Charles Ives |

Charles Ives

Mhlawumbe, uma abaculi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX. futhi ngobusuku bangaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, bafunda ukuthi umqambi u-C. Ives uhlala eMelika futhi wezwa imisebenzi yakhe, babeyoziphatha njengohlobo lokuhlola, ilukuluku, noma babengeke baqaphele nhlobo: yena yena kanye nomhlabathi alime kuwo. Kodwa-ke akekho owayazi u-Ives - isikhathi eside kakhulu akenzanga lutho ukukhangisa umculo wakhe. "Ukutholwa" kuka-Ives kwenzeka kuphela ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-30s, lapho kuvela ukuthi izindlela eziningi (futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ezihluke kakhulu) zokubhala komculo okusha zase zihlolwe kakade ngumqambi waseMelika wokuqala enkathini ka-A. Scriabin, C. Debussy kanye no-G. Mahler. Ngesikhathi u-Ives eduma, wayeseneminyaka eminingi engawuqambi umculo futhi, egula kakhulu, wanqamula ukuxhumana nezwe langaphandle. "Inhlekelele yaseMelika" yabiza isiphetho sika-Ives omunye wabantu besikhathi sakhe. U-Ives wazalelwa emndenini womqhubi wezempi. Ubaba wakhe wayengumhloli ongakhathali - lesi sici sadlulela endodaneni yakhe, (Ngokwesibonelo, wayala ama-orchestra amabili ukuya komunye nomunye ukuze adlale imisebenzi ehlukene.) "ukuvuleka" komsebenzi wakhe, owawuthatha, cishe, yonke into eyayizwakala nxazonke. Ezingomeni zakhe eziningi, kunanela amahubo enkolo yamaPuritan, i-jazz, umsindo wethiyetha ye-minstrel. Eseyingane, uCharles wakhuliswa emculweni wabaqambi ababili - u-JS Bach no-S. Foster (umngane kayise ka-Ives, "i-bard" yaseMelika, umbhali wezingoma ezidumile nama-ballads). Ngokungathi sína, okungajwayelekile kunoma yisiphi isimo sengqondo esiyize emculweni, ukwakheka okuhle kwemicabango nemizwa, u-Ives kamuva uzofana noBach.

U-Ives wabhala izincwadi zakhe zokuqala zeqembu lezempi (wayedlala izinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo kulo), eneminyaka engu-14 waba umculi wesonto edolobheni lakubo. Kodwa futhi wadlala upiyano enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi, ethuthukisa isikhathi se-rag nezinye izingcezu. Ngemva kokuphothula eNyuvesi yaseYale (1894-1898), lapho afunda khona no-X. Parker (ukuqamba) no-D. Buck (organ), u-Ives usebenza njenge-ogani yesonto eNew York. Kwathi iminyaka eminingi esebenza njengomabhalane enkampanini yomshwalense futhi ekwenza ngentshiseko enkulu. Kamuva, eminyakeni yama-20s, esuka emculweni, u-Ives waba usomabhizinisi ophumelelayo kanye nochwepheshe ovelele (umbhali wemisebenzi ethandwayo) kumshwalense. Iningi lemisebenzi ka-Ives ingeyezinhlobo zomculo we-orchestra nowegumbi. Ungumbhali wama-symphonies amahlanu, ama-overtures, uhlelo olusebenzela i-orchestra (Imizi Emithathu eNew England, eCentral Park in the Dark), ama-quartet ezintambo ezimbili, ama-sonata amahlanu e-violin, amabili e-pianoforte, izingcezu zesitho, amakhwaya kanye nezingaphezu kwe-100. izingoma. U-Ives wabhala iningi lemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu isikhathi eside, eminyakeni eminingana. KuPiyano Yesibili Sonata (1911-15), umqambi wakhokha intela kubanduleli bakhe abangokomoya. Ingxenye yawo ngayinye ibonisa isithombe sesazi sefilosofi saseMelika: uR. Emerson, N. Hawthorne, G. Topo; yonke i-sonata inegama lendawo lapho lezi zefilosofi zazihlala khona (Concord, Massachusetts, 1840-1860). Imibono yabo yakha isisekelo sokubuka kwezwe kuka-Ives (isibonelo, umqondo wokuhlanganisa impilo yomuntu nempilo yemvelo). Ubuciko buka-Ives bubonakala ngesimo sengqondo sokuziphatha okuphezulu, lokho akutholile akuzange kube okusemthethweni, kodwa kwakuwumzamo onzima wokuveza amathuba afihliwe atholakala emvelweni yomsindo.

Ngaphambi kwabanye abaqambi, u-Ives weza ezindleleni eziningi zesimanje zokukhuluma. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kukayise ngama-orchestra ahlukene, kukhona indlela eqondile eya ku-polytonality (ukuzwakala ngasikhathi sinye kokhiye abambalwa), okuzungezile, umsindo “we-stereoscopic” nama-aleatorics (lapho umbhalo womculo ungalungiswanga ngokuqinile, kodwa uvela ekuhlanganiseni kwezakhi njalo kabusha, njengokungathi ngenhlanhla). Iphrojekthi enkulu yokugcina ka-Ives (i-symphony “Yomhlaba” engakaqediwe) yayihilela ukuhlelwa kwama-orchestra kanye nekhwaya endaweni evulekile, ezintabeni, ezindaweni ezahlukene emkhathini. Izingxenye ezimbili ze-symphony (Umculo Womhlaba kanye Nomculo Wesibhakabhaka) kwadingeka zizwakale ... ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa kabili, ukuze abalaleli bakwazi ukugxilisa ukunaka kwabo komunye nomunye. Kweminye imisebenzi, u-Ives wasondela enhlanganweni ye-serial yomculo we-athonal ngaphambi kuka-A. Schoenberg.

Isifiso sokungena emathunjini omsindo waholela u-Ives ohlelweni lwe-quarter-tone, olungaziwa ngokuphelele kumculo we-classic. Ubhala Izingcezu Ezintathu Zethoni Yekota Yezipiyano Ezimbili (ezishunwe ngokufanelekile) kanye nendatshana ethi “Imibono Yethoni Yekota”.

U-Ives wanikela iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 ekuqambeni umculo, futhi ngo-1922 kuphela washicilela imisebenzi eminingi ngezindleko zakhe. Eminyakeni engu-20 yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, u-Ives usethathe umhlalaphansi kuwo wonke amabhizinisi, okwenziwa lula ngokwandisa ubumpumputhe, isifo senhliziyo kanye nesimiso sezinzwa. Ngo-1944, ukuhlonipha usuku lokuzalwa luka-Ives '70th, ikhonsathi yejubhile yahlelwa eLos Angeles. Umculo wakhe waziswa kakhulu abaculi abakhulu bekhulu lethu leminyaka. U-I. Stravinsky wake waphawula: “Umculo ka-Ives wangitshela okungaphezu kwababhali bamanoveli abachaza i-American West … ngathola ukuqonda okusha ngeMelika kuwo.”

K. Zenkin