UJean Sibelius (Jean Sibelius) |

UJean Sibelius

Sibelius. I-Tapiola (i-orchestra eqhutshwa u-T. Beecham)

… ukudala ngezinga elikhulu nakakhulu, ukuqhubeka lapho ababengishiye khona ababengaphambi kwami, ukwakha ubuciko besimanje akulona nje ilungelo lami kuphela, kodwa futhi kuwumsebenzi wami. J. Sibelius

“UJan Sibelius ungowabaqambi bethu abadlulisela ngeqiniso nangomzamo omkhulu ubuntu babantu baseFinland ngomculo wabo,” kubhala owakubo, umgxeki uK. Flodin, ngomqambi ophawulekayo waseFinland ngo-1891. Umsebenzi kaSibelius akuwona nje kuphela ikhasi elikhanyayo emlandweni wesiko lomculo laseFinland, udumo lomqambi lwadlulela ngalé kwemingcele yezwe lakubo.

Ukuchuma komsebenzi womqambi kwenzeka ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-7 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-3. - isikhathi sokukhula kwenhlangano yenkululeko yezwe kanye nezinguquko eFinland. Lesi sifundazwe esincane ngaleso sikhathi sasiyingxenye yoMbuso WaseRussia futhi sabhekana nemizwa efanayo yenkathi yangaphambi kwesivunguvungu sokushintsha komphakathi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eFinland, njengaseRussia, le nkathi yaphawulwa ukwanda kwezobuciko kazwelonke. USibelius wasebenza ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene. Wabhala ama-symphonies angu-2, izinkondlo ze-symphonic, ama-suites angu-XNUMX we-orchestral. Ikhonsathi ye-violin ne-orchestra, ama-quartet ezintambo ezingu-XNUMX, ama-piano quintets nama-trios, izingoma ze-chamber zezwi nezinsimbi, umculo wezingoma ezimangalisayo, kodwa ithalente lomqambi laziveza ngokucace kakhulu emculweni we-symphonic.

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USibelius wakhulela emndenini lapho umculo wawukhuthazwa khona: udadewabo womqambi wayedlala upiyano, umfowabo edlala i-cello, uJan waqale wadlala upiyano kwase kuba ivayolini. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, kwakungenxa yale nhlanganisela yasekhaya lapho izingoma zokuqala zegumbi likaSibelius zabhalwa khona. UGustav Levander, umphathi webhendi wendawo yethusi, wayenguthisha wokuqala womculo. Amakhono okuqamba omfana abonakale kusenesikhathi - uYang wabhala umdlalo wakhe wokuqala omncane eneminyaka eyishumi. Nokho, naphezu kokuphumelela okukhulu ezifundweni zomculo, ngo-1885 waba umfundi e-University of Helsingfors. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ufunda e-Music Institute (ephupha enhliziyweni yakhe ngomsebenzi womculo we-violinist), okokuqala noM. Vasiliev, bese kuba noG. Challat.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yobusha yomqambi, imisebenzi yesiqondiso sothando ivelele, esimweni lapho imidwebo yemvelo ithatha indawo ebalulekile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uSibelius unikeza i-quartet yentsha i-epigraph - indawo esenyakatho enhle ebhalwe nguye. Izithombe zemvelo zinikeza ukunambitheka okukhethekile kuhlelo oluthi “Florestan” lwepiyano, nakuba umqambi egxile emfanekisweni weqhawe othandweni nenymph enhle enamehlo amnyama enezinwele zegolide.

Ukujwayelana kukaSibelius noR. Cajanus, umculi ofundile, umbhidisi, nowazi kahle kakhulu iqembu le-orchestra, kwaba nesandla ekujuleni kwezithakazelo zakhe zomculo. Ngenxa yakhe, uSibelius uba nesithakazelo kumculo we-symphonic kanye nezinsimbi. Unobungani obuseduze noBusoni, ngaleso sikhathi owayemenywe ukuba asebenze njengothisha eMusical Institute of Helsingfors. Kodwa, mhlawumbe, ukujwayelana nomndeni wakwaYarnefelt kwakubaluleke kakhulu kumqambi (abazalwane abathathu: u-Armas - umqhubi nomqambi, u-Arvid - umbhali, u-Ero - umculi, udadewabo u-Aino kamuva waba umkaSibelius).

Ukuze athuthukise imfundo yakhe yomculo, uSibelius waya phesheya iminyaka engu-2: eJalimane nase-Austria (1889-91), lapho athuthukisa khona imfundo yakhe yomculo, efunda no-A. Becker noK Goldmark. Ufunda ngokucophelela umsebenzi ka-R. Wagner, J. Brahms kanye no-A. Bruckner futhi uba umlandeli wokuphila konke wohlelo. Ngokomqambi, “umculo ungabonisa ngokugcwele ithonya lawo kuphela lapho unikezwa isiqondiso ngesakhiwo esithile esisankondlo, ngamanye amazwi, lapho kuhlanganiswe umculo nezinkondlo.” Lesi siphetho sazalwa ngaso kanye isikhathi lapho umqambi ehlaziya izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqamba, efunda izitayela namasampula empumelelo evelele yezikole zabaqambi baseYurophu. Ngo-April 29, 1892, eFinland, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kombhali, inkondlo "Kullervo" (esekelwe uzungu "Kalevala") wenziwa ngempumelelo enkulu soloists, ikwaya kanye orchestra Symphony. Lolu suku lubhekwa njengosuku lokuzalwa lomculo wochwepheshe waseFinland. USibelius waphendukela kaningi ku-epic yaseFinland. I-suite ethi “Lemminkäinen” ye-symphony orchestra yalethela umqambi udumo emhlabeni wonke.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-90. U-Sibelius udala inkondlo ye-symphonic "Finland" (1899) kanye ne-First Symphony (1898-99). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, udala umculo wemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Okudume kakhulu kwakuwumculo womdlalo othi "Kuolema" ka-A. Yarnefeld, ikakhulukazi "The Sad Waltz" (umama we-protagonist, efa, ubona isithombe somyeni wakhe ofile, othi, njengokungathi, umema ukuba adanse. , ashone kumsindo we-waltz). USibelius uphinde wabhala umculo wokudlalwa: Pelléas et Mélisande ka-M. Maeterlinck (1905), uMkhosi KaBelishazzar ka-J. Prokope (1906), I-White Swan ka-A. Strindberg (1908), Isivunguvungu sikaW. Shakespeare (1926) .

Ngo-1906-07. wavakashela eSt. Petersburg naseMoscow, lapho ahlangana khona noN. Rimsky-Korsakov no-A. Glazunov. umqambi unaka kakhulu umculo we-symphonic - isibonelo, ngo-1900 ubhala i-Second Symphony, futhi ngemva konyaka ikhonsathi yakhe edumile ye-violin ne-orchestra ibonakala. Yomibili imisebenzi ihlukaniswa ngokugqama kwezinto zomculo, isikhumbuzo sefomu. Kodwa uma i-symphony ibuswa imibala ekhanyayo, khona-ke ikhonsathi igcwele izithombe ezimangalisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqambi uhumusha insimbi eyedwa - ivayolini - njengethuluzi elilingana namandla ezindlela ezivezwayo ku-orchestra. Phakathi kwemisebenzi kaSibelius ngawo-1902. umculo ogqugquzelwe uKalevala uphinde uvele (inkondlo ye-symphonic Tapiola, 20). Eminyakeni yokugcina ye-1926 yokuphila kwakhe, umqambi akazange aqambe. Nokho, ukuxhumana okudala nomhlaba womculo akuzange kume. Abaculi abaningi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba beza bezombona. Umculo weSibelius wenziwa emakhonsathini futhi wawungumhlobiso we-repertoire yabaculi abaningi abavelele nabaqhubi bekhulu lama-30.

L. Kozhevnikova