Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy) |

Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy

Lona i-Mozart yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ithalente lomculo eliqhakazile, eliqonda ngokucacile ukuphikisana kwenkathi futhi okungcono kunakho konke okubahlanganisayo. R. Schumann

U-F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy ungumqambi waseJalimane wesizukulwane sika-Schumann, umqhubi, uthisha, umdlali wopiyano, kanye nothisha womculo. Umsebenzi wakhe ohlukahlukene wawungaphansi kwezinhloso ezinhle kakhulu nezingathi sína - waba nesandla ekukhuleni kwempilo yomculo waseJalimane, ukuqinisa amasiko esizwe, ukufundisa umphakathi okhanyiselwe kanye nezifundiswa ezifundile.

UMendelssohn wazalelwa emndenini onesiko elide lamasiko. Umkhulu womqambi wesikhathi esizayo uyisazi sefilosofi esidumile; ubaba - inhloko yendlu yasebhange, indoda ekhanyisiwe, isazi esihle sezobuciko - wanika indodana yakhe imfundo enhle kakhulu. Ngo-1811, umndeni wathuthela eBerlin, lapho uMendelssohn ethatha khona izifundo kothisha abahlonishwa kakhulu - L. Berger (piano), K. Zelter (ukuqamba). UG. Heine, F. Hegel, TA Hoffmann, abazalwane bakwaHumboldt, u-KM Weber bavakashela indlu yaseMendelssohn. U-JW Goethe ulalele umdlalo womdlali wopiyano oneminyaka eyishumi nambili. Imihlangano nembongi enkulu e-Weimar yahlala iyizinkumbulo ezinhle kakhulu zobusha bami.

Ukuxhumana namaciko abalulekile, ukuvela okuhlukahlukene komculo, ukuya ezifundweni eNyuvesi yaseBerlin, indawo ekhanyiselwe kakhulu uMendelssohn akhulela kuyo - konke kwaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwakhe okusheshayo kochwepheshe nangokomoya. Kusukela eneminyaka engu-9, uMendelssohn ubelokhu edlala esiteji sekhonsathi, ekuqaleni kwawo-20s. imibhalo yakhe yokuqala iyavela. Kakade ebusheni bakhe waqala umsebenzi wokufundisa Mendelssohn. Ukudlala kuka-JS Bach's Matthew Passion (1829) ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe kwaba isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando empilweni yomculo waseJalimane, kwaba umfutho wokuvuselela umsebenzi kaBach. Ngo-1833-36. UMendelssohn unesikhundla sokuba umqondisi womculo e-Düsseldorf. Isifiso sokuphakamisa izinga lokusebenza, ukugcwalisa kabusha i-repertoire ngemisebenzi yakudala (oratorios ka-GF Handel no-I. Haydn, ama-opera ka-WA ​​Mozart, L. Cherubini) agijimela ekunganakeni kweziphathimandla zedolobha, ukungabi nalutho kwe-inertness Abahlali baseJalimane.

Umsebenzi kaMendelssohn eLeipzig (kusukela ngo-1836) njengomqhubi we-orchestra ye-Gewandhaus waba nesandla ekuchumeni okusha kwempilo yomculo yedolobha, kakade ekhulwini le-100. edume ngamasiko ayo. UMendelssohn wayefuna ukudonsela ukunaka kwabalaleli emisebenzini yobuciko emikhulu yesikhathi esidlule (ama-oratorio ka-Bach, Handel, Haydn, Solemn Mass kanye ne-Beethoven's Ninth Symphony). Imigomo yezemfundo iphinde yalandelwa umjikelezo wamakhonsathi omlando - uhlobo lwe-panorama yokuthuthukiswa komculo kusukela ku-Bach kuya kubaqambi besimanje uMendelssohn. E-Leipzig, uMendelssohn unikeza amakhonsathi omculo wepiyano, wenza imisebenzi ye-ogani ka-Bach eSontweni LaseSt. Thomas, lapho “umculi omkhulu” wakhonza khona eminyakeni engu-1843 edlule. Ngo-38, ngesinyathelo se-Mendelssohn, i-Conservatory yokuqala eJalimane yavulwa eLeipzig, emodeli lapho ama-conservatories adalwe kwamanye amadolobha aseJalimane. Eminyakeni ye-Leipzig, umsebenzi ka-Mendelssohn wafinyelela ekuqhakazeni kwawo okuphezulu kakhulu, ukuvuthwa, ubuciko (i-Violin Concerto, i-Scottish Symphony, umculo we-Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, izincwadi zokugcina zezingoma ezingenawo Amagama, i-oratorio Elijah, njll.). Ukushuba okungapheli, ukushuba kokwenza nokufundisa imisebenzi kancane kancane kwehlisa amandla omqambi. Ukusebenza ngokweqile, ukulahlekelwa abathandekayo (ukufa okungazelelwe kukadadewabo kaFanny) kwasondeza ukufa. UMendelssohn ushone eneminyaka engu-XNUMX.

I-Mendelssohn yakhangwa izinhlobo nezinhlobo ezahlukene, izindlela zokucula. Ngekhono elilinganayo wabhalela i-symphony orchestra nopiyano, i-choir ne-ogani, i-chamber ensemble nezwi, eveza ukuguquguquka kweqiniso kwethalenta, ubuchwepheshe obuphakeme kakhulu. Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, eneminyaka engu-17, uMendelssohn wenza inguquko ethi “A Midsummer Night's Dream” - umsebenzi owathinta abantu besikhathi sakhe ngomqondo wemvelo kanye nomfanekiso womuntu, ukuvuthwa kwesu lomqambi kanye nokusha nokunotha komcabango. . "Ukuqhakaza kobusha kuzwakala lapha, njengoba, mhlawumbe, kunoma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi womqambi, inkosi eqediwe yasuka okokuqala ngesikhathi esijabulisayo." Ohlelweni lomnyakazo owodwa, olugqugquzelwe amahlaya kaShakespeare, kwachazwa imingcele yomhlaba womculo nezinkondlo womqambi. Lena iphupho elilula ngokuthinta i-scherzo, indiza, ukudlala okuyinqaba (imidanso emnandi yama-elves); izithombe ze-lyrical ezihlanganisa umdlandla wothando, injabulo nokucaca, ukuhlonishwa kwenkulumo; uhlobo lwesintu kanye nezithombe, izithombe ezidumile. Uhlobo lwe-overture yohlelo lwekhonsathi oludalwe ngu-Mendelssohn lwathuthukiswa emculweni we-symphonic wekhulu lama-40. (G. Berlioz, F. Liszt, M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky). Ekuqaleni kwawo-XNUMXs. UMendelssohn ubuyele kumahlaya kaShakespearean wabhala umculo womdlalo. Izinombolo ezingcono kakhulu zakha i-orchestral suite, eyasungulwa ngokuqinile emculweni wekhonsathi (Overture, Scherzo, Intermezzo, Nocturne, Wedding March).

Okuqukethwe kwemisebenzi eminingi kaMendelssohn kuxhumene nemibono yempilo eqondile evela ohambweni oluya e-Italy (libalele, ligcwele ukukhanya kwaseningizimu nokufudumala kwe-Italian Symphony - 1833), kanye nasemazweni asenyakatho - eNgilandi naseScotland (izithombe zolwandle). isici, i-epic yasenyakatho ekuphenduleni "I-Fingal's Cave ”(“The Hebrides”), “Sea Silence and Happy Sailing” (kokubili ngo-1832), ku-“Scottish” Symphony (1830-42).

Isisekelo somsebenzi wepiyano kaMendelssohn kwaba “Izingoma Ezingenawo Amagama” (izingcezu ezingama-48, 1830-45) – izibonelo ezinhle zamaculo amancane, uhlobo olusha lomculo wepiyano wothando. Ngokuphambene nobuciko bopiyano be-bravura obabudlangile ngaleso sikhathi, uMendelssohn wadala izingcezu ngendlela yegumbi, eveza ngaphezu kwawo wonke ama-cantilena, amathuba amnandi ensimbi. Umqambi uphinde wakhangwa izici zokudlala kwekhonsathi - ubuhlakani be-virtuoso, imikhosi, injabulo ehambisana nemvelo yakhe yobuciko (amakhonsathi ama-2 wepiyano ne-orchestra, uBrilliant Capriccio, uBrilliant Rondo, njll.). I-Violin Concerto edumile ku-E minor (1844) yangena esikhwameni sakudala salolu hlobo kanye namakhonsathi kaP. Tchaikovsky, I. Brahms, A. Glazunov, J. Sibelius. I-oratorios ethi "Paul", "Elijah", cantata "The First Walpurgis Night" (ngokusho kweGoethe) yaba negalelo elikhulu emlandweni wezinhlobo ze-cantata-oratorio. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamasiko okuqala omculo waseJalimane kwaqhutshekiselwa phambili yizethulo zikaMendelssohn kanye ne-fugues yesitho.

Umqambi wayehlose amakhwaya amaningi ezinhlangano zamakhwaya ezimfundamakhwela eBerlin, Düsseldorf naseLeipzig; nezingoma zegumbi (izingoma, izingoma nezinsimbi) - okwenziwa yimfundamakhwela, ukwenza umculo wasekhaya, okudume kakhulu eJalimane ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukwakhiwa komculo onjalo, oqondiswe kwabayizimfundamakhwela abakhanyiselwe, futhi hhayi kochwepheshe kuphela, kube nesandla ekusetshenzisweni komgomo wokudala we-Mendelssohn - ukufundisa okuthandwa ngumphakathi, ukukwethula ngenkuthalo ifa elibucayi, elinobuciko obuphezulu.

I. Okhalova

• Indlela yokudala →
• Ubuhlakani be-Symphonic →
• Ama-Overtures →
• I-Oratorios →
• Ubuciko bepiyano →
• «Izingoma ezingenamagama» →
• Iyunithi yezinhlamvu →
• Uhlu lwemisebenzi →

Indawo kanye nesikhundla sikaMendelssohn emlandweni womculo waseJalimane kukhonjwe kahle ngu-PI Tchaikovsky. Mendelssohn, emazwini akhe, "uyohlala eyisibonelo sokuhlanzeka kwesitayela, futhi ngemuva kwakhe kuzoqashelwa ubuntu obucacile bomculo, obuphaphathekile ngaphambi kokukhazimula kwezihlakaniphi ezinjengoBeethoven - kodwa zithuthuke kakhulu esixukwini sabaculi abaningi abangamaciko. esikoleni saseJalimane.”

UMendelssohn ungomunye wamaciko okucatshangwa kwawo nokusebenza kwawo okufinyelele izinga lobunye nobuqotho abanye abantu besikhathi sakhe abanethalente elikhanyayo nelikhudlwana abangazange bakwazi ukulifinyelela ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Indlela yokudala ye-Mendelssohn ayikwazi ukuphuka okungazelelwe kanye nokuqanjwa kwesibindi, izimo ezibucayi kanye nemiqansa. Lokhu akusho ukuthi kwaqhubeka ngokungacabangi futhi ngaphandle kwamafu. "Isicelo" sakhe sokuqala somuntu oyedwa somdali oyinhloko nozimele - isiphetho esithi "Iphupho Lobusuku Baphakathi Nehlobo" - siyiparele lomculo we-symphonic, isithelo somsebenzi omkhulu nonenjongo, olungiswe iminyaka yokuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe.

Ukujula kolwazi olukhethekile olutholwe kusukela ebuntwaneni, ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo okuguquguqukayo kwasiza uMendelssohn ekuqaleni kokuphila kwakhe kokudala ukuba achaze ngokunembile umbuthano wezithombe ezamjabulisa, okwathatha isikhathi eside, uma kungenjalo phakade, wathatha umcabango wakhe. Ezweni lenganekwane ehehayo, wabonakala esezitholele yena. Edweba umdlalo omlingo wezithombe ezikhohlisayo, uMendelssohn waveza umbono wakhe oyinkondlo womhlaba wangempela. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwempilo, ulwazi lwamakhulu eminyaka ezindinganiso zamasiko eziqoqiwe kwanelise ukuhlakanipha, kwethula "ukulungiswa" enqubweni yokuthuthukisa ubuciko, kujulisa kakhulu okuqukethwe komculo, kukwengeza ngezisusa ezintsha nemithunzi.

Nokho, ubuqotho be-harmonic bethalente lomculo likaMendelssohn lwahlanganiswa nokuncane kwebanga lakhe lokudala. I-Mendelssohn ikude nokuthatheka kuka-Schumann, ukuphakanyiswa okujabulisayo kwe-Berlioz, inhlekelele kanye namaqhawe ezwe-lokushisekela izwe likaChopin. Imizwa enamandla, umoya wokubhikisha, ukufuna okuqhubekayo kwamafomu amasha, wamelana nokuzola komcabango nokufudumala kwemizwa yomuntu, ukuhleleka okuqinile kwamafomu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukucabanga okungokomfanekiso kaMendelssohn, okuqukethwe komculo wakhe, kanye nezinhlobo ezidala kuzo, akudluli ubuciko bobuciko be-romanticism.

Iphupho Lobusuku Baphakathi Nehlobo noma abakwaHebrides banothando oluncane kunemisebenzi kaSchumann noma uChopin, uSchubert noma uBerlioz. Lokhu kujwayelekile kwe-romanticism yomculo enezinhlangothi eziningi, lapho imisinga ehlukahlukene ihlangana khona, uma uthi nhlá yabonakala sengathi i-polar.

I-Mendelssohn ihlangana nophiko lwe-German romanticism, olusuka ku-Weber. Isici esimangalisayo nenganekwane ye-Weber, umhlaba opopayi wemvelo, izinkondlo zezinganekwane ezikude nezinganekwane, ezibuyekeziwe futhi zanwetshwa, ezicwebezelayo emculweni ka-Mendelssohn ngamathoni anemibala asanda kutholwa.

Kububanzi obuningi bezindikimba zothando ezithintwe ngu-Mendelssohn, izingqikithi ezihlobene nendawo yenganekwane zithole ukufana komuntu okupheleliswe kakhulu. Akukho lutho olumnyama noma olunedemoni ku-fantasy ka-Mendelssohn. Lezi yizithombe ezigqamile zemvelo, ezizalwa yinganekwane yesintu futhi ezisakazeke ezinganekwaneni eziningi, izinganekwane, noma eziphefumulelwe izinganekwane ezidumile nezomlando, lapho okungokoqobo kanye nenganekwane, okungokoqobo kanye nenganekwane yezinkondlo kuxhumene eduze.

Kusuka emsuka wesintu womfanekiso - umbala ongafihliwe, ukukhanya nomusa, amagama athambile kanye nokundiza komculo "omnandi" ka-Mendelssohn okuvumelana ngakho ngokwemvelo.

Itimu yothando yemvelo ayisondelene kancane futhi ingokwemvelo kulo mculi. Ngokuqhathaniswa akavamile ukuphendukela ekuchazeni kwangaphandle, i-Mendelssohn idlulisela “isimo” esithile sezwe ngamasu amahle kakhulu avezayo, evusa umuzwa wayo ojabulisayo.

U-Mendelssohn, umpetha ovelele wokwakheka kwezingoma, ushiye amakhasi amahle omculo wezithombe emisebenzini efana ne-The Hebrides, Iphupho Lasebusuku LaseMidsummer, I-Scottish Symphony. Kodwa izithombe zemvelo, ifantasy (imvamisa zilukwe ngendlela engenakuhlukaniswa) zigcwele amazwibela athambile. I-Lyricism - into ebaluleke kakhulu yethalente lika-Mendelssohn - imbala wonke umsebenzi wakhe.

Naphezu kokuzibophezela kwakhe kwezobuciko besikhathi esidlule, uMendelssohn uyindodana yobudala bakhe. Isici sezingoma zomhlaba, isici esinezingoma sinqume kusengaphambili isiqondiso sosesho lwakhe lobuciko. Okuhambisana nalo mkhuba ojwayelekile emculweni wezothando ukuthatheka kuka-Mendelssohn njalo ngezinsimbi ezincane. Ngokuphambene nobuciko be-classicism kanye no-Beethoven, owahlakulela izinhlobo zesikhumbuzo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezihambisana nokujwayelekile kwefilosofi yezinqubo zokuphila, kubuciko be-Romantics, okuphambili kunikezwa ingoma, i-instrument encane encane. Ukuze uthwebule i-shades yemizwa ecashile futhi edlulayo, amafomu amancane aphenduka abe yizinto eziphilayo kakhulu.

Ukuxhumana okuqinile nobuciko bansuku zonke bentando yeningi kwaqinisekisa "amandla" ohlobo olusha lobuciko bomculo, kwasiza ukuthuthukisa isiko elithile kulo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, i-lyrical instrumental miniature ithathe isikhundla solunye lwezinhlobo ezihamba phambili. Imelelwe kabanzi emsebenzini we-Weber, Field, futhi ikakhulukazi uSchubert, uhlobo lwezinsimbi ezincane lumile isikhathi eside, luqhubeka nokuba khona futhi luthuthuke ezimeni ezintsha zekhulu lesi-XNUMX. UMendelssohn ulandela ngqo uSchubert. Ama-miniatures amahle ahlangana ne-impromptu ka-Schubert - upiyanoforte Izingoma Ezingenawo Amagama. Lezi zingcezu ziheha ngobuqotho bazo bangempela, ubulula nobuqotho, ukuphelela kwamafomu, umusa oyingqayizivele nekhono.

Incazelo eqondile yomsebenzi kaMendelssohn inikezwa ngu-Anton Grigorievich Rubinshtein: “… uma eqhathaniswa nabanye ababhali abakhulu, yena (Mendelssohn. – VG) wayentula ukujula, ukungathí sina, ubuhle…”, kodwa “…yonke indalo yakhe iyimodeli mayelana nokuphelela kwefomu, ubuciko kanye nokuvumelana… “Izingoma Zakhe Ezingenawo Amagama” ziyigugu ngokwezosha zezingoma kanye nentelezi yepiyano… “Ivayolini Yakhe I-Concerto” ihlukile ngobusha, ubuhle kanye nobuhle obuhle … Le misebenzi (phakathi kwayo i-Rubinstein ehlanganisa Iphupho Lobusuku Baphakathi Nehlobo kanye Nomhume Ka-Fingal. – VG) … bambeke ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu labamele ubuciko bomculo …”

UMendelssohn wabhala inani elikhulu lemisebenzi ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene. Phakathi kwazo kunemisebenzi eminingi yezinhlobo ezinkulu: ama-oratorio, ama-symphonies, ama-concert overtures, i-sonatas, amakhonsathi (upiyano ne-violin), umculo omningi wezinsimbi ohlanganisa i-instrumental: trios, quartets, quintets, octet. Kunezingoma ezingokomoya nezezwe nezinsimbi zomculo, kanye nomculo wemidlalo yeshashalazi. Ukuhlonipha okubalulekile kwakhokhwa ngu-Mendelssohn ohlotsheni oludumile lwe-vocal ensemble; wabhala izingcezu eziningi eziyedwa zezinsimbi zomculo ngamunye (ikakhulukazi zopiyano) nezezwi.

Okubalulekile nokuthakazelisayo kuqukethwe endaweni ngayinye yomsebenzi ka-Mendelssohn, kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinhlobo ezisohlwini. Noma kunjalo, izici ezivamile, eziqinile zomqambi zibonakale ezindaweni ezimbili ezibonakala zingahlangani - emazwini ezingoma ezincane zepiyano kanye nasenganekwaneni yemisebenzi yakhe ye-orchestra.

V. Galatskaya

Umsebenzi we-Mendelssohn ungenye yezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emasikweni aseJalimane ekhulwini le-19. Kanye nomsebenzi wabaculi abanjengoHeine, Schumann, u-Wagner osemusha, kwabonisa ukukhuphuka kobuciko kanye nezinguquko zezenhlalakahle ezenzeka phakathi kwalezi zinguquko ezimbili (1830 kanye ne-1848).

Ukuphila kwamasiko eJalimane, lapho yonke imisebenzi ye-Mendelssohn ixhunywe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa, eminyakeni yama-30s kanye nama-40s yayibonakala ngokuvuselela okukhulu kwamandla entando yeningi. Ukuphikiswa kwemibuthano eqinile, ephikisana ngokungenakuphikiswa kuhulumeni we-absolutist, kwathatha izindlela zezombusazwe ezivuleleke kakhulu futhi kwangena emikhakheni eyahlukene yempilo kamoya yabantu. Ukuthambekela kokumangalelwa kwezenhlalo ezincwadini (uHeine, uBerne, uLenau, uGutskov, u-Immermann) kwabonakala ngokucacile, kwamiswa isikole “sezinkondlo zezombangazwe” (Weert, Herweg, Freiligrat), umcabango wesayensi wachuma, okuhloswe ngawo ukutadisha isiko lesizwe (izifundo ngo umlando wolimi lwesiJalimane, izinganekwane nezincwadi zikaGrimm, uGervinus, uHagen).

Ukuhlelwa kwemikhosi yokuqala yomculo yaseJalimane, ukudlalwa kwama-opera kazwelonke ka-Weber, Spohr, Marschner, u-Wagner osemusha, ukusatshalaliswa kobuntatheli bomculo wezemfundo lapho umzabalazo wobuciko obuqhubekayo wawuqhutshwa khona (iphephandaba likaSchumann eLeipzig, A. Marx's in Berlin) - konke lokhu, kanye namanye amaqiniso amaningi afanayo, akhuluma ngokukhula kokuzicabangela kwezwe. UMendelssohn wayehlala futhi esebenza kulowo moya wokubhikisha nokuvutshelwa kobuhlakani, okwashiya isici esivelele esikweni laseJalimane ngeminyaka yama-30s kanye nama-40s.

Emzabalazweni wokulwa nokuncishana kwendilinga yezithakazelo, ngokumelene nokwehla kwendima yobuciko bemibono, abaculi abaqhubekayo bangaleso sikhathi bakhetha izindlela ezahlukene. UMendelssohn wabona ukuqokwa kwakhe ekuvuselelweni kwezimiso eziphakeme zomculo wakudala.

Engenandaba nezinhlobo zezombangazwe zomzabalazo, ngokunganaki ngamabomu, ngokungafani nabaningi besikhathi sakhe, isikhali sobuntatheli bomculo, uMendelssohn nokho wayengumfundisi-maciko ovelele.

Wonke umsebenzi wakhe osemaceleni amaningi njengomqambi, umqhubi, umdlali wopiyano, umhleli, uthisha wawugcwele imibono yemfundo. Emdwebeni wentando yeningi kaBeethoven, Handel, Bach, Gluck, wabona ukubonakaliswa okuphezulu kakhulu kwesiko elingokomoya futhi walwa ngamandla angapheli ukusungula izimiso zabo empilweni yesimanje yomculo yaseJalimane.

Izifiso zikaMendelssohn eziqhubekayo zanquma uhlobo lomsebenzi wakhe siqu. Ngokumelene nesizinda somculo wemfashini wesisindo esilula wamasaluni onxiwankulu, isiteji esidumile nethiyetha yezokuzijabulisa, imisebenzi kaMendelssohn yakhangwa ubuqotho bayo, ubumsulwa, “ukuhlanzeka kwesitayela” (Tchaikovsky).

Isici esiphawulekayo somculo kaMendelssohn kwaba ukutholakala kwawo kabanzi. Kulokhu, umqambi ubenesikhundla esikhethekile phakathi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe. Ubuciko bukaMendelssohn buhambisana nokuthandwa kobuciko bendawo yentando yeningi ebanzi (ikakhulukazi isiJalimane). Izindikimba zakhe, izithombe nezinhlobo zezinhlobo zazixhumene kakhulu nesiko lesimanje lamaJalimane. Imisebenzi ye-Mendelssohn yabonisa kabanzi izithombe zomlando wezinkondlo kazwelonke, izinkondlo zakamuva zaseRussia nezincwadi. Wathembela ngokuqinile ezinhlotsheni zomculo osekuyisikhathi eside zikhona endaweni yentando yeningi yaseJalimane.

Imisebenzi emikhulu yamakhwaya kaMendelssohn ixhumene ngokwendalo namasiko esizwe asendulo angabuyeli nje kuBeethoven, Mozart, Haydn, kodwa ngisho nangaphezulu, ekujuleni komlando - kuBach, Handel (kanye noSchutz imbala). Inhlangano yesimanje, ethandwa kakhulu "leaderthafel" ayizange ibonakale kuphela kumakhwaya amaningi e-Mendelssohn, kodwa nasezingomeni eziningi zezinsimbi, ikakhulukazi, ezingomeni ezidumile "Izingoma ezingenazo Inkazimulo". Wayekhangwa njalo izinhlobo zansuku zonke zomculo wasemadolobheni waseJalimane - ezothando, i-chamber ensemble, izinhlobo ezahlukene zomculo wepiyano wasekhaya. Isitayela sesici sezinhlobo zansuku zonke zesimanje saze sangena emisebenzini yomqambi, ebhalwe ngendlela ye-monumental-classicist.

Ekugcineni, uMendelssohn wabonisa isithakazelo esikhulu engomeni yesintu. Emisebenzini eminingi, ikakhulukazi kwezothando, wayefuna ukusondela ekukhulumeni kwezinganekwane zaseJalimane.

Ukunamathela kukaMendelssohn emasikweni e-classicist kwamlethela izihlamba ze-conservatism ezivela ohlangothini lwabaqambi abancane abanamandla. Ngaleso sikhathi, uMendelssohn wayekude kakhulu nalawo ma-epigones amaningi okwathi, ngaphansi kwesicathulo sokwethembeka kuma-classics, asakaza umculo ngokuhlaziya kabusha okumaphakathi kwemisebenzi yenkathi edlule.

UMendelssohn akazange alingise ezakudala, wazama ukuvuselela izimiso zabo ezisebenzayo nezithuthukile. Umculi wezingoma ezihamba phambili, uMendelssohn udale izithombe zothando ngokuvamile emisebenzini yakhe. Nazi “izikhathi zomculo”, ezibonisa isimo sezwe langaphakathi lomdwebi, nezithombe ezicashile, ezingokomoya zemvelo nempilo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, emculweni we-Mendelssohn azikho izinsalela ze-mysticism, i-nebula, okuyisici sokusabela kwe-romanticism yaseJalimane. Ngobuciko be-Mendelssohn yonke into icacile, inengqondo, ibalulekile.

“Yonke indawo lapho unyathela khona emhlabathini oqinile, emhlabathini ochumayo waseJalimane,” kusho uSchumann ngomculo kaMendelssohn. Kukhona futhi okuthile kwe-Mozartian ekubukeni kwakhe okuhle, okusobala.

Isitayela somculo sikaMendelssohn singumuntu ngamunye. Iculo elicacile elihlotshaniswa nesitayela sengoma yansuku zonke, uhlobo nezakhi zomdanso, ukuthambekela kokugqugquzela intuthuko, futhi ekugcineni, amafomu alinganiselayo, aphucuziwe asondeza umculo kaMendelssohn kubuciko bakudala baseJalimane. Kodwa indlela yokucabanga ye-classicist ihlanganiswe emsebenzini wakhe nezici zothando. Ulimi lwakhe lwe-harmonic kanye nezinsimbi zibonakala ngokukhula kwesithakazelo kumbala. I-Mendelssohn isondelene kakhulu nezinhlobo zegumbi ezijwayelekile zama-romantics aseJalimane. Ucabanga ngemisindo yepiyano entsha, i-orchestra entsha.

Nakho konke ukujula komculo wakhe, izikhulu, kanye nemvelo yentando yeningi, uMendelssohn akazange afinyelele ukujula kokudala namandla isici sabanduleli bakhe abakhulu. Imvelo yonxiwankulu abancane, alwa nayo, yashiya isithombe esibonakalayo emsebenzini wakhe. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, ayinalo intshiseko, ubuqhawe bangempela, ayinakho ukujula kwefilosofi nengokwengqondo, futhi kukhona ukuntuleka okuphawulekayo kokungqubuzana okuphawulekayo. Isithombe seqhawe lesimanje, ngokuphila kwakhe kwengqondo nemizwa eyinkimbinkimbi, akuzange kuboniswe emisebenzini yomqambi. I-Mendelssohn ngaphezu kwakho konke ijwayele ukubonisa izinhlangothi ezikhanyayo zempilo. Umculo wakhe ugcwele ubuhle, uzwela, nokudlala okungenandaba kwentsha.

Kodwa ngokumelene nesizinda senkathi eshubile, ephikisanayo eyacebisa ubuciko ngothando oluvukelayo luka-Byron, Berlioz, Schumann, isimo esizolile somculo kaMendelssohn sikhuluma ngomkhawulo othile. Umqambi akabonisanga kuphela amandla, kodwa futhi ubuthakathaka bendawo yakhe yezenhlalo-mlando. Lokhu okubili kwanquma kusengaphambili isiphetho esingavamile sefa lakhe lokudala.

Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe futhi isikhathi esithile ngemva kokufa kwakhe, umbono womphakathi wawuthambekele ekuhloleni umqambi njengomculi obaluleke kakhulu wenkathi ye-post-Beethoven. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leminyaka, isimo sengqondo sokudelela ifa likaMendelssohn savela. Lokhu kwenziwe lula kakhulu ama-epigones akhe, emisebenzini yawo izici zasendulo zomculo ka-Mendelssohn ziwohloke zaba yimfundo ephakeme, kanye nokuqukethwe kwayo kwezingoma, kudonsela ekuzweleni, kwaba yimizwa engagwegwesi.

Noma kunjalo, phakathi kweMendelssohn ne "Mendelssohnism" umuntu akakwazi ukubeka uphawu olulinganayo, nakuba umuntu engakwazi ukuphika ukulinganiselwa okungokomzwelo okwaziwayo kobuciko bakhe. Ukujula komqondo, ukuphelela kwefomu eliphelele nobusha nobusha bezindlela zobuciko - konke lokhu kwenza umsebenzi kaMendelssohn uhlobane nemisebenzi engene ngokuqinile nangokujulile empilweni yabantu baseJalimane, esikweni labo lezwe.

V. Konen

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