Fugu |

lat., ital. fuga, lit. - ukugijima, ukundiza, ijubane elisheshayo; isiNgisi, i-French fugue; I-German Fuge

1) Uhlobo lomculo we-polyphonic olusekelwe ekwethulweni elingisayo kwetimu eqondene nomuntu ngamunye ngokudlalwa okwengeziwe (1) ngamaphimbo ahlukene anokucubungula okulingisayo kanye (noma) okuphambene, kanye (ngokuvamile) nokuthuthukiswa kwethonal-harmonic kanye nokuqedwa.

I-Fugue iwuhlobo oluthuthuke kakhulu lomculo wokulingisa-wephula, osemunce wonke umcebo we-polyphony. Ibanga lokuqukethwe le-F. cishe ayinamkhawulo, kodwa isici sobuhlakani siyanqoba noma sihlala sizwakala kuso. F. kuhlukaniswa ukugcwala kwemizwelo kanye nokuvinjwa kokukhuluma. Ukuthuthukiswa ku-F. ngokwemvelo ufaniswa nokuhumusha, okunengqondo. ubufakazi bethisisi ehlongozwayo - isihloko; kumasampuli amaningi wakudala, wonke u-F. "ikhulile" esihlokweni (ofana noF. abizwa ngokuthi aqinile, ngokungafani namahhala, lapho kwethulwa khona izinto ezingahlobene nendikimba). Ukuthuthukiswa kwefomu F. kuyinqubo yokushintsha umculo wokuqala. imicabango lapho ukuvuselela okuqhubekayo kungaholeli kumfanelo engokomfanekiso ehlukile; ukuvela kokuhlukile kokuphuma kokunye, ngokomthetho, akusona isici se-classical. F. (okungashiyi ngaphandle izimo lapho intuthuko, i-symphonic in scope, iholela ekucabangeni kabusha okuphelele kwetimu: cf., isibonelo, umsindo wetimu ekudalulweni nasesikhathini sokushintshela ku-coda kusitho sika-Bach. F. omncane, BWV 543). Lona umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwe-F. kanye nefomu le-sonata. Uma ukuguqulwa okungokomfanekiso kwalokhu kwakamuva kuphakamisa ukuhlukaniswa kwetimu, khona-ke ku-F. - uhlobo oluguquguqukayo olubalulekile - itimu igcina ubunye bayo: yenziwa ngendlela ehlukile ephikisanayo. inhlanganisela, okhiye, ifakwe kurejista ehlukene kanye ne-harmonic. izimo, njengokungathi zikhanyiswa ukukhanya okuhlukile, zembula izici ezihlukene (empeleni, ubuqotho bendikimba abuphulwa ngoba iyahlukahluka - izwakala ngokujikeleza noma, ngokwesibonelo, ngama-strettas, hhayi ngokuphelele; ukuhlukaniswa okushukumisayo nokuhlukaniswa ). F. iwubunye obuphikisanayo bokuvuselela njalo kanye nenqwaba yezinto ezizinzile: ngokuvamile igcina ukungezwani ezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene, ama-interludes kanye nama-strettas kuvame ukuhlukahluka komunye nomunye, inani eliqhubekayo lamazwi alinganayo liyagcinwa, futhi i-tempo ayishintshi kulo lonke u-F. (okuhlukile, ngokwesibonelo, emisebenzini ka-L. I-Beethoven ayivamile). F. uthatha ukuxoxisana ngokucophelela kokubunjwa kuyo yonke imininingwane; empeleni i-polyphonic. ukucaciswa kuvezwa ngenhlanganisela yokuqina okwedlulele, ubuhlakani bokwakha ngenkululeko yokwenziwa esimweni ngasinye: cishe akukho "imithetho" yokwakha i-F., kanye nezinhlobo ze-F. zihlukene ngokungenamkhawulo, nakuba zisekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kwezinto ezi-5 kuphela - izingqikithi, izimpendulo, ukuphikiswa, ukuhlanganisa kanye nemigwaqo. Zakha izingxenye zefilosofi zesakhiwo nesemantic, ezinokuveza, ukuthuthukisa, kanye nemisebenzi yokugcina. Ukuzithoba kwabo okuhlukahlukene kwakha izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zefilosofi - 2-ingxenye, 3-ingxenye, nabanye. umculo; wathuthuka waba ser. Ikhulu le-17, kuwo wonke umlando wayo yacetshiswa yizo zonke izimpumelelo zeminyuziyamu. art-va futhi isalokhu iyifomu elingahlukanisiwe nezithombe ezintsha noma izindlela zakamuva zokukhuluma. F. wabheka isifaniso kumasu okuhlanganisa okudweba ngu-M. K.

Itimu ethi F., noma (ongasasebenzi) umholi (i-Latin dux; i-Fugenthema yesiJalimane, i-Sujekt, i-Fuhrer; isihloko sesiNgisi; i-soggetto yesi-Italian; i-sujet yesi-French), iphelele emculweni uma kuqhathaniswa. imicabango kanye nomculo ohleliwe, obanjwe emazwini okuqala angenayo. Ubude besikhathi obuhlukile - kusuka ku-1 (F. kusukela ku-Bach's solo violin sonata No. 1) ukuya kumabha angu-1-9 - kuncike esimweni somculo (izindikimba eziku-F. ohamba kancane zivame ukuba mfushane; amatimu eselula made, afana nephethini yesigqi, isibonelo, ekugcineni kwe-quartet op.10 No 59 ka-Beethoven), kusukela kumculi. kusho (izindikimba zesitho, izifanekiso zamakwaya zinde kunalezo zevayolini, i-clavier). Itimu inesigqi esimnandi se-melodic. ukubukeka, ngenxa yokuthi isingeniso ngasinye sibonakala ngokucacile. Ukuhlukaniswa kwetimu ngayinye kuwumehluko phakathi kuka-F. njengendlela yesitayela samahhala nokulingisa. izinhlobo zesitayela esiqinile: umqondo wetimu wawungajwayelekile kokwakamuva, isethulo se-stretta sikhona, esinomculo. imidwebo yamazwi yakhiwe ngesikhathi sokulingisa. Ku-F. indikimba yethulwa kusukela ekuqaleni kuye ekugcineni njengokuthile okunikiwe, kwakhiwe. Ingqikithi umculo oyinhloko. Umcabango kaF., ovezwe ngazwi linye. Izibonelo zakuqala zika-F. zibonakala kakhulu ngezindikimba ezimfishane nezingacaciswanga kahle. I-Classic uhlobo lwetimu ethuthukiswe emsebenzini we-JS Bach ne-GF Handel. Izihloko zihlukaniswe ngokungafaniyo nezingaqhathanisi (okufanayo), ithoni eyodwa (engashintshi) kanye ne-modulating. Ezifanayo ziyitimu ezisuselwe kusisusa esisodwa (bona isibonelo ngezansi, a) noma izisusa ezimbalwa eziseduze (bona isibonelo ngezansi, b); kwezinye izimo i-motif iyahlukahluka ngokuhlukahluka (bheka isibonelo, c).

a) JS Bach. I-Fugue ku-c-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-Well-Tempered Clavier, itimu. b) JS Bach. I-Fugue A-dur ye-Organ, BWV 536, Itimu. c) JS Bach. I-Fugue fis-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-Well-Tempered Clavier, itimu.

Izindikimba ezisuselwe ekuphikisweni kwezisusa ezihlukene zomculo nesigqi zibhekwa njengeziphambene (bona isibonelo esingezansi, a); ukujula kokuqhathanisa kuyanda uma esinye sezisusa (imvamisa esokuqala) siqukethe ingqondo. isikhawu (bheka izibonelo ku-Art. Isitayela samahhala, ikholomu 891).

Ezihlokweni ezinjalo, izinto eziyisisekelo ziyehluka. isihloko esiwumgogodla (kwesinye isikhathi sihlukaniswa ukumiswa), isigaba sokuthuthuka (esivame ukulandelana), kanye nesiphetho (bona isibonelo ngezansi, b). Amatimu angaguquki abusa kakhulu, aqala futhi agcine ngokhiye ofanayo. Ekumodeleni amatimu, inkomba yokushintshashintsha ikhawulelwe kokubusayo (bona izibonelo kukholamu 977).

Amatimu abonakala ngokucaca kwethoni: ngokuvamile itimu iqala ngesigqi esibuthakathaka somunye wemisindo ethokozayo. ama-triad (phakathi kokuhlukile kukhona u-F. Fis-dur kanye no-B-dur kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier; ngokuqhubekayo leli gama lizofushaniswa, ngaphandle kokukhombisa umbhali - "HTK"), ngokuvamile liphetha ngesikhathi esinamandla se-tonic. . okwesithathu.

a) JS Bach. Brandenburg Concerto No 6, 2nd movement, itimu enamazwi ahambisanayo. b) JS Bach. I-Fugue ku-C enkulu ye-Organ, BWV 564, Itimu.

Ngaphakathi kwendikimba, ukuchezuka kungenzeka, kaningi ku-subdominant (ku-F. fis-moll ukusuka kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-CTC, futhi kuya kokubusayo); i-chromatic evelayo. uphenyo olwengeziwe lokucaciswa kwethoni alwephuli, ngoba umsindo wabo ngamunye unencazelo eqondile. isisekelo se-harmonic. Ama-chromaticism adlulayo awajwayelekile kumatimu e-JS Bach. Uma isihloko siphela ngaphambi kokwethulwa kwempendulo, bese kwethulwa i-codetta ukuze iyixhumanise nokwengezwa (Es-dur, G-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-“HTK”; bona futhi isibonelo esingezansi, a). Ezindikimbeni eziningi zikaBach zithonywa ngokuphawulekayo amasiko ekwaya endala. i-polyphony, ethinta umugqa we-polyphonic. imiculo, ngendlela ye-stretta (bona isibonelo ngezansi, b).

JS Bach. I-Fugue in e minor yesitho, i-BWV 548, isihloko kanye nokuqala kwempendulo.

Kodwa-ke, izihloko eziningi zibonakala ngokuncika kuma-harmonics angaphansi. ukulandelana, “okucwebezela” okuculayo. isithombe; kulokhu, ikakhulukazi, ukuncika kwe-F. 17-18 eminyaka kubonakaliswa. emculweni omusha we-homophonic (bheka isibonelo ku-Art. Isitayela samahhala, ikholomu 889). Kukhona i-polyphony efihliwe ezindikimbeni; kwembulwa njengokwehla komugqa wereferensi yemethrikhi (bona itimu ye-F. c-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-“HTK”); kwezinye izimo, amazwi afihliwe athuthukiswa kangangokuthi ukulingisa kwakhiwa ngaphakathi kwendikimba (bheka izibonelo u-a no-b).

ukugcwala kwe-harmonic kanye ne-melodic. ukugcwaliswa kwe-polyphony efihliwe ezihlokweni ngokwencazelo. amadigri ayeyisizathu sokuthi u-F. ubhalelwe inani elincane lamavoti (3-4); 6-,7-izwi kusi-F. ivamise ukuhlotshaniswa netimu yakudala (evame ukucula) yekwaya.

JS Bach. Mecca h-moll, No 6, “Gratias agimus tibi”, isiqalo (okuhambisana ne-orchestra kukhishiwe).

Uhlobo lwezindikimba zomculo we-baroque luyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba i-thematicism evamile yathuthuka kancane kancane futhi yathatha i-melodic. izici zalezo zinhlobo ezandulela F. In majestic org. amalungiselelo, ekwayeni. F. kusukela kuquqaba nezinkanuko ze-Bach, i-chorale iyisisekelo sezindikimba. Izihloko zengoma yesintu zimelelwa ngezindlela eziningi. amasampula (F. dis-moll from the 1st volume of “HTK”; org. F. g-moll, BWV 578). Ukufana kwengoma kuyathuthukiswa lapho itimu nempendulo noma ukunyakaza koku-1 nokwesithathu kufana nomusho enkathini (i-fughetta I evela ku-Goldberg Variations; org. toccata E-dur, isigaba ku-3/3, BWV 4). .

a) YI-Bax. I-Chromatic fantasy ne-fugue, itimu ye-fugue. b) JS Bach. I-Fugue in g minor yesitho, i-BWV 542, itimu.

I-thematicism ka-Bach inamaphuzu amaningi okuxhumana nokudansa. umculo: itimu ye-F. c-moll evela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-"HTK" ixhunywe ne-bourre; isihloko org. I-F. g-moll, i-BWV 542, isuka kumdanso wengoma ethi "Ick ben gegroet", ibhekisela kuma-allemande ekhulu le-17. (bheka i-Protopopov Vl., 1965, ikhasi 88). Amatimu e-G. Purcell aqukethe isigqi se-jig. Okungavamile, amatimu ka-Bach, amatimu “ephosta” alula e-Handel, angenwa ngo-dec. izinhlobo zamaculo e-opera, isibonelo. i-recitative (F. d-moll kusukela ku-Handel's 2nd Ensem), okujwayelekile kweqhawe. i-arias (F. D-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-“HTK”; ikhorasi ephethayo evela ku-oratorio “Messiah” ye-Handel). Ezihlokweni, kusetshenziswa amaphimbo aphindaphindayo. turnovers - okuthiwa. umculo-izinkulumo. izibalo (bheka uZakharova O., 1975). U-A. Schweitzer uwuvikele umbono, ngokuvumelana nezindikimba zika-Bach ezivezwa ngawo. nezingokomfanekiso. incazelo. Ithonya eliqondile le-thematicism ye-Handel (ku-Haydn's oratorios, ekugcineni kwe-symphony ka-Beethoven No. 9) kanye ne-Bach (F. in chor. op. op. 1 ka-Beethoven, P. ye-Schumann, ye-organ Brahms) yayihlala njalo futhi eqinile (kuze kube sezingeni lokuqondana: itimu ye-F. cis-moll kusukela kuvolumu ye-131 ye-“HTK” ku-Agnus kusukela ku-Schubert's Mass Es-dur). Kanye nalokhu, izimfanelo ezintsha zingeniswa ezindikimbeni zika-F. eziphathelene nemvelaphi yohlobo, isakhiwo somfanekiso, isakhiwo, nokuvumelana. izici. Ngakho, itimu ye-fugue Allegro kusukela ekugqitshweni kuya ku-opera ethi The Magic Flute ka-Mozart inezici ze-scherzo; amazwi ajabulisayo F. avela kusonata sakhe sevayolini, K.-V. 1. Isici esisha sezindikimba ekhulwini lama-402 f. kwakuwukusetshenziswa kokubhala izingoma. Lezi yizindikimba zamafugues kaSchubert (bheka isibonelo ngezansi, a). I-folk-song element (F. kusukela esingenisweni esithi “Ivan Susanin”; amafughetta ka-Rimsky-Korsakov asuselwa ezingomeni zesintu), kwesinye isikhathi umculo omnandi wothando (fp. F. a-moll Glinka, d-moll Lyadov, amazwi amnandi e-elegy ukuqala kwe-cantata "uJohn waseDamaseku" Taneyev) zihlukaniswa yizindikimba zaseRussia. amakhosi, amasiko aqhutshwa nguDD Shostakovich (F. kusukela ku-oratorio "Ingoma Yamahlathi"), V. Ya. Shebalin nabanye. Nar. umculo usalokhu uwumthombo wephimbo. kanye nokuthuthukisa uhlobo (19 recitatives and fugues by Khachaturian, 7 preludes and phrases for upiano by the Uzbek composer GA Muschel; bona isibonelo esingezansi, b), ngezinye izikhathi kuhlanganiswe nezindlela zakamuva zokukhuluma (bona isibonelo ngezansi, c) . F. ngetimu ye-jazz ka-D. Millau iyingxenye yomkhakha wezindida ..

a) P. Schubert. I-Mecca No 6 Es-dur, Credo, imigoqo 314-21, itimu ye-fugue. b) GA Muschel. 24 izandulela kanye fugues upiyano, fugue theme b-moll. c) B. Bartok. U-Fugue ovela ku-Sonata we-Solo Violin, Itimu.

Ngekhulu le-19 nele-20 gcina ngokugcwele inani le-classical. izinhlobo zesakhiwo setimu (i-homogeneous - F. ye-violin solo No 1 op. 131a Reger; umehluko - F. wokugcina kusuka ku-cantata "John of Damaseku" kaTaneyev; ingxenye yokuqala ye-sonata No 1 yepiyano uMyaskovsky; njenge isitayela - ingxenye yesibili "Symphony of Psalms" kaStravinsky).

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abaqambi bathola ezinye izindlela (ezingaphansi kwendawo yonke) zokwakha: i-periodicity esimweni senkathi ye-homophonic (bona isibonelo esingezansi, a); variable motivic periodicity aa1 (bona isibonelo ngezansi, b); ukuphindaphinda okubhanqiwe okuhlukahlukene aa1 bb1 (bona isibonelo ngezansi, c); ukuphindaphinda (bheka isibonelo ngezansi, d; futhi F. fis-moll op. 87 kaShostakovich); i-ostinato enesigqi (F. C-dur kusukela kumjikelezo othi “24 Preludes and Fugues” ka-Shchedrin); i-ostinato engxenyeni yokuthuthuka (bheka isibonelo ngezansi, e); ukubuyekezwa kwesisusa esiqhubekayo se-abcd (ikakhulukazi kuzindikimba ze-dodecaphone; bona isibonelo f). Ngendlela eqinile, ukubukeka kwezindikimba kushintsha ngaphansi kwethonya lama-harmonics amasha. imibono. Ngekhulu le-19 omunye wabaqambi abacabanga kakhulu kulokhu kwakunguP. Liszt; izingqikithi zakhe zinebanga elikhulu ngendlela engakaze ibonwe (i-fugato ku-h-moll sonata icishe ibe ama-octave ama-2), ziyehluka ngephimbo. ubukhali..

a) DD Shostakovich, Fugue ku-E minor op. 87, isihloko. b) M. Ravel. Fuga iz fp. suite "Tomb of Cuperina", indikimba. c) B. Bartok. Umculo wezintambo, i-percussion kanye ne-cello, ingxenye 1, itimu. d) DD Shostakovich. I-Fugue ku-Op enkulu. 87, isihloko. f) P. Xindemith. Sonata.

Izici ze-polyphony entsha yekhulu lama-20. avela ngendlela eyindida ngencazelo, cishe itimu ye-dodecaphonic ka-R. Strauss evela ku-symphony. inkondlo ethi “Wakhuluma Kanjalo uZarathustra”, lapho kuqhathaniswa onxantathu u-Ch-Es-A-Des (bheka isibonelo ngezansi, a). Izihloko zokuchezuka nokuguqulwa kwekhulu lama-20 kokhiye abakude kwenzeka (bona isibonelo ngezansi, b), ama-chromatisms adlulayo aba yinto evamile (bona isibonelo ngezansi, c); i-chromatic harmonic isisekelo siholela enkingeni yokwenziwa komsindo wobuciko. isithombe (bheka isibonelo ngezansi, d). Ezihlokweni ze-F. ezintsha zobuchwepheshe. amasu: i-atonality (F. e-Berg's Wozzeck), i-dodecaphony (ingxenye yokuqala yekhonsathi ye-buff ye-Slonimsky; i-improvisation kanye no-F. yepiyano Schnittke), ama-sonorants (fugato "Ejele laseSante" kusukela ku-Symphony No. 1 ka-Shostakovich) kanye ne-aleatory (bheka isibonelo ngezansi). ) imiphumela. Umqondo okhaliphile wokuqamba u-F. we-percussion (umnyakazo wesithathu we-Greenblat's Symphony No. 14) ungowenkambu engaphandle kwemvelo ka-F.

a) R. Strauss. Inkondlo ye-Symphonic "Kanjalo Wakhuluma Zarathustra", ingqikithi ye-fugue. b) HK Medtner. Ukuduma kwe-sonata yepiyano. op. 53 No 2, ukuqala kwe-fugue. c) AK Glazunov. I-Prelude ne-Fugue cis-moll op. 101 No 2 we-fp., itimu ye-fugue. d) H. Yebo. Myaskovsky.

V. Lutoslavsky. Ama-Preludes kanye ne-Fugue Yezinsimbi Zezintambo ezingu-13, Itimu ye-Fugue.

Ukulingisa itimu kukhiye wokubusa noma ongaphansi kubizwa ngokuthi impendulo noma (engasasebenzi) umngane (isiLatini siyeza; i-German Antwort, Comes, Gefährte; impendulo yesiNgisi; i-risposta yesi-Italian; impendulo yesi-French). Noma yikuphi ukubamba itimu kukhiye wokubusa noma ongaphansi kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yefomu lapho okuyinhloko kubusa nakho kubizwa ngokuthi impendulo. ithoni, kanye nakumathoni esibili, uma ngesikhathi sokulingisa isilinganiso sephimbo esifanayo setimu nempendulo kugcinwa njengasesichazweni (igama elivamile elithi “impendulo ye-octave”, elisho ukufakwa kwezwi lesi-2 ku-octave, alinembile ngandlela thile. , ngoba empeleni kunezingeniso ezi-2 zokuqala zendikimba, bese kuba nezimpendulo ezi-2 futhi nge-octave; isibonelo, No 7 kusukela ku-oratorio "Judas Maccabee" ka-Handel).

Yesimanjemanje Ithiyori ichaza impendulo kabanzi, okungukuthi, njengomsebenzi ku-F., okungukuthi, umzuzu wokushintsha izwi lokulingisa (kunoma yisiphi isikhawu), okubalulekile ekubunjweni kwefomu. Ezinhlotsheni zokulingisa zenkathi yesitayela esiqinile, ukulingiswa kwasetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezahlukene, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-quarto-fifth iba yinto evelele (bheka isibonelo ku-Art. Fugato, ikholomu 995).

Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 zokuphendula kuma-ricecars - okwangempela nephimbo. Impendulo ekhiqiza kabusha ngokunembile itimu (isinyathelo sayo, ngokuvamile nenani lethoni), ebizwa. okwangempela. Impendulo, ekuqaleni iqukethe melodic. izinguquko ezivela eqinisweni lokuthi isigaba se-I sesihloko sihambisana nesiteji V (ithoni eyisisekelo) empendulweni, futhi isigaba se-V sihambisana nesiteji se-I, esibizwa. ithoni (bheka isibonelo ngezansi, a).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, itimu eshintshashintsha ibe ukhiye omkhulu iphendulwa ngokuhlehlisa ukusuka kukhiye omkhulu ukuya kukhiye oyinhloko (bona isibonelo ngezansi, b).

Emculweni wokubhala okuqinile, sasingekho isidingo sokuphendula kwephimbo (yize ngezinye izikhathi kwakuhlangatshezwana nakho: eKyrie naseChriste eleison evela esixukwini sase-L'homme armé yasePalestrina, impendulo ingokoqobo, e-Qui tollis lapho i-tonal ), njengoba ama-chromatic awazange amukelwe. izinguquko ezinyathelweni, nezihloko ezincane “zingena” kalula zibe yimpendulo yangempela. Ngesitayela samahhala ngokuvunyelwa okukhulu nezincane, kanye nohlobo olusha lwe-instr. izihloko ezahlukahlukene, kwakunesidingo se-polyphonic. ukubonakaliswa kobudlelwano obubusayo bokubusa kwe-tonic. Ukwengeza, izinyathelo ezigcizelelayo, impendulo yethoni igcina isiqalo sika-F. endaweni yokukhanga eyinhloko. ukuguquguquka.

Imithetho yokuphendula ithoni yalandelwa ngokuqinile; okuhlukile kwenziwe ngezihloko ezinothe nge-chromaticism, noma ezimeni lapho ukuguqulwa kwethoni kuhlanekezele kakhulu umculo. umdwebo (bheka, isibonelo, F. e-moll kusukela kuvolumu 1 ye "HTK").

Impendulo engezansi isetshenziswa kancane njalo. Uma itimu ibuswa ukuvumelana okuvelele noma umsindo, kuzobe sekwethulwa impendulo engaphansi (Contrapunctus X evela ku-The Art of Fugue, org. Toccata in d-moll, BWV 565, P. evela ku-Sonata ye-Skr. Solo No 1 ku-G- moll, BWV 1001, Bach ); ngezinye izikhathi ku-F. ngokusatshalaliswa okude, zombili izinhlobo zokuphendula zisetshenziswa, okungukuthi, okubusayo nokungaphansi (F. cis-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-CTC; No. 35 kusukela ku-oratorio Solomon ye-Handel).

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 mayelana ne-tonal entsha ne-harmonic. izethulo, ukuhambisana nezinkambiso zokuphendula kwethoni kwaphenduka inkokhiso yesiko, eyayeka ukubonwa kancane kancane ..

a) JS Bach. Ubuciko be-fugue. I-Contrapunctus I, isihloko nempendulo. b) JS Bach. I-Fugue ku-C Minor ethimu ka-Legrenzi Yesitho, i-BWV 574, Isihloko kanye Nempendulo.

I-Contraposition (i-German Gegenthema, i-Gegensatz, i-Begleitkontrapunkt des Comes, i-Kontrasubjekt; i-English countersubject; i-French contre-sujet; i-Italian contro-soggetto, i-contrassoggetto) - indawo ephikisana nempendulo (bona Isihloko esithi Counter).

I-Interlude (kusuka ku-lat. intermedius - etholakala phakathi nendawo; IZwischenspiel lesiJalimane, iZwischensatz, i-Interludium, i-Intermezzo, isiqephu, i-Andamento (lesi sakamuva siyindikimba kaF. usayizi omkhulu); ital. ubumnandi, isiqephu, inkambiso; i-франц. ukuzijabulisa, isiqephu, nendaba; isingisi. isiqephu se-fugal; amagama athi “isiqephu”, “interlude”, “divertimento” ngomqondo wokuthi “interlude in F.” ezincwadini zesiRashiya. yaz. engasebenzi; ngezikhathi ezithile lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukuchaza isiphambano ngendlela entsha yokuthuthukisa impahla noma ezintweni ezintsha) ku-F. – ukwakha phakathi kwesihloko. I-interlude ku-express. futhi ingqikithi yesakhiwo iphambene nokuziphatha kwendikimba: isixhumi sihlala siwukwakhiwa komlingiswa omaphakathi (othuthukayo), oyinhloko. ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo yesihloko ngo-F., okunikela ekuqabulekeni komsindo wetimu eyayingena ngaleso sikhathi nokudala isici sika-F. ifomu fluidity. Kunezixhumanisi ezixhuma ukuziphatha kwesihloko (imvamisa ngaphakathi kwesigaba) kanye nokuthuthuka (okuhlukanisa ukuziphatha). Ngakho-ke, ekuvezweni, isikhawulelo sijwayelekile, esixhumanisa impendulo nokwethulwa kwendikimba ezwini lesi-3 (F. I-D-dur isuka kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-“HTK”), kancane kancane – itimu eyethula impendulo ezwini lesi-4 (F. b-moll kusuka kuvolumu yesi-2) noma nge-add. ukubamba (F. F okukhulu kusuka kuvolumu 2). Ama-interlude amancane anjalo abizwa ngokuthi ama-bundle noma ama-codette. Interludes uDkt. izinhlobo, njengomthetho, zinkulu ngosayizi futhi zisetshenziswa phakathi kwezigaba zefomu (isibonelo, lapho zisuka endaweni evezwayo ziye engxenyeni ekhulayo (F. I-C-dur isuka kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-“HTK”), isuka kuyo iye kokuphindwayo (F. h-moll kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2)), noma ngaphakathi kwesathuthukayo (F. As-dur kusuka kuvolumu yesi-2) noma ukuphindaphinda (F. F-dur kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2) isigaba; ukwakhiwa kuhlamvu lwe-interlude, etholakala ekugcineni kwe-F., kubizwa ngokuthi ukuqedwa (bona. F. D enkulu kusukela kuvolumu 1 "HTK"). I-interludes imvamisa isuselwa ezihlosweni zendikimba - eyokuqala (F. c-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-“HTK”) noma kweyokugcina (F. c-moll kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2, isilinganiso 9), ngokuvamile futhi ezintweni eziphikisayo (F. f-moll kusukela kuvolumu 1), ngezinye izikhathi - amakhodethi (F. Es-dur kusukela kuvolumu 1). Oyedwa. izinto eziphikisana netimu akuvamile, kodwa izihlanganisi ezinjalo ngokuvamile zidlala indima ebalulekile ekubizweni kwemisho. (I-Kyrie No 1 kusukela kusisindo sika-Bach ngo-h-moll). Ezimweni ezikhethekile, ama-interludes alethwa ku-F. isici sokuthuthukiswa (i-harmonic-figurative interludes ku-org. toccate in d minor, BWV 565). Isakhiwo se-interludes siyingxenye; Phakathi kwezindlela zokuthuthukiswa, indawo yokuqala ithathwa ngokulandelana - elula (imigoqo 1-5 ku-F. c-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-“HTK”) noma i-canonical 1st (ibid., amabha 9-10, nokunye okwengeziwe. izwi) kanye nesigaba sesi-2 (F. i-fis-moll isuka kuvolumu yoku-1, ibha 7), ngokuvamile izixhumanisi ezingaphezu kwezi-2-3 ezinesinyathelo sesibili noma sesithathu. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-motifs, ukulandelana nokuhlelwa kabusha okuqondile kuletha ukuhlangana okukhulu eduze nentuthuko (F. Cis-dur kusukela kuvolumu 1, imigoqo 35-42). Kwezinye i-F. i-interludes ibuya, kwesinye isikhathi yakha ubudlelwano be-sonata (cf. imigoqo 33 kanye no-66 ku-F. f-moll kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-“HTK”) noma isistimu yeziqephu ezihlukahlukene zokwephula (F. c-moll kanye ne-G-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1), futhi ubunzima bazo besakhiwo obuhamba kancane buwuphawu (F. kusukela ku-suite "Tomb of Couperin" kaRavel). Ngokwengqikithi “kufingqiwe” F. ngaphandle kwezixhumi noma izixhumi ezincane azivamile (F. Kyrie waseMozart's Requiem). Abanjalo F. ngaphansi kokugunyazwa okunekhono. ukuthuthukiswa (stretty, misc. theme transformations) sondela ku-ricercar - fuga ricercata noma i-figurata (P.

I-Stretta - ukulingisa okukhulu. ukufeza indikimba ethi F., lapho iphimbo elilingisayo lingena kuze kube sekupheleni kwendikimba ezwini lokuqala; I-stretta ingabhalwa ngendlela elula noma ye-canonical. okulingisa. Ukuchayeka (kusuka ku-lat. ukuveza - ukuveza; Nem. ukuvezwa okuhlangene, ukusebenza kokuqala; IsiNgisi, isiFulentshi. ukuchayeka; ital. espozione) ibizwa ngokuthi ukulingisa koku-1. iqembu ku-F., vol. e. Isigaba sokuqala ku-F., esihlanganisa izingeniso zokuqala zetimu kuwo wonke amazwi. Iziqalo ze-Monophonic zivamile (ngaphandle kwe-F. siphelekezelwe, isib. I-Kyrie No 1 kusukela kusisindo sika-Bach ku-h-moll) kanye netimu eshintshanayo nempendulo; ngezinye izikhathi lo myalelo wephulwa (F. I-G-dur, i-f-moll, i-fis-moll isuka kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-“HTK”); i-choral F., lapho amazwi angasondelene alingisa i-octave (itimu-yetimu kanye nempendulo-mpendulo: (F. kusukela ku-oratorio "Izinkathi Ezine" kaHaydn) zibizwa ngokuthi ama-octaves. Impendulo ifakwa kanyekanye. nesiphetho sendikimba (F. dis-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-“HTK”) noma ngemva kwayo (F. Fis-dur, ibid.); F., lapho impendulo ingena khona ngaphambi kokuphela kwesihloko (F. I-E-dur esuka kuvolumu yoku-1, i-Cis-dur isuka kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-“HTK”), ibizwa ngokuthi i-stretto, ecindezelwe. Kumagoli angu-4. amazwi okuvezwa ngokuvamile angena ngababili (F. I-D-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-"HTK"), ehlotshaniswa namasiko okwethulwa kwe-fugue yenkathi yokubhala okuqinile. Okukhulu kuzoveza. ukuhleleka kwezingeniso zibalulekile: ukuvezwa kuvame ukuhlelwa ngendlela yokuthi izwi ngalinye elingenayo lidlulele, lihlukaniseke kahle (lokhu, nokho, akuwona umthetho: bheka ngezansi). F. g-moll kusukela kuvolumu yokuqala ye-"HTK"), ebaluleke kakhulu ku-ogani, i-clavier F., isibonelo. tenor – alto – soprano – bass (F. D-dur kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-“HTK”; org. F. D-dur, BWV 532), alto – soprano – tenor – bass (F. c-moll kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-“HTK”), njll.; izingeniso ezisuka ezwini eliphezulu ziye kweliphansi zinesithunzi esifanayo (F. e-moll, ibid.), kanye nokuhleleka okuguquguqukayo kokungena kwamazwi - ukusuka phansi kuye phezulu (F. cis-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-“HTK”). Imingcele yezigaba kufomu eliwuketshezi njengokuthi F. zinemibandela; ukuveza kuthathwa njengokuqediwe lapho isihloko nempendulo kubanjelwe ngawo wonke amazwi; isihlanganisi esilandelayo singesokuvezwa uma kune-cadence (F. i-c-moll, i-g-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-“HTK”); kungenjalo, ingeyesigaba esisathuthuka (F. As-dur, ibid.). Lapho ukuveza kuvela kukufushane kakhulu noma kudingeka ukuchayeka okunemininingwane ethile, okunye kwethulwa (ekhanda elingu-4. F. I-D-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 yomphumela we-“HTK” wokwethulwa kwezwi lesi-5) noma ezimbalwa. engeza. ebanjiwe (3 ku-4-go. org F. g-moll, BWV 542). Ukusebenza okwengeziwe kuwo wonke amazwi kwakha isichasiso esiphikisayo (F. I-E-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-“HTK”); kuyinto ejwayelekile yohlelo oluhlukile lwezingeniso kunasekuchasiseni nasekusabalaliseni isihloko okuhlanekezelwe kanye nezimpendulo ngamavoti; Ukuchayeka okuphikisayo kuka-Bach kuvame ukungqubuzana. ukuthuthukiswa (ku-F. I-F-dur isuka kuvolumu yoku-1 ethi “HTK” — i-stretta, ngo-F. G-dur – ukuguqulwa kwesihloko). Kwesinye isikhathi, ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yokuvezwa, uguquko lwenziwa ngokuphendula, yingakho izinhlobo ezikhethekile ze-F. ziyavela: ezisakazwayo (I-Contrapunctus V evela ku-Bach's The Art of Fugue; F. I-XV kwezingu-24 izandulela kanye no-F. kwe fp. I-Shchedrin), incishisiwe (i-Contrapunctus VI evela ku-The Art of Fugue), yandiswa (Contrapunctus VII, ibid.). Ukuchayeka kuzinzile futhi ingxenye ezinzile yefomu; isakhiwo sawo osekunesikhathi eside simisiwe sagcinwa (njengesimiso) ekukhiqizeni. 20 ku. Ngo-19 ku. izivivinyo zenziwe ukuze kuhlelwe ukuchayeka ngesisekelo sokulingisa okungekona okwesiko ku-F. izikhawu (A. Reich), nokho, kwezobuciko. baqala umkhuba ekhulwini lama-20 kuphela. ngaphansi kwethonya lenkululeko ye-harmonic yomculo omusha (F. kusuka ku-quintet noma. 16 I-Taneeva: c-es-gc; P. ku-“Thunderous Sonata” yopiyano. I-Metnera: fis-g; kwe-F. B-dur up. 87 Impendulo kaShostakovich ngokhiye ofanayo; kwe F. ku-F ku-Hindemith ethi “Ludus tonalis” impendulo iku-decima, ngo-A kwesithathu; ku-antonal triple F. kusukela ngo-2 d. “Wozzeka” Berga, takt 286, ответы в ув. nonu, malu, sextu, um. okwesihlanu). Isibonisi F. ngezinye izikhathi zinikezwe izakhiwo ezithuthukayo, isibonelo. emjikelezweni othi “24 Preludes and Fugues” ka-Shchedrin (okusho izinguquko empendulweni, kugcinwe ukuphikiswa ngokungalungile ku-F. I-XNUMX, XNUMX). Isigaba F., kulandela ukuvezwa, sibizwa ngokuthi ukuthuthukisa (it. ingxenye yomthofu, ingxenye ephakathi; isigaba sokuthuthukiswa kwesiNgisi; i-франц. i-partie du devetopment; ital. partie di sviluppo), ngezinye izikhathi – ingxenye emaphakathi noma intuthuko, uma izihlanganisi eziqukethwe kuyo zisebenzisa amasu oguquko lwe-motivic. Ukwephula okungenzeka. (i-counterpoint eyinkimbinkimbi, i-stretta, ukuguqulwa kwetimu) kanye ne-tonal harmonic. (modulation, reharmonization) izindlela zentuthuko. Ingxenye ethuthukayo ayinaso isakhiwo esimisiwe; ngokuvamile lokhu ukwakhiwa okungazinzile, okumelela uchungechunge lokubamba okukodwa noma kweqembu kokhiye, i-to-rykh ibingekho ekuvezweni. I-oda lokwethulwa kokhiye limahhala; ekuqaleni kwesigaba, i-parallel tonality ivamise ukusetshenziswa, inikeze umbala omusha we-modal (F. Es-dur, g-moll kusukela kuvolumu yokuqala ye-“HTK”), ekupheleni kwesigaba – okhiye beqembu elingaphansi (ku-F. F-dur kusukela kuvolumu yokuqala - d-moll kanye ne-g-moll); azikhishiwe, njll. Izinhlobonhlobo zokuthuthukiswa kwethoni (ngokwesibonelo, ku-F. f-moll kusukela kuvolumu yesibili «HTK»: As-dur-Es-dur-c-moll). Ukudlula imikhawulo ye-tonality ye-1st degree of kinship kuyisici sika-F. kamuva (F. d-moll evela ku-Mozart's Requiem: F-dur-g-moll-c-moll-B-dur-f-moll). Ingxenye esathuthukayo iqukethe okungenani isethulo esisodwa sesihloko (F. I-Fis-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-"HTK"), kodwa ngokuvamile kunezinye zazo; ukubamba kweqembu kuvame ukwakhiwa ngokohlobo lokuhlobana phakathi kwesihloko nempendulo (F. f-moll kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-“HTK”), ukuze ngezinye izikhathi ingxenye ekhulayo ifane nokuvezwa kukhiye wesibili (F. e-moll, ibid.). Esigabeni esisathuthuka, ama-strettas, ukuguqulwa kwetimu kusetshenziswa kabanzi (F.

Uphawu lwesigaba sokugcina sika-F. (isiJalimane: SchluYateil der Fuge) ukubuya okuqinile kokuyinhloko. ukhiye (ngokuvamile, kodwa akuhlobene ngempela netimu: ku-F. F-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-“HTK” ezilinganisweni ezingu-65-68, itimu “iyahlakazeka” ngokomfanekiso; ezilinganisweni 23-24 F. D-dur 1st isisusa "sandiswa" ngokulingisa, eyesi-2 kumabha 25-27 - ngamachords). Isigaba singase siqale ngempendulo (F. f-moll, isilinganiso 47, sisuka kuvolumu yoku-1; F. Es-dur, isilinganiso 26, sisuka kuvolumu efanayo - okuphuma kokunye kokuhola okwengeziwe) noma kukhiye ophansi we-ch . ar. ukuze kuhlanganiswe nentuthuko yangaphambilini (F. B-dur isuka kuvolumu yoku-1, isilinganiso 37; i-Fis-dur isuka kuvolumu efanayo, isilinganiso esingu-28 - etholakala kumthofu owengeziwe; i-Fis-dur isuka kuvolumu yesi-2, ikala 52 - ngemva kwesifaniso nge-counter-exposure), etholakala nangokuvumelana okuhluke ngokuphelele. izimo (F. ku-G ku-Hindemith's Ludus tonalis, ibha 54). Ingxenye yokugcina ku-Bach's fugues ivamise ukuba mfishane (i-reprise ethuthukisiwe ku-F. f-moll ukusuka kuvolumu yesi-2 iyinto ehlukile) kune-exposition (kumagoli angu-4 F. f-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 yemidlalo ye-“HTK” 2 ) , kufika kusayizi we-cadenza encane (F. G-dur kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-“HTK”). Ukuqinisa ukhiye oyisisekelo, ukubamba okungaphansi kwetimu kuvame ukwethulwa (F. F-dur, bar 66, ne-f-moll, ibha 72, kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-“HTK”). Amavoti esephetha. ingxenye, njengomthetho, ayivaliwe; kwezinye izimo, ukuminyana kwe-invoyisi kuvezwa esiphethweni. isethulo se-chord (F. D-dur kanye ne-g-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-“HTK”). With intando isiphetho. ingxenye ngezinye izikhathi ihlanganisa isiphetho sefomu, ngokuvamile esihlotshaniswa ne-stretta (F. g-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1). Phetha. umlingisi uqiniswa ukuthungwa kwe-chordal (izilinganiso zokugcina ezi-2 ze-F efanayo); isigaba singase sibe nesiphetho njenge-coda encane (imigoqo yokugcina ye-F. c-moll esuka kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-“HTK”, edwetshelwe i-tonic. org. paragraph; ku-F. eshiwo ku-G ye-Hindemith - i-basso ostinato); kwezinye izimo, ingxenye yokugcina ingase ivuleke: ingaba nokuqhubeka kolunye uhlobo (isibonelo, lapho i-F. iyingxenye yentuthuko ye-sonata), noma ihileleke ku-coda ebanzi yomjikelezo, oseduze. ngohlamvu lokungena. ucezu (org. isandulela kanye no-P. a-moll, BWV 543). Igama elithi "reprise" ukuphetha. isigaba F. singasetshenziswa kuphela ngokwemibandela, ngomqondo ojwayelekile, ngokucatshangelwa okuphoqelekile komehluko oqinile. isigaba F. kusukela ekuvezweni.

Kusukela ekulingiseni. izinhlobo zesitayela esiqinile, u-F. wazuza njengefa amasu esakhiwo sokuchayeka (Kyrie from the Pange lingua mass by Josquin Despres) kanye nokuphendula kwethoni. F.'s eyandulela eziningana. lokho kwakuyi-motet. Ekuqaleni wok. ifomu, i-motet bese ithuthelwa ku-instr. umculo (Josquin Deprez, G. Isak) futhi yasetshenziswa ku-canzone, lapho isigaba esilandelayo siyi-polyphonic. okuhlukile kwangaphambilini. Ama-fugues ka-D. Buxtehude (bona, isibonelo, i-org. prelude kanye ne-P. d-moll: isandulelo - P. - quasi Recitativo - okuhlukile F. - isiphetho) empeleni ama-canzones. Owandulelayo oseduze kakhulu ka-F. kwakuyisitho esimnyama esisodwa noma i-clavier ricercar (ubumnyama obubodwa, ukunotha kwetimu kokuthungwa kwe-stretta, amasu okuguqula itimu, kodwa ukungabi bikho kwesici se-interludes sika-F.); F. babize ama-ricecars abo ngo-S. Sheidt, I. Froberger. G. Frescobaldi's canzones and ricercars, kanye ne-organ kanye ne-clavier capriccios kanye namaphupho ka-Ya. Inqubo yokwakhiwa kwefomu F. yayihamba kancane; bonisa okuthi “1st F.” akunakwenzeka.

Phakathi kwamasampula okuqala, ifomu livamile, lapho ukuthuthukisa (i-zweite Durchführung yesiJalimane) kanye nezigaba zokugcina kuyizinketho zokuchayeka (bheka i-Repercussion, 1), ngakho-ke, ifomu lihlanganiswa njengochungechunge lokuchayeka (emsebenzini oshiwo. . I-Buxtehude F. iqukethe ukuchayeka kanye nokwehluka kwayo okungu-2). Enye yezimpumelelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zesikhathi sika-GF Handel kanye no-JS Bach kwaba ukwethulwa kokuthuthukiswa kwethoni kufilosofi. Izikhathi ezibalulekile zokunyakaza kwethoni ku-F. zimakwa ngama-cadence acacile (ngokuvamile aphelele), okuthi e-Bach avame ukungahambisani nemingcele yokuveza (ku-F. D-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-CTC, i-cadence engaphelele esikalini 9 “idonsela phakathi” i-h-moll-noe iholela ekuchazweni), ithuthukisa nezigaba zokugcina futhi “izisike” (nge-F efanayo). ingxenye ihlukanisa ifomu libe izingxenye ezi-17). Kunezinhlobo eziningi zefomu elinezingxenye ezimbili: F. C-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-2 ye-“HTK” (cadenza a-moll, isilinganiso 1), F. Fis-dur kusuka kuvolumu efanayo isondela ezingxenyeni ezimbili ezindala ifomu (i-cadenza ku-dominant, isilinganiso 14, i-cadence in dis-moll maphakathi nesigaba sokuthuthuka, ibha 17); izici ze-sonata endala ku-F. d-moll kusukela kuvolumu 23 (i-stretta, ephetha ukunyakaza kwe-1, idluliselwe ekugcineni kwe-F. ibe ukhiye oyinhloko: cf. imigoqo 1-17 kanye ne-21-39) . Isibonelo sefomu lezingxenye ezintathu - F. e-moll kusukela kuvolumu ye-44 ye "HTK" enesiqalo esicacile sizophetha. isigaba (isilinganiso 1).

Izinhlobonhlobo ezikhethekile ngu-F., lapho ukuchezuka nokuguqulwa kungabandakanywa, kodwa ukuqaliswa kwesihloko kanye nempendulo kunikezwa kuphela ngokuyinhloko. kanye nokubusa (org. F. c-moll Bach, BWV 549), ngezikhathi ezithile - esiphethweni. esigabeni – kokhiye abangaphansi (Contrapunctus I from Bach's Art of Fugue) okhiye. Abanjalo F. ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa yi-monotonous (cf. Grigoriev S. S., Muller T. F., 1961), i-stable-tonal (Zolotarev V. A., 1932), i-tonic-dominant. Isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kuzo ngokuvamile siyingxenye eyodwa noma enye. inhlanganisela (bona ukwelula ku-F. Es-dur kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-“HTK”), ukuhlanganisa kabusha nokuguqulwa kwetimu (izingxenye ezimbili zika-F. I-C-moll, izingxenye ezintathu F. d-moll kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-“HTK”). I-archaic kancane kakade enkathini ye-I. C. Bach, lawa mafomu atholakala ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela ezikhathini zakamuva (isiphetho se-divertissement No. 1 ye-Haydn baritones, Hob. XI 53). Ifomu elimise okwe-rondo lenzeka lapho ucezu oluyinhloko lufakwa esigabeni esikhulayo. ithoni (in F. I-Cis-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-"HTK", isilinganiso esingu-25); UMozart ubhale leli fomu (F. c-moll yezintambo. iquartet, K.-V. 426). Amafugue amaningi kaBach anezici ze-sonata (isibonelo, iCoupe No. 1 kusukela eMiseni ku-h-moll). Ezinhlotsheni zesikhathi se-post-Bach, ithonya lezindinganiso zomculo we-homophonic liyabonakala, futhi ifomu elicacile lezingxenye ezintathu lifika phambili. Isazi-mlando. Ukuphumelela kwama-symphonists ase-Viennese kwaba ukuhlangana kwefomu le-sonata kanye ne-F. ifomu, olwenziwa njenge-fugue yefomu le-sonata (isiphetho se-quartet ye-G-dur kaMozart, K.-V. 387), noma njenge-symphonization ye-F., ikakhulukazi, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba esikhulayo sibe ukuthuthukiswa kwe-sonata (isiphetho se-quartet, op. 59 Cha. 3 kaBeethoven). Ngokwesisekelo salezi zimpumelelo, imikhiqizo yadalwa. ku-homophonic-polyphonic. amafomu (inhlanganisela ye-sonata ene-F double F. ekugcineni kwe-symphony ka-Bruckner yesi-5, eno-F. ku-chorus yokugcina ye-cantata "Ngemva kokufunda ihubo" likaTaneyev, elinama-double F. engxenyeni yokuqala ye-symphony ethi "The Artist Mathis" ka-Hindemith) kanye nezibonelo ezivelele zama-symphonies. F. (Ingxenye yokuqala ye-orchestra yoku-1. suites by Tchaikovsky, isiphetho cantata "Johane waseDamaseku" by Taneyev, orc. Ukuhlukahluka kukaReger kanye ne-Fugue Kundikimba ka-Mozart. Amandla adonsela phansi abheke kokwangempela kwenkulumo, isici sobuciko be-romanticism, nayo yandiselwa ezinhlotsheni ze-F. (izakhiwo zefantasy ku-org. F. endikimbeni ethi BACH Liszt, evezwe ngokuguquguquka okugqamile. ukuqhathanisa, ukwethulwa kwezinto ze-episodic, inkululeko yethoni). Emculweni wekhulu lama-20 wendabuko asetshenziswa. F. amafomu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona ukuthambekela okuphawulekayo kokusebenzisa i-polyphonic eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. tricks (bheka No 4 kusukela cantata "Ngemva kokufunda iHubo" by Taneyev). Isiko. ukwakheka kwesinye isikhathi kuwumphumela wokucaciswa. imvelo yobuciko be-neoclassical (ikhonsathi yokugcina ye-2 fp. Stravinsky). Ezimweni eziningi, abaqambi bafuna ukuthola emasikweni. ifomu le-express elingasetshenzisiwe. amathuba, ukuyigcwalisa nge-harmonic engajwayelekile. okuqukethwe (ku-F. C-dur up. 87 Impendulo kaShostakovich ithi Mixolydian, cf. ingxenye - ezindleleni zemvelo zemood encane, kanye ne-reprise - ne-Lydian stretta) noma ukusebenzisa i-harmonic entsha. nokuthumela imiyalezo. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, ababhali F. ekhulwini lama-20 dala amafomu omuntu ngamunye. Ngakho, ku-F. ku-F kusukela kweka-Hindemith ethi “Ludus tonalis” umnyakazo wesibili (kusuka esilinganisweni sama-2) uphuma kokunye umnyakazo wokuqala kumnyakazo we-rakish.

Ngaphezu kwevolumu eyodwa, kukhona futhi F. ku-2, kancane kancane izihloko ezi-3 noma ezi-4. Hlukanisa F. kokuningi. labo kanye no-F. complex (for 2 - double, for 3 - triple); umehluko wabo ukuthi eziyinkimbinkimbi F. kuhilela contrapuntal. inhlanganisela yezihloko (zonke noma ezinye). F. kuzindikimba eziningana ngokomlando zivela kumotethi futhi zimele okulandelayo kuka-F. eziningana ezihlokweni ezahlukene (zikhona ezi-2 zazo ku-org. isandulela kanye no-F. a-moll Buxtehude). Lolu hlobo lwe-F. olutholakala phakathi kwe-org. izinhlelo zamakwaya; 6-amagoli F. “Aus tiefer Not schrei'ich zu dir” ka-Bach (BWV 686) iqukethe izinkulumo ezandulela isigaba ngasinye sekhwaya futhi ezakhelwe phezu kwempahla yazo; i-F. ibizwa ngokuthi i-strophic (ngezinye izikhathi igama lesiJalimane elithi Schichtenaufbau lisetshenziswa - ukwakha ngezingqimba; bheka isibonelo kukholamu 989).

Ku-F. ukuqhathanisa okujulile okungokomfanekiso akuzona izici; izingqikithi zayo zihlukanisiwe kuphela (eyesi-2 ivamise ukuba yiselula futhi ihluke kakhulu). Kukhona u-F. onokuvezwa okuhlangene kwezindikimba (okukabili: org. F. h-moll Bach endikimbeni ka-Corelli, BWV 579, F. Kyrie kusukela ku-Mozart's Requiem, isandulelo sopiyano kanye no-F. op. 29 Taneyev; kathathu: 3 -head. invention f-moll Bach, prelude A-dur from the 1st volume of "HTK"; wesine F. in the final cantata "Ngemva kokufunda iHubo" by Taneyev) kanye nobuchwepheshe elula F. enezikhala ezihlukene (kabili : F. gis-moll from 2 th volume of “HTK”, F. e-moll and d-moll op. 87 by Shostakovich, P. in A from “Ludus tonalis” by Hindemith, triple: P. fis-moll from ivolumu yesi-2 ye-“HTK”, org. F. Es-dur, BWV 552, Contrapunctus XV kusukela ku-Art of the Fugue ka-Bach, No 3 kusukela ku-cantata Ngemva kokufunda iHubo lika-Taneyev, F. ku-C kusukela ku-Hindemith's Ludus tonalis ). Amanye ama-F. awohlobo oluxubile: ku-F. cis-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-CTC, itimu yoku-1 iphikiswa ekwethulweni kwesihloko sesi-2 nesi-3; ku-120th P. kusukela ku-Diabelli's Variations on a Theme, op. 10 Izindikimba zikaBeethoven zethulwa ngamabili; ku-F. kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-symphony yoku-1 yaseMyaskovsky, izingqikithi zesi-2 nezesi-3 zikhonjiswa ngokuhlanganyela, kanye nese-XNUMX ngokwehlukana.

JS Bach. Ukuhlelwa kwesitho sekhorale “Aus tiefer Not schrei' ich zu dir”, ukuvezwa kokuqala.

Ezithombeni eziyinkimbinkimbi, izimiso zesakhiwo sokuchayeka zibhekwa lapho kwethulwa isihloko sokuqala; ukuchayeka njll. okuqinile kancane.

Izinhlobonhlobo ezikhethekile zimelelwa ngu F. for chorale. I-F. ezimele ngokwetimu iwuhlobo lwesizinda sekhwaya, okuthi ngezikhathi ezithile (isibonelo, phakathi kwe-F.) yenziwa ngezikhathi ezinkulu eziphikisana nokunyakaza kuka-F. Ifomu elifanayo litholakala phakathi kwe-org . izinhlelo zamakwaya zikaBach (“Jesu, meine Freude”, BWV 713); isibonelo esivelele i-double P. to the chorale Confiteor No. 19 kusukela kunqwaba ku-b-moll. Ngemva kukaBach, leli fomu liyivelakancane (isibonelo, i-double F. evela ku-Organ Sonata No. 3 ka-Mendelssohn; i-F yokugcina ye-cantata kaTaneyev uJohn waseDamaseku); umqondo wokufaka i-chorale ekuthuthukisweni kwe-F. wasetshenziswa ku-Prelude, Chorale kanye ne-Fugue yepiyano. U-Frank, ku-F. No 15 H-dur kusukela ku-“24 Preludes and Fugues” wepiyano. G. Muschel.

F. kwavela njengendlela yezinsimbi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi (ngakho konke ukubaluleka kwe-wok. F.) yahlala iyinhloko. i-sphere, lapho ithuthuke khona esikhathini esalandela. Indima kaF. yanda njalo: kusukela ku-J. B. ULully, wangena eFrance. ukudlula, I. U-Ya Froberger usebenzise isethulo se-fugue ku-gigue (in suite), isiNtaliyane. amakhosi bethula uF. в сонату esontweni kanye nekhonsathi embi kakhulu. Engxenyeni yesi-2. 17 ku. F. ihlangene nesandulelo, i-passacaglia, yangena ku-toccata (D. Buxtehude, G. I-Muffat); I-Ph.D. igatsha instr. F. - org. izinhlelo zamakhwaya. F. kutholwe isicelo ngobuningi, ama-oratorio, ama-cantata. Pazl. izitayela zokuthuthukiswa F. uthole zakudala. ukugcwaliseka komsebenzi we-I. C. Bach. I-polyphonic eyinhloko. Umjikelezo ka-Bach wawuyizingxenye ezimbili zomjikelezo we- prelude-F., osalokhu ubalulekile kuze kube namuhla (ngokwesibonelo, abanye abaqambi bekhulu lama-20. I-Čiurlionis, ngezinye izikhathi yandulelwa ngu-F. izandulela eziningi). Elinye isiko elibalulekile, nalo elivela ku-Bach, inhlangano kaF. (ngezinye izikhathi kanye nama-preludes) emijikelezweni emikhulu (imiqulu emi-2 “XTK”, “The Art of the Fugue”); leli fomu ekhulwini lama-20. ukuthuthukisa P. Hin-demit, D. D. Shostakovich, R. KUYA. Shchedrin, G. A. Muschel nabanye. F. yasetshenziswa ngendlela entsha ngama-Viennese classics: yasetshenziswa njengendlela ye-Ph.D. kusuka ezingxenyeni ze-sonata-symphony. umjikelezo, e-Beethoven - njengenye yezinguquko emjikelezweni noma njengengxenye yefomu, isibonelo. i-sonata (imvamisa i-fugato, hhayi u-F.). Izimpumelelo zesikhathi se-Bach emkhakheni we-F. zisetshenziswe kabanzi kumakhosi ekhulu le-19-20th. F. ayisetshenziswa kuphela njengengxenye yokugcina yomjikelezo, kodwa kwezinye izimo ithatha indawo ye-sonata Allegro (isibonelo, ku-symphony yesi-2 yaseSaint-Saens); kumjikelezo othi “Prelude, chorale and fugue” wepiyano. UFrank F. inezinhlaka ze-sonata, futhi konke ukwakheka kuthathwa njengenganekwane enkulu ye-sonata. Ngezinguquko F. ngokuvamile uthatha isikhundla sokugcina ngokujwayelekile (I. Brams, M. Reger). Fugato ekuthuthukisweni c.-l. kusukela ezingxenyeni ze-symphony ikhula ibe ngu-F ophelele. futhi imvamisa iba yisizinda sefomu (isiphetho se-Rachmaninoff's Symphony No. 3; I-Myaskovsky's Symphonies No. 10, 21); esimweni sikaF. kungashiwo ukuthi.-l. kusukela ezihlokweni ze (ingxenye eseceleni yokunyakaza koku-1 kwequartet kaMyaskovsky No. 13). Emculweni wekhulu le-19 nelama-20. isakhiwo esingokomfanekiso sika-F. Ngombono ongalindelekile kwezothando. umculi wezingoma. isithonjana sivela fp. Imfucumfucu kaSchumann (op. 72 No 1) kanye namagoli ama-2 kuphela. umbuki zindwendwe ngu Chopin. Kwesinye isikhathi (kusukela ngoHaydn's The Four Seasons, No. 19) F. isebenzela ukubonisa. izinjongo (isithombe sempi eMacbeth by Verdi; inkambo yomfula eSymph. inkondlo ethi "Vltava" kaSmetana; "isiqephu sokudubula" ekuhambeni kwe-2 ye-Symphony No. 11); kwe-F. ezothando ziza nge. umfanekiso - grotesque (isiphetho se-Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony), ubudemoni (isib. F. Amaqabunga), indida (symph. Ingoma kaStrauss ethi “So Said Zarathustra” kwezinye izimo uF. - umphathi wesithombe sobuqhawe (isingeniso esivela ku-opera "Ivan Susanin" kaGlinka; i-symphony. inkondlo ethi “Prometheus” kaLiszt); phakathi kwezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zokuchazwa kwamahlaya kaF. faka indawo yokulwa kusukela ekupheleni kwe-2nd d. i-opera ethi “Mastersingers of Nuremberg” kaWagner, iqoqo lokugcina le-opera ethi “Falstaff” kaVerdi.

2) Igama elithi, eCrimea ngo-14 - ekuseni. Ikhulu le-17 uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli lwaqokwa (ngomqondo wesimanje waleli gama), okungukuthi, ukulingisa okuqhubekayo ngamaphimbo amabili noma ngaphezulu. "I-Fuga iwuphawu lwezingxenye zokwakheka ngokobude besikhathi, igama, isimo, kanye nemisindo yazo kanye nokumisa isikhashana" (I. Tinktoris, 2, encwadini: Musical Aesthetics of the Western European Middle Ages and Renaissance , ikhasi 1475). Ngokomlando F. vala i-canonical enjalo. izinhlobo ezifana nesiNtaliyane. caccia (caccia) kanye French. shas (chasse): isithombe esivamile sokuzingela kuzo sihlotshaniswa "nokuphishekela" kwezwi elilingiswa, okuvela kulo igama elithi F. Esitezi sesi-370. ngo-2 c. isisho esithi Missa ad fugam siyavela, sisho inqwaba ebhalwe kusetshenziswa i-canonical. amasu (d'Ortho, Josquin Despres, Palestrina).

J. Okegem. Fugue, isiqalo.

Ekhulwini le-16 kwahlukanisa u-F. oqinile (i-Latin legata) nokhululekile (Latin sciolta); ekhulwini le-17 F. legata kancane kancane "yahlakazeka" emcabangweni we-canon, F. sciolta "yaphuma" ku-F. esikhathini samanje. umqondo. Kusukela ku-F. 14-15 eminyaka. amazwi awazange ahluke emdwebeni, lezi zingoma zaqoshwa emgqeni ofanayo nokuqokwa kwendlela yokukhipha amakhodi (bheka ngalokhu eqoqweni: Imibuzo yefomu lomculo, ukukhishwa 2, M., 1972, p. 7). I-Fuga canonica ku-Epidiapente (okungukuthi i-canonical P. engxenyeni engenhla yesihlanu) itholakala kuMnikelo Womculo ka-Bach; Ikhenoni yamagoli angu-2 enezwi elengeziwe ithi F. in B kusukela ku-Hindemith's Ludus tonalis.

3) Fugue ekhulwini le-17. - izinkulumo zomculo. isibalo esilingisa ukugijima ngosizo lokulandelana okusheshayo kwemisindo lapho igama elihambisanayo liculwa (bheka Umfanekiso).

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VP Frayonov