UNikolai Karlovich Medtner |

U-Nikolai Medtner

Ekugcineni ngikwezobuciko angenamkhawulo Ngifinyelele izinga eliphezulu. UGlory wangimoyizela; Ngisezinhliziyweni zabantu ngathola ukuzwana nendalo yami. A. Pushkin. Mozart futhi Salieri

U-N. Medtner uthatha indawo ekhethekile emlandweni wesiko lomculo waseRussia nezwe. Umculi onobuntu bangempela, umqambi omangalisayo, umdlali wopiyano kanye nothisha, uMedtner akazange ahlanganise noma yiziphi izitayela zomculo zengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Esondela ngokwengxenye kubuhle bama-romantics baseJalimane (F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann), futhi kusukela kubaqambi baseRussia kuya ku-S. Taneyev no-A. Glazunov, uMedtner ngesikhathi esifanayo wayeyiciko elilwela ukuthola ama-horizons amasha okudala, unokuningi okujwayelekile ngokusungula izinto ezintsha. Stravinsky futhi S. Prokofiev.

UMedtner uvela emndenini ocebile emasikweni obuciko: unina wayengummeleli womndeni odumile womculo uGedike; umfowethu u-Emilius wayeyisazi sefilosofi, umbhali, umhlaziyi womculo (mbumbulu uWolfing); omunye umzalwane, u-Alexander, ungumdlali wevayolini nombhidisi. Ngo-1900, u-N. Medtner waphumelela ngobuhlakani e-Moscow Conservatory ekilasini lepiyano lika-V. Safonov. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wabuye wafunda ukwakheka ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-S. Taneyev no-A. Arensky. Igama lakhe libhalwe oqwembeni lwemabula e-Moscow Conservatory. UMedtner waqala umsebenzi wakhe ngokudlala ngempumelelo eMqhudelwaneni Wamazwe Ngamazwe we-III. A. Rubinstein (Vienna, 1900) futhi wazuza ukuqashelwa njengomqambi ngezingoma zakhe zokuqala (umjikelezo wepiyano othi “Mood Pictures”, njll.). Izwi likaMedtner, umculi wopiyano nomqambi, lazwakala ngokushesha ngabaculi abazwela kakhulu. Kanye namakhonsathi ka-S. Rachmaninov no-A. Scriabin, amakhonsathi ombhali we-Medtner ayeyizenzakalo empilweni yomculo kokubili eRussia nakwamanye amazwe. M. Shahinyan ukhumbula ukuthi lobu busuku “bebuyiholide lezilaleli.”

Ngo-1909-10 nango-1915-21. UMedtner wayenguprofesa wepiyano eMoscow Conservatory. Phakathi kwabafundi bakhe kukhona abaculi abaningi abadumile kamuva: A. Shatskes, N. Shtember, B. Khaikin. B. Sofronitsky, L. Oborin wasebenzisa iseluleko sikaMedtner. Eminyakeni yama-20s. UMedtner wayeyilungu le-MUZO Narkompros futhi wayevame ukuxhumana no-A. Lunacharsky.

Kusukela ngo-1921, uMedtner ubelokhu ehlala phesheya, enikeza amakhonsathi eYurophu nase-USA. Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe, wayehlala eNgilandi. Yonke iminyaka ayichitha phesheya, Medtner wahlala umculi Russian. “Ngiphupha ngokufika endaweni yangakithi futhi ngidlale phambi kwezilaleli zami zomdabu,” ebhala kwezinye zezincwadi zakhe zokugcina. Ifa lokudala lika-Medtner lihlanganisa ama-opuse angaphezu kuka-60, iningi lawo okungamagama epiyano nezothando. U-Medtner ukhokhele indesheni ngendlela enkulu kumakhonsathi akhe amathathu epiyano naku-Ballad Concerto, uhlobo lwe-chamber-instrumental lumelwe iPiano Quintet.

Emisebenzini yakhe, uMedtner uyiciko elijulile nelesizwe sangempela, ekhombisa ngokuzwela izitayela zobuciko eziyinkimbinkimbi zenkathi yakhe. Umculo wakhe ubonakala ngomuzwa wempilo engokomoya nokwethembeka emithethweni engcono kakhulu yama-classic, nakuba umqambi enethuba lokunqoba ukungabaza okuningi futhi ngezinye izikhathi aziveze ngolimi oluyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukufana phakathi kukaMedtner nezimbongi ezinjalo zenkathi yakhe njengo-A. Blok no-Andrei Bely.

Indawo emaphakathi kumagugu okudala e-Medtner ithathwe ama-sonata wepiyano angu-14. Ehlaba umxhwele ngobuhlakani obukhuthazayo, aqukethe wonke umhlaba wezithombe zomculo ezijulile ngokwengqondo. Zibonakala ngobubanzi bokuqhathanisa, injabulo yothando, ukugxila ngaphakathi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuzindla okufudumele. Amanye ama-sonata anezinhlelo ngokwemvelo ("i-Sonata-elegy", "inganekwane ye-Sonata", "isikhumbuzo se-Sonata", "i-Romantic sonata", "i-Thunderous sonata", njll.), zonke zihluke kakhulu ngesimo nezithombe zomculo. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, uma enye ye-sonatas ebaluleke kakhulu (op. 25) iyidrama yeqiniso ngemisindo, isithombe esihle somculo sokuqaliswa kwenkondlo yefilosofi kaF. Tyutchev "Ukhala ngani, umoya wasebusuku", bese kuthi “inkumbulo ka-Sonata” (kusukela emjikelezweni othi Forgotten Motives, op.38) igcwele izinkondlo zokubhalwa kwezingoma zesiRashiya eziqotho, amagama athambile womphefumulo. Iqembu elidume kakhulu lezingoma zopiyano libizwa ngokuthi “izinganekwane” (uhlobo oludalwe uMedtner) futhi limelwe imijikelezo eyishumi. Leli iqoqo lemidlalo exoxwayo nenezingoma ezinezindikimba ezihlukene kakhulu (“Inganekwane YaseRussia”, “Lear in the Steppe”, “Knight’s Procession”, njll.). Okungaziwa kangako imijikelezo emi-3 yezingcezu zepiyano ngaphansi kwesihloko esijwayelekile esithi "Forgotten Motifs".

Amakhonsathi epiyano ka-Medtner angama-symphonies esikhumbuzo, angcono kakhulu awo owokuqala (1921), izithombe zawo ezigqugquzelwe iziyaluyalu ezesabekayo zeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

Izothando zika-Medtner (ezingaphezu kwe-100) zihlukile ngesimo futhi ziveza kakhulu, imvamisa zingamagama avinjelwe anokuqukethwe kwefilosofi ejulile. Ngokuvamile zibhalwa ngendlela ye-lyrical monologue, embula umhlaba kamoya womuntu; abaningi bazinikele ezithombeni zemvelo. Izimbongi ezazithandwa nguMedtner kwakungu-A. Pushkin (izothando ezingu-32), F. Tyutchev (15), IV Goethe (30). Ezothando emazwini alezi zimbongi, izici ezintsha ezinjalo zomculo wezwi we-chamber wasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1935 njengokudluliswa okucashile kokuphindwa kwenkulumo kanye nendima enkulu, kwesinye isikhathi enqumayo yengxenye yepiyano, ziphuma ngokukhululeka, ezasungulwa ekuqaleni umqambi. UMedtner akaziwa nje kuphela njengomculi, kodwa futhi njengombhali wezincwadi zobuciko bomculo: Muse and Fashion (1963) kanye ne-Daily Work of a Pianist and Composer (XNUMX).

Izimiso zokudala nokwenza ze-Medtner zibe nomthelela omkhulu kwezobuciko bomculo bekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Amasiko ayo athuthukiswa futhi athuthukiswa ngabantu abaningi abavelele kwezobuciko bomculo: AN Aleksandrov, Yu. Shaporin, V. Shebalin, E. Golubev nabanye. -d'Alheim, G. Neuhaus, S. Richter, I. Arkhipov, E. Svetlanov nabanye.

Indlela yomculo wezwe waseRussia kanye nowesimanje akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ngaphandle kwe-Medtner, njengoba nje kungenakwenzeka ukuyicabanga ngaphandle kwabantu besikhathi sakhe abakhulu S. Rachmaninov, A. Scriabin, I. Stravinsky no-S. Prokofiev.

MAYELANA. I-Tompakova