Gian Carlo Menotti |

UGian Carlo Menotti

Umsebenzi ka-G. Menotti ungenye yezinto eziphawuleka kakhulu ku-opera yaseMelika yamashumi eminyaka angemva kwempi. Lo mqambi akakwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi umtholi wemihlaba emisha yomculo, amandla akhe atholakala ekhonweni lokuzwa ukuthi yini edingekayo kulokhu noma leso sakhiwo somculo futhi, mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi lo mculo uzobonwa kanjani ngabantu. U-Menotti uyingcweti yobuciko bethiyetha ye-opera iyonke: uhlala ebhala i-freetto yama-opera akhe ngokwakhe, uvamise ukuwabeka njengomqondisi futhi aqondise ukudlala njengomqhubi okhaliphile.

U-Menotti wazalelwa e-Italy (ungumNtaliyane ngobuzwe). Uyise wayengusomabhizinisi kanti umama wakhe engumdlali wepiyano oyimfundamakhwela. Lapho eneminyaka engu-10, lo mfana wabhala opera, futhi 12 wangena e-Milan Conservatory (lapho afunda khona kusukela ngo-1923 kuya ku-1927). Impilo eyengeziwe kaMenotti (kusukela ngo-1928) ixhumene neMelika, nakuba umqambi egcine ubuzwe base-Italy isikhathi eside.

Kusukela ngo-1928 kuya ku-1933 wathuthukisa indlela yakhe yokuqamba ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-R. Scalero e-Curtis Institute of Music e-Philadelphia. Ngaphakathi kwezindonga zayo, kwasungulwa ubungane obuseduze no-S. Barber, kamuva owaba umqambi ovelele waseMelika (uMenotti wayezoba umbhali we-libretto yomunye wama-opera ka-Barber). Ngokuvamile, ngesikhathi samaholide ehlobo, abangane babehamba ndawonye eYurophu, bevakashela izindlu ze-opera eVienna nase-Italy. Ngo-1941, uMenotti waphinde weza eCurtis Institute - manje njengothisha wokuqamba kanye nobuciko bomdlalo womculo. Ukuxhumana nempilo yomculo yase-Italy akuzange kuphazamiseke, lapho uMenotti ngo-1958 ehlela "Umkhosi Wezizwe Ezimbili" (eSpoleto) wabahlabeleli baseMelika nabaNtaliyane.

UMenotti njengomqambi wenza iculo lakhe lokuqala ngo-1936 nge-opera ethi Amelia Goes to the Ball. Ekuqaleni yayibhalwe ngohlobo lwe-opera yase-Italian buffa yase ihunyushelwa esiNgisini. Ukuqala ngempumelelo kwaholela kwenye ikhomishana, kulokhu evela ku-NBC, ye-opera yomsakazo ethi The Old Maid and the Thief (1938). Ngemva kokuqala umsebenzi wakhe njengomqambi we-opera enezinhlelo zohlelo olujabulisayo lwe-anecdotal, u-Menotti ngokushesha waphendukela ezindikimbeni ezimangalisayo. Yiqiniso, umzamo wakhe wokuqala walolu hlobo (i-opera ethi The God of the Island, 1942) awuzange uphumelele. Kodwa ngo-1946 kwavela i-opera-tragedy Medium (eminyakeni embalwa kamuva yaqoshwa futhi yawina umklomelo ku-Cannes Film Festival).

Ekugcineni, ngo-1950, umsebenzi ongcono kakhulu kaMenotti, idrama yomculo ethi The Consul, i-opera yakhe yokuqala “enkulu,” yabona ukukhanya kosuku. Isenzo saso senzeka esikhathini sethu kwelinye lamazwe aseYurophu. Ukungabi namandla, isizungu kanye nokungakwazi ukuzivikela ebusweni bezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezinamandla onke kuholela iqhawekazi ekuzibulaleni. Ukushuba kwesenzo, ukugcwala kwemiculo emizwelweni, ubulula obuhlobene nokufinyeleleka kolimi lomculo kuletha le opera eduze nomsebenzi wamaNtaliyane okugcina amakhulu (G. Verdi, G. Puccini) nabaqambi be-verist (R. Leoncavallo , P. Mascagni). Ithonya lokuphindaphinda komculo ka-M. Mussorgsky liyazwakala, futhi iphimbo le-jazz elizwakala lapha nalaphaya libonisa ukuthi umculo ungowekhulu lethu leminyaka. I-eclecticism ye-opera (ukuhlukahluka kwesitayela sayo) ihlehliswa ngandlela thize ngomqondo omuhle kakhulu waseshashalazini (ohlala uvela ku-Menotti) kanye nokusetshenziswa ngendlela eyongayo kwezindlela ezizwakalayo: ngisho ne-orchestra kuma-opera akhe ithathelwa indawo yiqoqo lezingoma eziningana. izinsimbi. Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yendikimba yezombangazwe, i-Consul yazuza ukuthandwa okungavamile: yayigijima ku-Broadway izikhathi ezingu-8 ngesonto, yahlelwa emazweni angu-20 omhlaba (kuhlanganise ne-USSR), futhi yahunyushelwa ezilimini ezingu-12.

Umqambi waphinde waphendukela enhlekeleleni yabantu abavamile ku-opera ethi The Saint of Bleecker Street (1954) noMaria Golovina (1958).

Isenzo se-opera ethi Umuntu Obaluleke Kakhulu (1971) senzeka eningizimu ye-Afrika, iqhawe layo, usosayensi osemusha wamaNegro, ufela ezandleni zabacwasi. I-opera ethi Tamu-Tamu (1972), okusho ukuthi ngesi-Indonesian izivakashi, iphetha ngokufa okunodlame. Le opera yabhalwa ngomyalo wabagqugquzeli beNgqungquthela Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yama-Anthropologists kanye Nezazi ze-Ethnologists.

Nokho, itimu edabukisayo ayiwuqedi umsebenzi kaMenotti. Ngokushesha ngemva kwe-opera "Medium", ngo-1947, kwasungulwa i-comedy ejabulisayo "Ifoni". Lena i-opera emfushane kakhulu, lapho kukhona abalingisi abathathu kuphela: Yena, Yena kanye Nocingo. Ngokuvamile, iziqephu zama-opera ka-Menotti zihluke kakhulu.

I-teleopera ethi "Amal and the Night Guests" (1951) yabhalwa ngokusekelwe emdwebeni ka-I. Bosch "The Adoration of the Magi" (isiko lombukiso walo waminyaka yonke ngoKhisimusi senziwe). Umculo wale opera ulula kangangokuthi ungakhelwa ukusebenza kwabasafufusa.

Ngaphezu kwe-opera, uhlobo lwakhe oluyinhloko, u-Menotti wabhala ama-ballet angu-3 (okuhlanganisa i-ballet-madrigal Unicorn yamahlaya, i-Gorgon ne-Manticore, eyakhiwe ngomoya wokudlala kweRenaissance), i-cantata Death of a Bishop on Brindisi (1963), inkondlo ye-symphonic. ye-orchestra "Apocalypse" (1951), amakhonsathi wepiyano (1945), i-violin (1952) ne-orchestra kanye ne-Triple Concerto yabadlali abathathu (1970), ama-chamber ensembles, Izingoma Eziyisikhombisa embhalweni wakhe womculi ovelele u-E. Schwarzkopf. Ukunaka umuntu, ukucula okumnandi kwemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezimo zetiyetha ezimangalisayo kwavumela u-Menotti ukuba athathe indawo evelele emculweni wesimanje waseMelika.

K. Zenkin

Ukwakhiwa:

ama-opera – Incekukazi endala nesela (Incekukazi endala nesela, 1st ed. for radio, 1939; 1941, Philadelphia), Island God (The Island God, 1942, New York), Medium (The medium, 1946, New York ), Ucingo (The phone, New York, 1947), Consul (The consul, 1950, New York, Pulitzer Ave.), Amal kanye nezivakashi zasebusuku (Amahl kanye nezivakashi zasebusuku, teleopera, 1951), Holy with Bleecker Street ( The saint of Bleecker street, 1954, New York), Maria Golovina (1958, Brussels, International Exhibition), The last savage (The last savage, 1963), opera yethelevishini Labyrinth (Labyrinth, 1963), Martin's lie ( Martin's sae, 1964 , Bath, England), Indoda ebaluleke kakhulu (Indoda ebaluleke kakhulu, New York, 1971); amabhalethi - Sebastian (1943), Uhambo oluya ku-maze (Errand into the Maze, 1947, New York), i-ballet-madrigal Unicorn, uGorgon noManticore (I-unicorn, iGorgon kanye neManticore, 1956, Washington); i-cantata - Ukushona kombhishobhi waseBrindisi (1963); ye-orchestra - inkondlo ye-symphonic Apocalypse (Apocalypse, 1951); amakhonsathi ne-orchestra – upiyano (1945), violin (1952); Ikhonsathi kathathu yabadlali abathathu (3); Umfundisi wepiyano ne-orchestra yezintambo (1970); ama-ensembles wezinsimbi zegumbi - 4 izingcezu zezintambo. i-quartet (1936), i-Trio yephathi yasendlini (i-Trio yephathi yokufudumala kwendlu; yomtshingo, vlch., fp., 1936); okwepiyano - umjikelezo wezingane "Izinkondlo Ezincane zikaMaria Rosa" (I-Poemetti ngoMaria Rosa).

Imibhalo yezincwadi: Angikholelwa ku-avant-gardism, "MF", 1964, No 4, p. 16.