Arnold Schoenberg |

U-Arnold Schoenberg

Bonke ubumnyama necala lomhlaba umculo omusha wazithathela wona. Yonke intokozo yakhe isekwazini amashwa; bonke ubuhle bayo bulele ekulahleni ukubonakala kobuhle. T. Adorno

U-A. Schoenberg ungene emlandweni womculo wekhulu lesi-XNUMX. njengomdali wesistimu yokuqamba ye-dodecaphone. Kodwa ukubaluleka kanye nesilinganiso umsebenzi Austrian master akugcini kuleli qiniso. USchoenberg wayengumuntu onamakhono amaningi. Wayengumfundisi ohlakaniphile owakhulisa umthala wonke wabaculi besimanje, kuhlanganise nezingcweti ezaziwa njengo-A. Webern no-A. Berg (kanye nothisha wabo, bakha okuthiwa isikole saseNovovensk). Wayengumdwebi othakazelisayo, umngane ka-O. Kokoschka; imidwebo yakhe yavela ngokuphindaphindiwe emibukisweni futhi yanyatheliswa ezithombeni kumagazini waseMunich "The Blue Rider" eduze kwemisebenzi kaP. Cezanne, A. Matisse, V. Van Gogh, B. Kandinsky, P. Picasso. USchoenberg wayengumbhali, imbongi kanye nombhali wephrozi, umbhali wemibhalo yemisebenzi yakhe eminingi. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, wayengumqambi owashiya ifa elibalulekile, umqambi owadlula endleleni enzima kakhulu, kodwa ethembekile futhi engayekethisi.

Umsebenzi kaSchoenberg uxhumene kakhulu nenkulumo yomculo. Kuphawulwa ukushuba kwesimo semizwa kanye nobukhali bokusabela emhlabeni osizungezile, okuphawule abaculi abaningi besikhathi esidlule ababesebenza endaweni yokukhathazeka, ukulindela kanye nokufeza izinhlekelele ezimbi zomphakathi (iSchoenberg yahlanganiswa nabo ngokuphila okufanayo. isiphetho - ukuzulazula, ukuphazamiseka, ithemba lokuphila nokufa kude nezwe lakubo ). Mhlawumbe isifaniso esiseduze kakhulu nobuntu bukaSchoenberg ngumuntu wakubo kanye nesikhathi somqambi, umlobi wase-Austrian uF. Kafka. Njengakumanoveli ka-Kafka nasezindabeni ezimfushane, emculweni ka-Schoenberg, umbono ophakeme wempilo kwesinye isikhathi ufinyelela ekubeni nokushisa okukhulu, umngcele wezinhlamvu eziyinkimbinkimbi endaweni esabekayo, uphenduke iphupho elibi ngokwengqondo empeleni.

Edala ubuciko bakhe obunzima futhi obunzima kakhulu, uSchoenberg wayeqinile ezinkolelweni zakhe kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokushiseka ngokweqile. Ukuphila kwakhe konke walandela indlela yokuphikiswa okukhulu, elwa nokugconwa, ukuxhashazwa, ukungaqondi kahle kwezithulu, ukubekezelela ukuthukwa, isidingo esibuhlungu. "E-Vienna ngo-1908 - idolobha lama-operettas, ama-classics kanye ne-romanticism ekhazimulayo - i-Schoenberg yabhukuda ngokumelene nesimanje," kubhala u-G. Eisler. Kwakungeyona ingxabano evamile phakathi kweciko elidala kanye nemvelo yamaphilistine. Akwanele ukusho ukuthi u-Schoenberg wayengumsunguli owakwenza kwaba umthetho ukusho kwezobuciko kuphela lokho okwakungashiwo ngaphambi kwakhe. Ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi bomsebenzi wakhe, omusha uvele lapha enguqulweni ecacile kakhulu, efingqiwe, ngendlela yohlobo oluthile. Ukufinyeleleka okugxile kakhulu, okudinga ikhwalithi eyanele kumlaleli, kuchaza ubunzima obuthile bomculo ka-Schoenberg ukuze bawuqonde: ngisho nalapho ebhekene nesizinda sabantu besikhathi sakhe esiqinile, uSchoenberg ungumqambi “onzima” kakhulu. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukulahla ukubaluleka kobuciko bakhe, ngokwethembeka futhi sína, evukela ubumnandi obuyinhlamba kanye ne-lightweight tinsel.

I-Schoenberg ihlanganise amandla okuzwa okuqinile nobuhlakani obunesiyalo esinonya. Ukweleta le nhlanganisela ngokushintshashintsha. Ingqopha-mlando yendlela yokuphila yomqambi ibonisa ukulangazelela okungaguquki okuvela ezitatimendeni zendabuko zothando ngomoya ka-R. Wagner (izingoma zezinsimbi ezithi “Enlightened Night”, “Pelleas and Mélisande”, cantata “Songs of Gurre”) ukuya ekudaleni okusha, okuqinisekiswe ngokuqinile. indlela. Kodwa-ke, uhlu lozalo lukaSchoenberg lothando lwaphinde lwathinteka kamuva, lwanikeza umfutho ekwandeni kwesasasa, ukuvezwa kwemisebenzi yakhe nge-hypertrophied ekuqaleni kuka-1900-10. Okunjalo, ngokwesibonelo, i-monodrama Waiting (1909, i-monologue yowesifazane owafika ehlathini ezohlangana nesithandwa sakhe futhi wamthola efile).

Inkolo ye-post-romance ye-mask, ukuthinteka okucolisisiwe ngesitayela "se-cabaret edabukisayo" kungazwakala ku-melodrama ethi "Moon Pierrot" (1912) yezwi lesifazane nokuhlanganisa izinsimbi. Kulo msebenzi, i-Schoenberg yaqale yahlanganisa isimiso salokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukucula inkulumo (Sprechgesang): nakuba ingxenye eyedwa igxilile esikimini ngamanothi, ukwakheka kwayo kwephimbo kuyalinganiselwa - njengasekuphindweni. Kokubili "Ukulinda" kanye "ne-Lunar Pierrot" kubhalwe ngendlela ye-atonal, ehambisana nesakhiwo esisha, esingajwayelekile sezithombe. Kodwa umehluko phakathi kwemisebenzi nawo ubalulekile: i-orchestra-ensemble nemibala yayo embalwa, kodwa eveza ngokwehlukile kusukela manje kuqhubeke iheha umqambi ngaphezu kokwakhiwa kwe-orchestra egcwele yohlobo lwe-Romantic olwedlule.

Kodwa-ke, isinyathelo esilandelayo nesiwujuqu esibheke ekubhaleni okongayo kwaba ukwakhiwa kwesistimu yokuqamba yamathoni ayishumi nambili (i-dodecaphone). Izingoma zikaSchoenberg zama-20s kanye nama-40s, njengePiano Suite, Variations for Orchestra, Concertos, String Quartets, zisekelwe ochungechungeni lwemisindo engu-12 engaphindaphindi, ethathwe ngezinguqulo ezine eziyinhloko (isu elisukela ku-polyphonic yakudala. ukushintshashintsha).

Indlela yokuqamba ye-dodecaphonic izuze abalandeli abaningi. Ubufakazi bokuduma kokusungulwa kukaSchoenberg emhlabeni wamasiko “kwakuwukucaphuna” kukaT. Mann encwadini ethi “Doctor Faustus”; iphinde ikhulume nangengozi “yokubanda komqondo” elinde umqambi osebenzisa indlela efanayo yokusungula. Le ndlela ayizange ibe yinto yonke futhi ikwazi ukuzimela - ngisho nomdali wayo. Ngokunembe kakhudlwana, kwakungangoba kwakungaphazamisi ukubonakaliswa kokuqonda kwemvelo kwenkosi kanye nolwazi olwanqwabelanayo lomculo nokuzwa, ngezinye izikhathi oluhlanganisa - ngokuphambene nayo yonke "imibono yokugwema" - izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene nomculo we-tonal. Ukwehlukana komqambi nesiko lephimbo akuzange kuguquleke nakancane: isisho esaziwayo sikaSchoenberg “semuva” sokuthi kuningi okungashiwo ku-C main sikuqinisekisa ngokugcwele lokhu. Egxile ezinkingeni zesu lokuqamba, i-Schoenberg ngasikhathi sinye yayikude nokuhlukaniswa nezihlalo zengalo.

Izehlakalo zeMpi Yezwe Yesibili - ukuhlupheka nokufa kwezigidi zabantu, inzondo yabantu nge-fascism - kwananela kuyo ngemibono yomqambi ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho, i-“Ode to Napoleon” (1942, evesini lika-J. Byron) iyincwajana ethukuthele emelene namandla anonya, umsebenzi ugcwele ukubhuqa okubulalayo. Umbhalo we-cantata Survivor waseWarsaw (1947), mhlawumbe umsebenzi odume kakhulu we-Schoenberg, uveza kabusha indaba yeqiniso yomunye wabantu abambalwa abasinda enhlekeleleni yase-Warsaw ghetto. Umsebenzi udlulisa ukwesaba nokuphelelwa ithemba kwezinsuku zokugcina zeziboshwa zaseghetto, uphethe ngomkhuleko omdala. Yomibili le misebenzi ingeyabantu ngokugqamile futhi ibonwa njengemibhalo yangaleso sikhathi. Kodwa ubukhali bobuntatheli balesi sitatimende abuzange busibekele ukuthambekela kwemvelo komqambi kwefilosofi, ezinkingeni zomsindo we-transtemporal, azithuthukisa ngosizo lweziqephu zezinganekwane. Intshisekelo ezinkondlweni nasekufanekisweni kwenganekwane yebhayibheli yavela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-30s, mayelana nephrojekthi ye-oratorio "Isitebhisi sikaJakobe".

Khona-ke u-Schoenberg waqala ukusebenza emsebenzini oyisikhumbuzo nakakhulu, lapho anikela khona yonke iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe (nokho, ngaphandle kokuwuqeda). Sikhuluma nge-opera ethi “Mose no-Aroni”. Isisekelo senganekwane sasisebenzela umqambi kuphela njengezaba zokuzindla ngezindaba ezisematheni zesikhathi sethu. Isisusa esiyinhloko sale “drama yemibono” umuntu kanye nabantu, umbono kanye nombono wawo ngoquqaba. Ukungqubuzana kwamazwi okuqhubekayo kukaMose no-Aroni okuvezwe kuyi-opera kuwukungqubuzana kwaphakade phakathi “komuntu ocabangayo” kanye “nomenzi”, phakathi komfuni weqiniso womprofethi ozama ukuhola abantu bakhe abakhiphe ebugqilini, kanye ne-orator-demagogue, umzamo wakhe wokwenza umqondo ubonakale ngendlela engokomfanekiso futhi ufinyeleleke uyawukhaphela (ukuwa komqondo kuhambisana nesiphithiphithi samandla ayisisekelo, ahlanganiswe nokukhanya okumangalisayo kombhali ku-orgiastic “Dance of the Golden Calf”). Ukungavumelani kwezikhundla zamaqhawe kugcizelelwa emculweni: ingxenye emnandi yokucula ka-Aroni iqhathanisa nengxenye kaMose engazincikile futhi eyisimemezelo, engavamile ekuculweni kwendabuko. I-oratorio imelelwa kabanzi emsebenzini. Iziqephu zamakhwaya ze-opera, nezithombe zazo ezinkulu ze-polyphonic, zibuyela emuva ku-Bach's Passions. Lapha, ukuxhumana okujulile kukaSchoenberg nesiko lomculo we-Austro-German kuyambulwa. Lokhu kuxhumana, kanye nefa likaSchoenberg lokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomoya kwesiko laseYurophu lilonke, livela ngokucace kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nanku umthombo wokuhlola okuhlosiwe komsebenzi ka-Schoenberg kanye nethemba lokuthi ubuciko “obunzima” bomqambi buzothola ukufinyelela ebangeni elibanzi kakhulu labalaleli.

T. Kwesokunxele

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