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ital. i-fugato, ngokwezwi nezwi - i-fugue, i-fugue-like, njenge-fugue

Ifomu lokulingisa, ngokwendlela itimu eyethulwa ngayo (ngokuvamile nokuthuthuka) lihlobene nefugue (1).

Ngokungafani ne-fugue, ayinayo i-polyphony evezwe ngokucacile. ukuziphindiselela; ngokuvamile isetshenziswa njengengxenye yengqikithi enkulu. Isethulo esicacile sesihloko, ukulingisa. ukungena kwamazwi kanye nokucinana kancane kancane kwe-polyphonic. ukwakheka izidalwa. izici zika-P. (P. zingaqanjwa kuphela lezo zokulingiswa ezinalezi zimfanelo; lapho zingekho, kusetshenziswe igama elithi “iphrezentheshini ye-fugue”), F. ifomu eliqinile kune-fugue: inani lamavoti lapha lingase lishintshe. (1 -th ingxenye ye-symphony kaTaneyev ku-c-moll, inombolo ye-12), ingqikithi ingase ingenziwa ngawo wonke amazwi (ukuqala kweCredo kusukela ku-Beethoven's Solemn Mass) noma yethulwe ngokushesha ngokuphikisa (i-symphony kaMyaskovsky yama-21, inombolo 1 ); Izilinganiso ze-quarto-quint zetimu nempendulo zivamile, kodwa ukwehla akuvamile (isingeniso sesenzo sesi-3 se-opera ka-Wagner ethi The Nuremberg Mastersingers; ingxenye yokuqala ye-symphony yesi-1 kaShostakovich, izinombolo 5-17). F. zihlukene kakhulu ngesakhiwo. Ezimweni eziningi ze-Op. ingxenye ezinzile kakhulu ye-fugue, ukuvezwa, ikhiqizwa kabusha, ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhanda elilodwa elicacile. ukuqala kwe-F., okuhlukanisa ngokucacile nomculo wangaphambilini, kuqhathaniswa nesiphetho, esingahlukaniswa no-c.-l. ukuqhubeka okuhlukile, ngokuvamile okungeyona i-polyphonic (isiphetho se-piano sonata No. 19, ukunyakaza kwe-6 kwe-symphony kaBeethoven No. 2; bheka futhi isibonelo kukholamu 1).

Ngaphezu kokuchayeka, u-F. angase aqukathe isigaba esifana nesigaba esikhulayo se-fugue (isiphetho sequartet ka-Tchaikovsky No. 2, inombolo 32), evame ukuguqulwa ngokuqhubekayo ibe ukuthuthukiswa kwe-sonata (ingxenye yokuqala yequartet ka-Frank ku-D. - isikhathi). Ngezikhathi ezithile, u-F. uhunyushwa njengokwakhiwa okungazinzile (i-double F. ekuqaleni kokuthuthukiswa kwengxenye yokuqala ye-symphony yesi-1 ka-Tchaikovsky: d-moll – a-moll – e-moll – h-moll). Isicelo ku-F. complex contrapuntal. amasu awabandakanyi (F. ngokuphikiswa okugcinwe engxenyeni yokuqala ye-symphony ye-1 kaMyaskovsky, inombolo ye-6; i-stretta ku-F. "Batshele ukuthi amandla asho ukuthini" kusukela esenzweni se-1 se-opera "May Night" kaRimsky-Korsakov. ; i-double F. ekuhambeni kwesibili kwe-symphony ka-Beethoven yesi-5, i-triple F. ku-opera ethi Die Meistersingers yase-Nuremberg ka-Wagner, ibha 13, i-five F. (fugue) ku-coda yesiphetho se-symphony ka-Mozart C-dur Jupiter), nokho ukulingisa okulula. amafomu ajwayelekile.

Uma i-fugue ihlukaniswa ngokuphelela kwentuthuko nobuciko. ukuzimela kwesithombe, khona-ke u-F. udlala indima engaphansi komkhiqizo, lapho "ukhula khona".

Ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kakhulu kwe-F. ekuthuthukisweni kwe-sonata: dynamic. amathuba okulingisa asebenzela ukulungisa umvuthwandaba wesihloko noma isigaba esisha; F. ingaba kokubili esethulweni (ingxenye yokuqala ye-symphony yesi-1 ka-Tchaikovsky), futhi phakathi (ingxenye yoku-6 ye-symphony yokuqala ka-Kalinnikov) noma izingxenye zesilandiso zentuthuko (ingxenye yoku-1 yekhonsathi yesi-1 yepiyano. ne-Beethoven Orchestra) ; isisekelo sendikimba izisusa ezicacile zengxenye eyinhloko (izindikimba ezinomsindo zengxenye eseceleni zivame ukucutshungulwa ngokusemthethweni).

AK Glazunov. I-symphony yesi-6. Ingxenye II.

Ngokuvamile, u-F. uthola uhlelo lokusebenza kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yomculo. uphrojusa: ekwethulweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwendikimba (i-Allegro esethubeni le-opera ethi “The Magic Flute” ka-Mozart; ingxenye enkulu ekucushweni kwe-opera ethi “The Bartered Bride” ka-Smetana), esiqeshini (the isiphetho se-symphony yesi-5 ka-Prokofiev, inombolo engu-93), i-reprise (i-fp sonata h-moll ka-Liszt), i-solo cadence (ikhonsathi ye-violin ka-Glazunov), esingenisweni (ingxenye yokuqala yezintambo zesi-1 ze-quartet ye-Glazunov) kanye ne-coda (ingxenye yokuqala ye-symphony ka-Berlioz i-Romeo no-Julia), ingxenye emaphakathi yefomu eliyinkimbinkimbi elinezingxenye ezintathu (i-aria ka-Gryaznoy kusukela esenzweni sokuqala se-opera ethi The Tsar's Bride by Rimsky-Korsakov), ku-rondo (Nombolo 5 evela ku-Bach's St. Matthew Passion); ngendlela ye-F., kungashiwo i-leitmotif ye-operatic ("ingqikithi yabapristi" esethulweni se-opera ethi "Aida" ka-Verdi), kungakhiwa isiteji se-opera (No 1 s kusukela esenzweni sesi-1 " I-Prince Igor" nguBorodin); ngezinye izikhathi i-F. ingenye yezinhlobonhlobo (No. 36 kusukela ku-Bach's Goldberg Variations; ikhorasi "Indlovukazi Emangalisayo Yezulu" kusukela esenzweni sesi-20 se-opera ethi "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevronia" nguRimsky-Korsakov. , inombolo 3); F. njengozimele. ucezu (JS Bach, BWV 22; AF Gedicke, op. 3 No 171) noma ingxenye yomjikelezo (ukunyakaza kwesibili kwe-symphoniette ye-Hindemith ngo-E) ayivamile. Ifomu F. (noma eduze kwalo) livele ekukhiqizeni. isitayela esiqinile mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwamasu okulingisa, okuhlanganisa wonke amazwi.

U-Josquin Despress. I-Missa sexti toni (super L'homme armé). Ukuqala kukaKyrie.

F. yasetshenziswa kakhulu ku-Op. abaqambi 17 - 1st floor. Ikhulu le-18 (isibonelo, kuma-gigues avela ku-instr. suites, ezigabeni ezisheshayo zokudlula). F. wasebenzisa ngokuguquguqukayo i-JS Bach, efinyelela, isibonelo. ezingoma zekhwaya, ukuguquguquka okungokomfanekiso okungavamile namadrama. inkulumo (ku-No. 33 "Sind Blitze, sind Donner in Wolken verschwunden" nakuNo. 54 "LaЯ ihn kreuzigen" kusukela kuMathewu Passion). Ngoba express. incazelo ye-F. yembulwe ngokucacile uma iqhathaniswa nesethulo se-homophonic, abaqambi be-2nd floor. 18 - cela. Ikhulu le-19 lisebenzisa le mehluko ye-“chiaroscuro” ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. F. ngaphakathi. umkhiqizo. I-Haydn - indlela yokwenza i-polyphonizing thematics ye-homophonic (i-reprise yengxenye yokuqala yezintambo. I-Quartet op. 1 No 50); U-Mozart ubona ku-F. enye yezindlela zokusondeza ndawonye i-sonata ne-fugue (isiphetho se-quartet ye-G-dur, K.-V. 2); Indima ka-F. ikhuphuka kakhulu ku-Op. I-Beethoven, okubangelwa isifiso somqambi se-polyphonization evamile yefomu (i-double F. ekuphindaphindweni kwengxenye yesi-387 ye-symphony yesi-2 ithuthukisa kakhulu futhi igxilise isiqalo esibuhlungu). F. ku-Mozart kanye no-Beethoven uyilungu elibalulekile ohlelweni lwe-polyphonic. iziqephu ezakha “ifomu elikhulu le-polyphonic ”ezingeni lokunyakaza okukodwa (izingxenye eziyinhloko neziseceleni ezihlanganisiwe ekuvezeni, ingxenye eseceleni yokuphindaphinda, intuthuko yokulingisa, i-stretta coda ekugcineni kwequartet ye-G-dur, K.-V . 3 Mozart) noma umjikelezo (F. ku-387st, ukunyakaza kwe-1 no-2 kwe-symphony yesi-4, F. ekuhambeni kwe-9, ehambisana ne-fugue yokugcina, ku-sonata yepiyano ye-Beethoven No 1). I-Masters yekhulu le-29, ithuthukisa ngobuciko impumelelo yabameleli be-Viennese classic. ezikoleni, ukuhumusha u-F. ngendlela entsha - ngokwezinhlelo zesofthiwe (“Impi” esethulweni se-“Romeo and Julia” ka-Berlioz), uhlobo (isiphetho sesenzo sokuqala se-opera ethi “Carmen” ka-Bizet), okungokomfanekiso ( iqhwa ekupheleni kwe-19 ye-opera u-Ivan Susanin kaGlinka) kanye nesithombe esimangalisayo (isithombe sehlathi elikhulayo esenzweni sesi-1 se-opera ethi The Snow Maiden kaRimsky-Korsakov, inombolo 4), gcwalisa u-F. incazelo entsha engokomfanekiso, eyichaza njengomfanekiso wamademoni. ukuqala (ingxenye ethi “Mephistopheles” evela ku-Liszt's Faust Symphony), njengendlela yokubonisa ukuzindla (isingeniso se-opera ethi Faust kaGounod; isingeniso sesenzo sesi-3 se-opera ethi Die Meistersingers Nuremberg ka-Wagner), njengento engokoqobo. isithombe sokuphila kwabantu (isingeniso sesiqephu sokuqala se-opera "Boris Godunov" ka-Mussorgsky). F. uthola izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza phakathi kwabaqambi bekhulu lama-253. (R. Strauss, P. Hindemith, SV Rakhmaninov, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, DD Shostakovich nabanye).

References: bheka ngaphansi kwe-Art. I-Fugue.

VP Frayonov