UDmitry Stepanovich Bortnyansky (Dmitry Bortnyansky) |
UDmitry Bortnyansky
… Nabhala amahubo amangalisayo Futhi, nicabanga ngomhlaba wentokozo, Wasibhalela wona ngemisindo… Agafangel. Isikhumbuzo sikaBortnyansky
U-D. Bortnyansky ungomunye wabameleli abanekhono kakhulu besiko lomculo laseRussia lenkathi yangaphambi kweGlinka, owazuza uthando oluqotho lwabantu bakubo bobabili njengomqambi, omisebenzi yakhe, ikakhulukazi yamakwaya, yajabulela ukuthandwa okuyingqayizivele, nanjengengqayizivele evelele. , umuntu onamakhono amaningi onekhubalo lomuntu elingandile. Imbongi yesimanje engashiwongo igama layo yabiza umqambi "Orpheus of the Neva River". Ifa lakhe lokudala likhulu futhi liyahlukahluka. Inezihloko ezingaba ngu-200 - ama-opera angu-6, izingoma zamakwaya ezingaphezu kwe-100, izingoma eziningi nezinsimbi, ezothando. Umculo kaBortnyansky uhlukaniswa ngokunambitha kobuciko okungenasici, ukuzithiba, izikhulu, ukucaca kwakudala, nobungcweti obuphakeme obuthuthukiswe ngokufunda umculo wesimanje waseYurophu. Umgxeki nomqambi womculo waseRussia u-A. Serov wabhala ukuthi uBortnyansky “wafunda kumamodeli afanayo noMozart, futhi walingisa kakhulu uMozart ngokwakhe.” Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ulimi lomculo lwaseBortnyansky lukazwelonke, ngokusobala lunesisekelo sengoma-yothando, imisindo yezingoma zasemadolobheni zase-Ukraine. Futhi lokhu akumangalisi. Phela, i-Bortnyansky ingumsuka wase-Ukraine.
Intsha yaseBortnyansky yaqondana nesikhathi lapho ukuqubuka komphakathi okunamandla ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-60-70s. Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX livuse amandla ezwe okudala. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho isikole somqambi ochwepheshe saqala ukumila eRussia.
Ngenxa yamakhono akhe omculo akhethekile, uBortnyansky wathunyelwa eSikoleni Sokucula eneminyaka eyisithupha, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engu-2 wathunyelwa eSt. Petersburg eNkantolo Yokucula ENkantolo. Inhlanhla kusukela ebuntwaneni yathanda umfana omuhle ohlakaniphile. Waba intandokazi ye-Empress, kanye nabanye abaculi babamba iqhaza emakhonsathini okuzijabulisa, amakhonsathi asenkantolo, izinkonzo zesonto, ukufunda izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, ukulingisa. Umqondisi wekwaya uM. Poltoratsky wafunda naye ukucula, kanye nomqambi wase-Italy u-B. Galuppi - ukuqamba. Ngokutusa kwakhe, ngo-1768 uBortnyansky wathunyelwa e-Italy, lapho ahlala khona iminyaka eyi-10. Lapha wafunda umculo ka-A. Scarlatti, GF Handel, N. Iommelli, imisebenzi yama-polyphonists esikoleni saseVenetian, futhi wenza i-debut ephumelelayo njengomqambi. E-Italy, "iMisa laseJalimane" ladalwa, okuthakazelisayo ngokuthi uBortnyansky wethula izingoma ezindala zama-Orthodox kwezinye izingoma, ezithuthukisa ngendlela yaseYurophu; kanye ne-opera seria emi-3: uCreon (1776), u-Alcides, uQuintus Fabius (bobabili - 1778).
Ngo-1779 uBortnyansky wabuyela eSt. Izingoma zakhe, ezethulwa kuCatherine II, zaba yimpumelelo evusa amadlingozi, nakuba ngobuqotho kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi u-Empress wayehlukaniswa nomculo ongavamile ophikisana nomculo futhi washayelwa ihlombe kuphela ekugqugquzeleni. Noma kunjalo, uBortnyansky waboniswa umusa, wathola umklomelo kanye nesikhundla sokuba umphathi weqembu le-Court Singing Chapel ngo-1783, ngemva kokuhamba kuka-J. Paisiello eRussia, futhi waba umphathi weqembu “wenkantolo encane” yasePavlovsk ngaphansi kwendlalifa uPavel nendodana yakhe. unkosikazi.
Umsebenzi onjalo ohlukahlukene washukumisa ukuqanjwa komculo ezinhlotsheni eziningi. U-Bortnyansky udala inqwaba yamakhonsathi e-choral, ubhala umculo wezinsimbi - i-clavier sonatas, i-chamber isebenza, ihlanganisa ezothando emibhalweni yesiFulentshi, futhi kusukela maphakathi nawo-80s, lapho inkantolo yasePavlovsk iba nesithakazelo enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, yakha ama-comic opera amathathu: " Umkhosi kaSeigneur" (1786), "Falcon" (1786), "Rival Son" (1787). "Ubuhle balawa ma-opera ka-Bortnyansky, abhalwe ngombhalo wesiFulentshi, buyinhlanganisela enhle ngokungavamile yamagama ase-Italian ahloniphekile ane-languor yothando lwesiFulentshi kanye nobukhazikhazi obubukhali be-couplet" (B. Asafiev).
Engumuntu ofunde ngezindlela eziningi, uBortnyansky wahlanganyela ngokuzithandela ezinsukwini zezincwadi ezazisePavlovsk; kamuva, ngo-1811-16. - waya emihlanganweni ethi "Izingxoxo zabathandi begama lesiRashiya", eholwa nguG. Derzhavin no-A. Shishkov, wabambisana noP. Vyazemsky noV. Zhukovsky. Emavesini okugcina, wabhala ingoma yamakhwaya ethandwayo "Umculi Ekamu Lamaqhawe AseRussia" (1812). Ngokuvamile, uBortnyansky wayenekhono elijabulisayo lokuqamba umculo okhanyayo, ozwakalayo, ofinyelelekayo, ngaphandle kokuwela ekuvinjelweni.
Ngo-1796, u-Bortnyansky waqokwa njengomphathi wabe eseba umqondisi we-Court Singing Chapel futhi wahlala kulesi sikhundla kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe. Esikhundleni sakhe esisha, wathatha ngentshiseko ukuqaliswa kwezinhloso zakhe zobuciko nezemfundo. Wasithuthukisa kakhulu isikhundla sabaculi bekhwaya, wethula amakhonsathi omphakathi angoMgqibelo endlini yesonto, futhi walungiselela ikhwaya yesonto ukuba ibambe iqhaza emakhonsathini. I-Philharmonic Society, iqala lo msebenzi ngokudlala kwe-oratorio ka-J. Haydn ethi “The Creation of the World” futhi yawuphetha ngo-1824 nge-premiere ye-“Solemn Mass” ka-L. Beethoven. Ngezinkonzo zakhe ngo-1815, uBortnyansky wakhethwa njengelungu elihloniphekile le-Philharmonic Society. Isikhundla sakhe esiphakeme sifakazelwa ngumthetho owamukelwa ngo-1816, ngokusho ukuthi imisebenzi kaBortnyansky ngokwakhe, noma umculo owathola imvume yakhe, wavunyelwa ukuba wenziwe esontweni.
Emsebenzini wakhe, kusukela kuma-90s, uBortnyansky ugxile emculweni ongcwele, phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamakhonsathi omculo wamakhwaya abaluleke kakhulu. Ziyi-cyclic, ikakhulukazi izingoma ezinezingxenye ezine. Ezinye zazo zinesizotha, ziyimikhosi ngokwemvelo, kodwa izici eziningi ze-Bortnyansky zingamakhonsathi, ahlukaniswa ngama-lyricism angena ngaphakathi, ukuhlanzeka okukhethekile okungokomoya, nokuzithoba. Ngokuka-Academician Asafiev, engomeni yamakwaya kaBortnyansky “kwaba khona ukusabela ngendlela efanayo neyasendaweni yaseRussia yangaleso sikhathi: kusuka ezinhlotsheni zokuhlobisa ze-baroque kuya ekuqineni nasekuzithibeni okukhulu - kuya ku-classicism.
Emakhonsathini ekwaya, uBortnyansky uvame ukweqa imingcele ebekwe imithetho yesonto. Kuzo, ungezwa ukumasha, izigqi zomdanso, ithonya lomculo we-opera, futhi ezingxenyeni ezihamba kancane, ngezinye izikhathi kukhona ukufana nohlobo lwengoma ye-lyrical "Russian". Umculo ongcwele kaBortnyansky wajabulela ukuthandwa okukhulu kokubili ngesikhathi sokuphila komqambi nangemva kokufa kwakhe. Yabhalwa ngepiyano, ihabhu, yahunyushelwa ohlelweni lokuphawula komculo wedijithali kwabangaboni, futhi yashicilelwa njalo. Nokho, phakathi abaculi professional ekhulwini XIX. kwakungekho ukuvumelana ekuhloleni kwayo. Kwakukhona umbono mayelana noshukela wakhe, futhi izingoma zikaBortnyansky zezinsimbi nezisebenzayo zazikhohliwe ngokuphelele. Kuphela esikhathini sethu, ikakhulukazi emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, umculo walo mqambi uphinde wabuyela kumlaleli, uzwakala ezindlini ze-opera, amahholo ekhonsathi, usembulela isilinganiso sangempela sethalenta lomqambi waseRussia ophawulekayo, i-classic yeqiniso ye Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX.
O. Averyanova
