ahlanganise uC. Cui, M. Mussorgsky, N. Rimsky-Korsakov kanye nomgxeki wezobuciko u-V. Stasov. Ngakho, kwaqedwa ukwakhiwa komphakathi wokudala wabaqambi baseRussia, owaziwa emlandweni womculo ngaphansi kwegama elithi "The Handful Handful". Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaBalakirev, uBorodin uyaqhubeka nokudala i-Symphony yokuqala. Kwaqedwa ngo-1867, kwenziwa ngempumelelo ngoJanuwari 4, 1869 ekhonsathini ye-RMS eSt. Petersburg eyenziwa nguBalakirev. Kulo msebenzi, isithombe sokudala seBorodin sagcina sinqunyiwe - ububanzi obunamandla, amandla, ukuvumelana kwefomu, ukukhanya, ukusha kwezingoma, ukujula kwemibala, ukuvela kwezithombe. Ukubonakala kwale symphony kwaphawula ukuqala kokuvuthwa kokudala komqambi kanye nokuzalwa komkhuba omusha emculweni we-symphonic waseRussia.

Engxenyeni yesibili yama-60s. I-Borodin idala inqwaba yezothando ezihluke kakhulu endabeni kanye nemvelo yomdlalo womculo - "Inkosazana Elele", "Ingoma Yehlathi Elimnyama", "Inkosazana Yasolwandle", "Inothi Lamanga", "Izingoma Zami Zigcwele Ubuthi”, “Ulwandle”. Eziningi zazo zibhalwe emibhalweni yazo.

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60s. U-Borodin waqala ukuqamba i-Second Symphony kanye ne-opera ethi Prince Igor. U-Stasov wanikeza uBorodin isikhumbuzo esimangalisayo sezincwadi zasendulo zesiRashiya, I-Tale of Igor's Campaign, njengesakhiwo se-opera. “Ngiyithanda kakhulu le ndaba. Ingabe kuyoba phezu kwamandla ethu kuphela? .. "Ngizozama," u-Borodin waphendula u-Stasov. Umqondo wokushisekela izwe we-Lay nomoya wabo wendabuko wawusondelene kakhulu ne-Borodin. Isakhiwo se-opera sasifanelana ngokuphelele nezici zethalente lakhe, ukuthanda kwakhe izinto ezivamile, izithombe ezidumile kanye nesithakazelo sakhe eMpumalanga. I-opera yadalwa ngezinto zangempela zomlando, futhi kwakubaluleke kakhulu ku-Borodin ukufeza ukudalwa kwezinhlamvu zeqiniso, neqiniso. Ufunda imithombo eminingi ehlobene “neZwi” naleyo nkathi. Lezi yimilando, nezindaba zomlando, izifundo mayelana "neZwi", izingoma ezidumile zaseRussia, izingoma zasempumalanga. U-Borodin wabhala i-libretto ye-opera ngokwakhe.

Nokho, ukubhala kwaqhubeka kancane. Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuqashwa kwemisebenzi yesayensi, yokufundisa kanye nezenhlalo. Wayephakathi kwabaqalisi nabasunguli beRussian Chemical Society, esebenza eNhlanganweni Yodokotela baseRussia, eNhlanganweni Yokuvikela Impilo Yomphakathi, wabamba iqhaza ekushicilelweni kwephephabhuku elithi "Knowledge", eyilungu labaqondisi be i-RMO, yabamba iqhaza emsebenzini wekhwaya yabafundi baseSt. Medical-Surgical Academy kanye ne-orchestra.

Ngo-1872, kwavulwa Izifundo Zezokwelapha Zabesifazane Eziphakeme eSt. U-Borodin wayengomunye wabahleli nothisha balesi sikhungo sokuqala semfundo ephakeme yabesifazane, wamnika isikhathi esiningi nomzamo. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Second Symphony kwaqedwa kuphela ngo-1876. I-symphony yadalwa ngokuhambisana ne-opera "Prince Igor" futhi isondelene kakhulu nayo ngokuqukethwe kwemibono, uhlobo lwezithombe zomculo. Emculweni we-symphony, i-Borodin ifinyelela umbala ogqamile, ukuqina kwezithombe zomculo. Ngokusho kukaStasov, wayefuna ukudweba iqoqo lamaqhawe aseRussia ngehora lokuqala, e-Andante (ihora lesithathu) - isibalo sikaBayan, ekugcineni - indawo yedili lobuqhawe. Igama elithi "Bogatyrskaya", elinikezwe i-symphony kaStasov, laligxilile kulo. I-symphony yenziwa okokuqala ekhonsathini ye-RMS eSt. Petersburg ngo-February 1, 3, eyenziwa ngu-E. Napravnik.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-70s - ekuqaleni kwawo-80s. I-Borodin idala ama-quartet ezintambo ezi-2, iba, kanye no-P. Tchaikovsky, umsunguli womculo wezinsimbi we-classical chamber yaseRussia. Ikakhulukazi eyayidume kakhulu kwakuyiQuartet Yesibili, umculo wayo ngamandla amakhulu nangentshiseko udlulisa izwe elicebile lokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomzwelo, udalula uhlangothi olugqamile lwezingoma lwethalente likaBorodin.

Nokho, into eyayikhathazeke kakhulu kwakuyi-opera. Naphezu kokuba matasatasa nazo zonke izinhlobo zemisebenzi nokusebenzisa imibono yezinye izingoma, u-Prince Igor wayephakathi kwezithakazelo zokudala zomqambi. Phakathi nawo-70s. kwadalwa izigcawu eziningi ezibalulekile, ezinye zazo ezenziwa emakhonsathini eSikole Somculo Samahhala esenziwa nguRimsky-Korsakov futhi bathola impendulo efudumele evela ezilalelini. Ukudansa komculo wePolovtsian umdanso nekhwaya, amakhwaya ("Inkazimulo", njll.), kanye nezinombolo eziyedwa (ingoma kaVladimir Galitsky, i-cavatina kaVladimir Igorevich, i-aria kaKonchak, isililo sikaYaroslavna) yathinta kakhulu. Okuningi kwafezwa ngasekupheleni kwawo-70s nasekuqaleni kwawo-80s. Abangane bebebheke ngabomvu ukuphothulwa komsebenzi we-opera futhi benza konke okusemandleni abo ukufaka isandla kulokhu.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-80s. U-Borodin wabhala amaphuzu e-symphonic "E-Asia Ephakathi", izinombolo ezintsha eziningana ze-opera kanye nenani lezothando, phakathi kwazo i-elegy ku-Art. A. Pushkin "Ogwini lwezwe elikude." Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, wasebenza ku-Third Symphony (ngeshwa, engapheli), wabhala i-Petite Suite kanye ne-Scherzo yepiyano, futhi waqhubeka nokusebenza ku-opera.

Izinguquko esimweni senhlalo nepolitiki eRussia ngeminyaka yama-80s. - ukuqala kokusabela okubuhlungu kakhulu, ukushushiswa kwamasiko athuthukile, ubugovu obudlangile obungenanhlonipho, ukuvalwa kwezifundo zezokwelapha zabesifazane - kwaba nomthelela omkhulu kumqambi. Kwaba nzima nakakhulu ukulwa nezimpendulo esikoleni, ukuqashwa kwanda, futhi impilo yaqala ukuhluleka. U-Borodin nokufa kwabantu abaseduze naye, uZinin, uMussorgsky, wabhekana nobunzima. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuxhumana nabantu abasha - abafundi kanye nozakwabo - kwamlethela injabulo enkulu; umbuthano wabantu abajwayelene naye kwezomculo wanda kakhulu: uya ngokuzithandela "eBelyaev Fridays", wazana eduze no-A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov nabanye abaculi abasebasha. Wahlatshwa umxhwele kakhulu imihlangano yakhe noF. Liszt (1877, 1881, 1885), owazisa kakhulu umsebenzi kaBorodin futhi wathuthukisa imisebenzi yakhe.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-80s. udumo lukaBorodin umqambi luyakhula. Imisebenzi yakhe yenziwa kaningi futhi ibonakala hhayi eRussia kuphela, kodwa futhi phesheya: eJalimane, e-Austria, eFrance, eNorway naseMelika. Imisebenzi yakhe yaba nempumelelo yokunqoba eBelgium (1885, 1886). Waba ngomunye wabaqambi baseRussia abadume kakhulu nabadumile eYurophu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Ngokushesha ngemva kokufa kukaBorodin kungazelelwe, uRimsky-Korsakov noGlazunov banquma ukulungisa imisebenzi yakhe engakaqediwe ukuze ishicilelwe. Baqeda umsebenzi ku-opera: U-Glazunov uphinde waqamba kabusha i-overture esuka ekhanda (njengoba kwakuhlelwe u-Borodin) futhi waqamba umculo we-Act III ngokusekelwe emidwebeni yombhali, u-Rimsky-Korsakov wadlala izinombolo eziningi ze-opera. Ngo-Okthoba 23, 1890, iNkosana Igor yadlalwa eMariinsky Theatre. Umdlalo wamukelwe ngemfudumalo izilaleli. U-Stasov wabhala: “I-Opera Igor iwudadewabo wangempela we-opera enkulu kaGlinka ethi Ruslan. - "inamandla afanayo ezinkondlo ezidumile, ubukhulu obufanayo bezigcawu nemidwebo yabantu, umdwebo ofanayo omangalisayo wabalingiswa nobuntu, ubuhle obufanayo bokubukeka kwayo futhi, ekugcineni, amahlaya anjalo (i-Skula no-Eroshka) adlula ngisho namahlaya kaFarlaf” .

Umsebenzi kaBorodin waba nomthelela omkhulu ezizukulwaneni eziningi zabaqambi baseRussia nabangaphandle (kuhlanganise noGlazunov, uLyadov, S. Prokofiev, Yu. Shaporin, K. Debussy, M. Ravel, nabanye). Kuwukuzigqaja komculo we-classic waseRussia.

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