Umlando we-ephonium

Euphonium - insimbi yomculo yomoya eyenziwe ngethusi, ingeyomndeni wama-tubas nama-saxhorns. Igama lensimbi livela ku-Greek futhi lihunyushwa ngokuthi "umsindo ogcwele" noma "umsindo omnandi". Emculweni womoya, iqhathaniswa ne-cello. Imvamisa ingazwakala njengezwi le-tenor ekusebenzeni kwamabhendi ezempi noma ethusi. Futhi, umsindo wayo onamandla uzwakala kubaculi abaningi be-jazz. Insimbi yaziwa nangokuthi "i-euphonium" noma "tenor tuba".

I-Serpentine ingukhokho okude we-euphonium

Umlando wensimbi yomculo uqala ngokhokho wayo okude, inyoka, eyaba yisisekelo sokwakhiwa kwezinsimbi eziningi zomoya ze-bass zanamuhla. Izwe lenyoka lithathwa njengeFrance, lapho u-Edme Guillaume aliklama ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Inyoka ifana nenyoka ekubukeni kwayo, lapho yathola khona igama layo (elihunyushwa lisuka kuFrench, inyoka iyinyoka). Kwasetshenziswa izinto ezihlukahlukene zokwakha: ithusi, isiliva, i-zinc ngisho namathuluzi okhuni atholakala. Umlomo wawenziwe ngamathambo, ngokuvamile ochwepheshe babesebenzisa izinyo lendlovu. Kwakukhona izimbobo eziyisi-6 emzimbeni wenyoka. Ngemva kwesikhashana, amathuluzi anama-valve amaningi aqala ukuvela. Ekuqaleni, leli thuluzi elifuthwayo lalisetshenziswa emculweni wesonto. Iqhaza lakhe bekuwukukhulisa amazwi besilisa ekuculeni. Ngemva kokuthuthukiswa kanye nokwengezwa kwama-valve, yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngenkuthalo kuma-orchestra, kuhlanganise nezempi. Uhlu lwe-tonal lwenyoka luyi-octave ezintathu, elikuvumela ukuthi wenze imisebenzi yohlelo kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zokuthuthuka kulo. Umsindo okhiqizwe insimbi unamandla kakhulu futhi unodlame. Kwakucishe kungenzeki ngomuntu ongenalo nhlobo indlebe yomculo ukuba afunde ukuwudlala ngendlela ehlanzekile. Futhi abacusumbuli bomculo baqhathanisa ukudlala ngokungafanele kwaleli thuluzi elinzima nokubhonga kwesilwane esilambile. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kobunzima obavela ekuqondeni ithuluzi, amanye amakhulu eminyaka angu-3, ​​inyoka yaqhubeka isetshenziswa emculweni wesonto. Inani eliphakeme lokuthandwa lafika ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, lapho cishe lonke elaseYurophu lalidlala.

Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX: Ukusungulwa kwe-ophicleides ne-ephonium

Ngo-1821, kwasungulwa iqembu lezimpondo zethusi ezinama-valve eFrance. Uphondo lwe-bass, kanye nensimbi eyakhiwe ngesisekelo salo, yayibizwa ngokuthi i-ophicleid. Le nsimbi yomculo yayilula kunenyoka, kodwa yayisadinga indlebe yomculo enhle kakhulu ukuze ilidlale ngempumelelo. Ngaphandle, i-ophicleid kakhulu kunazo zonke ifana ne-bassoon. Yayisetshenziswa kakhulu emaqenjini ezempi.

Ngama-30s wekhulu le-1,5, kwasungulwa indlela yepompo ekhethekile - i-valve eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukwehlisa ukulungiswa kwensimbi yomculo yomoya ngethoni yesigamu, ithoni ephelele, amathoni angu-2,5 noma angu-XNUMX. Yiqiniso, okusungulwe okusha kwaqala ukusetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ekwakhiweni kwamathuluzi amasha.

Ngo-1842, kwavulwa ifekthri eFrance, ekhiqiza izinsimbi zomculo zomoya zamaqembu ezempi. U-Adolph Sachs, owavula le mboni, wenza amathuluzi amaningi okwasetshenziswa kuwo i-valve yepompo entsha.

Ngemva konyaka, inkosi yaseJalimane u-Sommer waklama futhi wakhiqiza insimbi yethusi enomsindo ocebile futhi onamandla, owawubizwa ngokuthi "i-ephonium". Yaqala ukukhishwa ngokuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene, amaqembu e-tenor, ama-bass nama-contrabass avela.

Omunye wemisebenzi yokuqala ye-ephonium wadalwa ngu-A. Ponchielli engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Futhi, umsindo wensimbi wawusetshenziswa emisebenzini yabo ngabaqambi abanjengoR. Wagner, G. Holst kanye noM. Ravel.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ephonium emisebenzini yomculo

I-ephonium yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ebhendini yethusi (ikakhulukazi, eyezempi), kanye ne-symphony, lapho ithuluzi labelwe ukwenza izingxenye ze-tuba ehlobene. Izibonelo zihlanganisa umdlalo othi “Izinkomo” ka-M. Mussorgsky, kanye nethi “The Life of a Hero” ka-R. Strauss. Kodwa-ke, abanye abaqambi baqaphela i-timbre ekhethekile ye-ephonium futhi benze imisebenzi enengxenye edalelwe yona ngokukhethekile. Enye yalezi zingoma yi-ballet ethi "The Golden Age" kaD. Shostakovich.

Ukukhululwa kwefilimu ethi "The Musician" kwaletha ukuthandwa okukhulu kwe-euphonium, lapho le nsimbi yashiwo engomeni eyinhloko. Kamuva, abaklami bangeza enye i-valve, lokhu kwandisa amathuba omshini, kwathuthukisa iphimbo kanye namavesi alula. Ukwehliswa kwe-oda elijwayelekile le-B flat kuya ku-F kubonakale ngenxa yokwengezwa kwesango lesine elisha.

Abadlali ngabanye bayakujabulela ukusebenzisa izwi elinamandla lensimbi ngisho nasezingomeni ze-jazz, i-ephonium ingenye yezinsimbi zomoya ezifunwa kakhulu ezidlulisa umsindo ophansi, ozwakalayo, ofudumele futhi onezici ezinhle kakhulu ze-timbre kanye ne-dynamic. Ngayo, ungakwazi ukudlulisa kalula iphimbo elicacile, elivumela ukuthi kube kokubili okukodwa kanye nensimbi ehambisana nayo. Futhi, abanye abaculi besimanje bamqambela izingxenye ezingaphelezelwanga.