UBéla Bartók (Béla Bartók) |
UBéla Bartók
Uma abantu besikhathi esizayo befuna ukwazi ukuthi umuntu wenkathi yethu walwa futhi wahlupheka kanjani nokuthi ekugcineni wayithola kanjani indlela eya ekukhululweni ngokomoya, ukuzwana nokuthula, wazuza ukholo kuye nasempilweni, khona-ke, ebhekisela esibonelweni sikaBartok. , bazothola imfanelo yokungaguquguquki okunganyakaziswa kanye nesibonelo sokukhula komphefumulo womuntu ngobuqhawe. B. Sabolchi
B. Bartok, umqambi waseHungary, umdlali wopiyano, uthisha, isazi somculo kanye nomdwebi wezinganekwane, uyingxenye yomthala wabaculi abaqavile abaqavile bekhulu lesi-3. kanye noC. Debussy, M. Ravel, A. Scriabin, I. Stravinsky, P. Hindemith, S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich. Imvelaphi yobuciko buka-Bartok ihlotshaniswa nocwaningo olujulile kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokudala komlando ocebe kakhulu waseHungary kanye nabanye abantu baseMpumalanga Yurophu. Ukucwiliswa ngokujulile ezicini zempilo yabalimi, ukuqonda amagugu obuciko nokuziphatha kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha zobuciko besintu, ukuqonda kwabo ifilosofi ezicini eziningi kulolonga ubuntu bukaBartok. Waba yisibonelo kubantu besikhathi kanye nenzalo yokwethembeka kwesibindi emibonweni yobuntu, intando yeningi kanye nezamazwe ngamazwe, ukungaguquki ekungazini, ubuqaba nobudlova. Umsebenzi kaBartok wabonisa ukungqubuzana okudabukisayo nokudabukisayo kwesikhathi sakhe, inkimbinkimbi nokungahambisani kwezwe elingokomoya lesikhathi sakhe, ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwesiko lobuciko lenkathi yakhe. Ifa lika-Bartók njengomqambi likhulu futhi lihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi: imisebenzi yesiteji emi-2 (i-opera enomdlalo owodwa nama-ballet angu-3); I-Symphony, ama-symphonic suites; I-Cantata, amakhonsathi angu-2 epiyano, 1 e-violin, angu-6 e-viola (ayiphelile) ne-orchestra; inani elikhulu lezingoma zezinsimbi zomculo eziyedwa kanye nomculo wama-ensembles wegumbi (kufaka phakathi ama-quartet ezintambo ezingu-XNUMX).
UBartok wazalelwa emndenini womqondisi wesikole sezolimo. Ebuntwaneni badlulela emkhathini wokwenziwa komculo womndeni, eneminyaka eyisithupha umama wakhe waqala ukumfundisa ukudlala upiyano. Eminyakeni eyalandela, othisha balo mfana kwakunguF. Kersh, L. Erkel, I. Hirtle, ukukhula kwakhe komculo ebusheni kwakuthonywe ubungane no-E. Donany. U-Bela waqala ukuhlanganisa umculo eneminyaka engu-9, eminyakeni emibili kamuva waqala futhi wenza ngempumelelo kakhulu phambi komphakathi. Ngo-1899-1903. UBartok ungumfundi eBudapest Academy of Music. Uthisha wakhe ophiyano kwakungu-I. Toman (umfundi we-F. Liszt), ekuqambeni - J. Kessler. Eminyakeni yakhe yokufunda, uBartok wenza okuningi nangempumelelo enkulu njengomdlali wopiyano, futhi wakha izingoma eziningi lapho ithonya labaqambi bakhe abathandayo ngaleso sikhathi libonakala - I. Brahms, R. Wagner, F. Liszt, R. Strauss. Ngemva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe e-Academy of Music, uBartok wenza uhambo oluningi lwamakhonsathi oluya eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Impumelelo yokuqala ka-Bartók njengomqambi walethwa yi-symphony yakhe ethi Kossuth, eyadlalwa okokuqala e-Budapest (1904). I-symphony ye-Kossuth, egqugquzelwe isithombe seqhawe lenguquko yenkululeko yesizwe yaseHungary yango-1848, uLajos Kossuth, ihlanganisa izinhloso kazwelonke zokushisekela izwe zomqambi osemusha. Lapho esemusha, uBartok waqaphela umthwalo wakhe wemfanelo ngesiphetho sezwe lakubo nezobuciko bezwe. Kwenye yezincwadi zakhe eya kunina, wabhala: “Umuntu ngamunye, lapho esefinyelele ukuvuthwa, kumelwe athole imfanelo angayilwela, anikele ngawo wonke amandla akhe nomsebenzi kukho. Mina, impilo yami yonke, yonke indawo, ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi ngazo zonke izindlela, ngizosebenza umgomo owodwa: okuhle kwezwe kanye nabantu baseHungary ”(1903).
Indima ebalulekile esiphethweni sikaBartok yadlalwa ubungane bakhe nokusebenzisana kokudala noZ. Kodaly. Ngemva kokujwayelana nezindlela zakhe zokuqoqa izingoma zesintu, uBartok wenza uhambo lwezinganekwane ehlobo lika-1906, eqopha izingoma zesintu zaseHungary naseSlovak emizaneni nasemizaneni. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umsebenzi kaBartók wesayensi kanye ne-folkloristic waqala, waqhubeka kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. Ukufundwa kwezinganekwane zakudala zabalimi, okwakuhluke kakhulu kusitayela esidumile saseHungary-gypsy se-verbunkos, kwaba inguquko ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kukaBartók njengomqambi. Ubusha bokuqala bengoma yomdabu yase-Hungary busebenze njengesikhuthazo kuye ukuthi avuselele iphimbo, isigqi, kanye nesakhiwo somculo we-timbre. Umsebenzi wokuqoqa ka-Bartók no-Kodály nawo wawubaluleke kakhulu emphakathini. Ibanga lezithakazelo zenganekwane ka-Bartók kanye nendawo yohambo lwakhe lwakhula kancane kancane. Ngo-1907, uBartók waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa njengoprofesa eBudapest Academy of Music (ikilasi lepiyano), yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-1934.
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1900 kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-20s. emsebenzini kaBartok, inkathi yokusesha ejulile iqala, ehambisana nokuvuselelwa kolimi lomculo, ukwakheka kwesitayela somqambi wakhe. Yayisekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kwezakhi zezinganekwane zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezindlela ezintsha zesimanje emkhakheni wemodi, ukuvumelana, umculo, isigqi, nezindlela ezimibalabala zomculo. Imibono emisha yokudala yanikezwa ukwazana nomsebenzi kaDebussy. Inqwaba yama-piano opus yaba uhlobo lwelabhorethri yendlela yomqambi (14 bagatelles op. 6, i-albhamu yokushintshwa kwezingoma zomdabu zaseHungary nesiSlovak - "For Children", "Allegro barbare", njll.). U-Bartók uphinde aphendukele ku-orchestra, chamber, nezinhlobo zesiteji (2 amagumbi omculo wezinsimbi, imidwebo emi-2 ye-orchestra, i-opera ethi The Castle of Duke Bluebeard, i-ballet ethi The Wooden Prince, i-pantomime ballet ethi The Wonderful Mandarin).
Izikhathi zomsebenzi onzima futhi oguquguqukayo zashintshwa ngokuphindaphindiwe yizinkinga zesikhashana zikaBartók, imbangela yazo ikakhulukazi ukunganaki komphakathi jikelele emisebenzini yakhe, ukushushiswa kokugxekwa okungenangqondo, okwakungasekeli ukusesha komqambi ngesibindi - kakhulu futhi kwangempela futhi. ezintsha. Intshisekelo ka-Bartók esikweni lomculo labantu abangomakhelwane izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa kwabangela ukuhlaselwa okunonya okuvela emaphephandabeni e-chauvinistic Hungarian. Njengezibalo eziningi ezithuthukayo zesiko laseYurophu, uBartok wathatha isikhundla sokulwa nempi phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa iHungary Soviet Republic (1919), kanye noKodaly noDonany, wayeyilungu le-Musical Directory (ephethwe nguB. Reinitz), eyayihlela izinguquko zentando yeningi zesiko lomculo nemfundo ezweni. Ngenxa yalo msebenzi ngaphansi kombuso kaHorthy, uBartok, njengabangane bakhe, wacindezelwa uhulumeni kanye nobuholi be-Academy of Music.
Eminyakeni yama-20s. Isitayela sikaBartok sivela ngokuphawulekayo: ubunkimbinkimbi be-constructivist, ukungezwani kanye nokuqina kolimi lomculo, isici somsebenzi we-10s - ekuqaleni kwawo-20s, kusukela maphakathi nale minyaka eyishumi kunikeza ukuvumelana okukhulu kwesimo sengqondo, isifiso sokucaca, ukufinyeleleka. kanye ne-laconism yokukhuluma; indima ebalulekile lapha yadlalwa isikhalo somqambi kwezobuciko bama-baroque masters. Ngama-30s. U-Bartok ufika ekuvuthweni okuphezulu kakhulu kokudala, ukuhlanganiswa kwesitayela; lesi yisikhathi sokudala imisebenzi yakhe ephelele kakhulu: I-Secular Cantata (“Izinyamazane Eziyisishiyagalolunye Zomlingo”), “Umculo Wezintambo, I-Percussion kanye ne-Celesta”, i-Sonatas yamaPiyano Amabili kanye ne-Percussion, Amakhonsathi ePiyano ne-Violin, Ama-String Quartets (Nos. 3- 6), umjikelezo wezingcezu zepiyano ezifundisayo "Microcosmos", njll. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Bartok wenza uhambo lwekhonsathi oluningi oluya eNtshonalanga Yurophu nase-USA. Ngo-1929, uBartok wavakashela i-USSR, lapho izingoma zakhe zahlangatshezwa khona isithakazelo esikhulu. Umsebenzi wesayensi nowezinganekwane uyaqhubeka futhi uba namandla kakhulu; Kusukela ngo-1934, uBartók ubelokhu enza ucwaningo lwezinganekwane e-Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930 isimo sezombangazwe senza ukuba uBartók angakwazi ukuhlala ezweni lakubo: izinkulumo zakhe eziqinile ezimelene nokucwasa ngokobuhlanga nobufascism ekuvikeleni isiko nentando yeningi zaba yisizathu sokushushiswa okuqhubekayo komculi we-humanist yimibuthano yokusabela eHungary. Ngo-1940 uBartok wathuthela e-USA nomndeni wakhe. Lesi sikhathi sokuphila saphawulwa isimo esinzima somqondo kanye nokuncipha komsebenzi wokudala okubangelwa ukuhlukana nezwe lakubo, isidingo sezinto ezibonakalayo, nokungabi nesithakazelo emsebenzini womqambi ovela emphakathini womculo. Ngo-1941, uBartok wahlaselwa ukugula okubi okwabangela ukufa kwakhe ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nangalesi sikhathi esinzima sokuphila kwakhe, wakha izingoma eziningi eziphawulekayo, njenge-Concerto for Orchestra, i-Third Piano Concerto. Isifiso esinamandla sokubuyela eHungary asizange sigcwaliseke. Eminyakeni eyishumi ngemva kokushona kuka-Bartók, umphakathi womhlaba othuthukayo wahlonipha inkumbulo yomculi ovelele - UMkhandlu Wokuthula Womhlaba wamhlonipha ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngendondo Yokuthula Yamazwe Ngamazwe. Ngo-July 10, umlotha wendodana ethembekile yaseHungary wabuyiselwa ezweni lakubo; izinsalela zomculi omkhulu zangcwatshwa emathuneni aseFarkasket eBudapest.
Ubuciko bukaBartok bushaya ngenhlanganisela yezimiso ezihluke kakhulu: amandla okuqala, ukuxega kwemizwa nobuhlakani obuqinile; i-dynamism, i-expressiveness ebukhali kanye neqembu eligxilile; amaphupho ashisekayo, ukuthatheka kanye nokucaca okwakhayo, isiyalo ekuhleleni izinto zomculo. Edonsela kumdlalo wokungqubuzana, u-Bartók usekude ekubeni ongaziwa ekuculweni kwamagama, kwesinye isikhathi uphikisa ubulula obungenabuciko bomculo wesintu, kwesinye isikhathi adonsele ekucabangeni okucolisisiwe, ukujula kwefilosofi. Umculi uBartok ushiye uphawu olukhanyayo esikweni lopiyano lekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Ukudlala kwakhe kwakhanga abalaleli ngamandla, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ugqozi nokuqina kwayo kwakuhlale kungaphansi kwentando nobuhlakani. Imibono yemfundo kanye nezimiso zokufundisa zikaBartok, kanye nezici zomculo wakhe wopiyano, zabonakaliswa ngokucacile nangokugcwele emisebenzini yezingane nentsha, eyakha ingxenye enkulu yefa lakhe lokudala.
Ekhuluma ngokubaluleka kukaBartók esikweni lezwe lobuciko, umngane wakhe nozakwabo uKodály wathi: “Igama likaBartók, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinsuku zesikhumbuzo, liwuphawu lwemibono emihle. Esokuqala salokhu ukufuna iqiniso eliphelele kukho kokubili ubuciko nesayensi, futhi esinye sezimo zalokhu ubuqotho bokuziphatha obungaphezu kwabo bonke ubuthakathaka bomuntu. Umbono wesibili uwukungakhethi maqondana nezici zezinhlanga ezahlukene, abantu, futhi ngenxa yalokhu - ukuqondana, bese kuba ubuzalwane phakathi kwabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama elithi Bartok lisho umgomo wokuvuselela ezobuciko nezombusazwe, ngokusekelwe emoyeni wabantu, kanye nesidingo sokuvuselelwa okunjalo. Okokugcina, kusho ukusabalalisa ithonya elizuzisayo lomculo esigabeni esikhulu sabantu.
A. Malinkovsky
