UDariyu Milhaud |

UDariyu Milhaud

Abaningi bamklomelise ngesiqu esithi ngqondongqondo, futhi abaningi babembheka njengesikhohlakali umgomo wakhe oyinhloko “kwakuwukushaqisa onxiwankulu.” M. Bauer

Ubuciko u-D. Milhaud ubhale ikhasi elikhanyayo, elinemibala emculweni wesiFulentshi wekhulu lama-XX. Yaveza ngokucacile nangokucacile umbono wezwe we-post-war 20s, futhi igama likaMilhaud laliphakathi kwempikiswano ebucayi yomculo yangaleso sikhathi.

UMilhaud wazalelwa eningizimu yeFrance; I-Provencal folklore kanye nemvelo yezwe lakubo kwagxilwa unomphela emphefumulweni womqambi futhi yagcwalisa ubuciko bakhe nge-flavour eyingqayizivele yaseMedithera. Izinyathelo zokuqala zomculo zazihlotshaniswa ne-violin, lapho uMilhaud afunda khona okokuqala e-Aix, futhi kusukela ngo-1909 eParis Conservatory noBertelier. Kodwa ngokushesha uthando lokubhala lwaba namandla. Phakathi kothisha baseMilhaud kwakuno-P. Dukas, A. Gedalzh, C. Vidor, kanye no-V. d'Andy (ku-Schola cantorum).

Emisebenzini yokuqala (i-romances, i-chamber ensembles), ithonya le-impressionism lika-C. Debussy liyabonakala. Ukuthuthukisa isiko lesiFulentshi (H. Berlioz, J. Bazet, Debussy), uMilhaud wabonakala ewamukela kakhulu umculo waseRussia - M. Mussorgsky, I. Stravinsky. Ama-ballet kaStravinsky (ikakhulukazi i-Rite of Spring, eyashaqisa umhlaba wonke womculo) asize umqambi osemusha ukuthi abone ama-horizons amasha.

Ngisho naphakathi neminyaka yempi, izingxenye ezimbili zokuqala ze-opera-oratorio trilogy "Oresteia: Agamemnon" (2) kanye ne "Choephors" (1914) zadalwa; Ingxenye 1915 ye-Eumenides yabhalwa kamuva (3). Ku-trilogy, umqambi ulahla ubunkimbinkimbi be-impressionistic futhi uthole ulimi olusha, olulula. Isigqi siba yindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokukhuluma (ngakho-ke, ukuphindaphinda kwekhwaya kuvame ukuhambisana nezinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo kuphela). Enye ye-Milhaud yokuqala esetshenziswe lapha inhlanganisela kanyekanye yokhiye abahlukene (i-polytonality) ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukushuba komsindo. Umbhalo wenhlekelele ka-Aeschylus wahunyushwa futhi wacutshungulwa ngumbhali wemidlalo waseFrance ovelele uP. Claudel, umngane kanye noMilhaud onomqondo ofanayo iminyaka eminingi. “Ngazithola sengisonqenqemeni lobuciko obubalulekile nobunempilo… lapho umuntu ezwa amandla, amandla, ingokomoya kanye nobumnene kukhululwa izibopho. Lobu ubuciko bukaPaul Claudel!” umqambi kamuva wakhumbula.

Ngo-1916, uClaudel wamiswa njengenxusa eBrazil, futhi uMilhaud, njengonobhala wakhe siqu, wahamba naye. UMilhaud uhlanganise ukuncoma kwakhe ukukhanya kwemibala yemvelo eshisayo, i-exoticism nokunotha kwenganekwane yaseLatin America kuMidanso yaseBrazil, lapho inhlanganisela ye-polytonal yomculo nokuhambisana kunikeza umsindo ubukhali obukhethekile nezinongo. I-ballet Man and His Desire (1918, iskripthi sikaClaudel) sagqugquzelwa umdanso ka-V. Nijinsky, owavakashela eRio de Janeiro neqembu le-ballet laseRussia lika-S. Diaghilev.

Ebuyela eParis (1919), uMilhaud ujoyina iqembu elithi "Six", abagqugquzeli bemibono okwakungumqambi u-E. Satie kanye nembongi u-J. Cocteau. Amalungu aleli qembu amelene nokuvezwa okuyihaba kwe-romanticism kanye nokushintshashintsha kwe-impressionistic, kwezobuciko "basemhlabeni", ubuciko "bezinsuku zonke". Imisindo yekhulu lesi-XNUMX ingena emculweni wabaqambi abasha: isigqi sobuchwepheshe nehholo lomculo.

Inani lama-ballet adalwe ngu-Milhaud ngeminyaka yawo-20s ahlanganisa umoya we-eccentricity, ukusebenza kosomahlaya. Ku-ballet Bull on the Roof (1920, iskripthi sika-Cocteau), esibonisa ibha yaseMelika phakathi neminyaka yokuvinjelwa, kuzwakala izingoma zemidanso yesimanje, njenge-tango. Encwadini ethi The Creation of the World (1923), uMilhaud uphendukela kusitayela se-jazz, ethatha njengesibonelo i-orchestra yaseHarlem (ikota yamaNegro eNew York), umqambi wahlangana nama-orchestra alolu hlobo phakathi nohambo lwakhe lwase-United States. E-ballet "Isaladi" (1924), ivuselela isiko lamahlaya wamaski, imisindo yomculo yakudala yase-Italy.

Ukusesha kuka-Milhaud nakho kuyahlukahluka ohlotsheni olusebenzayo. Ngokumelene nokwasemuva kwama-opera e-chamber (Ukuhlupheka Kuka-Orpheus, Itilosi Elimpofu, njll.) kuphakama idrama eyingqopha-mlando uChristopher Columbus (elandela uClaudel), umvuthwandaba womsebenzi womqambi. Iningi lomsebenzi weshashalazi lomculo labhalwa ngeminyaka yama-20s. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-symphonies e-6 chamber, i-sonatas, ama-quartet, njll.

Umqambi usehabule izindawo eziningi. Ngo-1926 wavakashela e-USSR. Imisebenzi yakhe eMoscow naseLeningrad ayishiyanga muntu ongenandaba. Ngokofakazi bokuzibonela, “abanye babecasukile, abanye bekhungathekile, abanye benesimo sengqondo esihle, futhi nentsha inomdlandla.”

Ngama-30s, ubuciko bukaMilhaud busondela ezinkingeni ezivuthayo zezwe lanamuhla. Kanye no-R. Rolland. L. Aragon nabangane bakhe, amalungu eqembu Six, uMilhaud ubelokhu ebamba iqhaza emsebenzini wePeople's Musical Federation (kusukela ngo-1936), ebhala izingoma, amakhwaya, nama-cantatas amaqembu ezifundazweni kanye noquqaba lwabantu. Kuma-cantatas, uphendukela ezindikimbeni zesintu (“Ukufa Komashiqela”, “Peace Cantata”, “War Cantata”, njll.). Umqambi futhi uqamba imidlalo yokudlala ethokozisayo yezingane, umculo wamafilimu.

Ukuhlasela kwamasosha amaNazi eFrance kwaphoqa uMilhaud ukuba afudukele e-United States (1940), lapho aphendukela khona ekufundiseni eMills College (eduze kwaseLos Angeles). Ngemva kokuba uprofesa eParis Conservatory (1947) lapho ebuyela ezweni lakubo, uMilhaud akazange awushiye umsebenzi wakhe eMelika futhi waya lapho njalo.

Uya ngokuya ekhangwa umculo wezinsimbi. Ngemuva kwama-symphonies ayisithupha ezingoma zegumbi (ezakhiwe ngo-1917-23), wabhala amanye ama-symphonies angu-12. UMilhaud ungumbhali wamaquartet angu-18, ama-orchestral suites, ama-overtures namakhonsathi amaningi: wepiyano (5), i-viola (2), i-cello (2), i-violin, i-oboe, ihabhu, ihabhu, i-percussion, i-marimba ne-vibraphone ene-orchestra. Intshisekelo kaMilhaud endikimbeni yomzabalazo wenkululeko ayinciphisi (i-opera Bolivar – 1943; i-Fourth Symphony, eyabhalelwa iminyaka eyikhulu yenguquko ka-1848; iCantata Castle of Fire – 1954, enikezelwe ekukhumbuleni izisulu zomzabalazo. fascism, bashiswa emakamu okuhlushwa).

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule kukhona izingoma ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo: i-opera yamaqhawe uDavid (1952), ebhalelwe iminyaka engu-3000 yeJerusalema, i-opera-oratorio umama waseSt. ”(1970, ngemuva kukaP. Beaumarchais), inqwaba yama-ballet (okuhlanganisa" Izinsimbi "ka-E. Poe), imisebenzi eminingi yezinsimbi.

UMilhaud uchithe iminyaka embalwa edlule e-Geneva, eqhubeka nokuqamba nokusebenza ekuphothulweni kwencwadi yakhe ye-autobiographical, My Happy Life.

K. Zenkin

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