Isikhathi |

Isikhathi (kusukela esiGrekini. periodos - bypass, circulation, indilinga ethile yesikhathi) - ifomu elilula lokuqamba, eliyingxenye yamafomu amakhulu noma analo. incazelo. Umsebenzi we-Main P. uwukuvezwa komculo oqedwe ngokuqhathaniswa. imicabango (izindikimba) ekukhiqizeni. i-homophonic warehouse. Hlangana no-P. dec. izakhiwo. Omunye wabo angachazwa ngokuthi oyinhloko, ojwayelekile. Lena i-P., lapho kuvela khona ukuhambisana kwemisho emibili eyakhayo. Ziqala ngokufanayo (noma ezifanayo) kodwa ziphetha ngezindlela ezahlukene. i-cadence, iphelele kancane emshweni wokuqala futhi iphelele kakhulu emshweni wesibili. Isilinganiso esivame kakhulu sama-cadence siyingxenye futhi sigcwele. Isiphetho sokuvumelana okuvelele ekupheleni komusho wokuqala sihambisana nesiphetho se-tonic ekupheleni kwesibili (kanye nesikhathi sisonke). Kukhona isilinganiso se-harmonic seqiniso elilula kakhulu. ukulandelana, okufaka isandla kubuqotho besakhiwo se-P. Okunye ukulinganiswa kwama-cadence nakho kuyenzeka: ukungapheleli okuphelele - okuphelele okuphelele, njll. Njengokuhlukile, isilinganiso sama-cadence singahlehliswa (isibonelo, okuphelele - okungaphelele noma okugcwele - okungaphelele ). Kukhona ama-P. futhi ane-cadence efanayo. Enye yezinketho ezivame kakhulu ze-harmonica. Izakhiwo zika-P. – ukuguquguquka kwezwi emushweni wesibili, ezikhathini eziningi kubhekiselwe ohlangothini oluphambili. Lokhu dynamizes ifomu P.; i-modulating P. isetshenziswa ngokukhethekile njengengxenye yamafomu amakhulu.

I-Metric nayo idlala indima ebalulekile. isisekelo se-P. Okujwayelekile kwabaningi (kodwa hhayi bonke) izitayela nezinhlobo zomculo waseYurophu uyisikwele, lapho inani lamabha ku-P. futhi emshweni ngamunye lilingana namandla angu-2 (4, 8, 16, 32) ). I-Squareness ivela ngenxa yokushintsha njalo kwezigqi ezilula nezisindayo (noma, ngokuphambene, ezinzima futhi zilula). Imigoqo emibili iqoqwa kabili ngamabili abe yimigoqo emine, imigoqo emine ibe imigoqo eyisishiyagalombili, njalo njalo.

Ngokulingana nokuchazwe, nezinye izakhiwo nazo ziyasetshenziswa. Zakha u-P. uma zenza umsebenzi ofanayo nomkhulu. uhlobo, futhi ukuhluka kwesakhiwo akudluli isilinganiso esithile, kuye ngohlobo nesitayela somculo. Izici ezichazayo zalezi zinhlobonhlobo wuhlobo lokusetshenziswa kweminyuziyamu. impahla, kanye nemethrikhi. kanye ne-harmonic. isakhiwo. Isibonelo, umusho wesibili ungase ungawuphindi owokuqala, kodwa uqhubeke, okungukuthi, ube musha emculweni. impahla. U-P. onjalo wabiza. P. yesakhiwo esingaphindiwe noma esisodwa. Imisho emibili eyehlukene nayo ihlanganiswa kuyo ngokuhlanganisa ama-cadence. Nokho, uP. wesakhiwo esisodwa angeke ahlukaniswe abe umusho, okungukuthi, ahlanganiswe. Kulokhu, isimiso esibaluleke kakhulu sesakhiwo se-P. siphulwa. Futhi nokho ukwakhiwa kuhlala ku-P., uma kubeka incazelo. impahla enesihloko futhi ithatha indawo efanayo ngesimo sayo yonke njenge-normative P. Ekugcineni, kukhona u-P., ohlanganisa imisho emithathu ehluke kakhulu. isilinganiso setimu. impahla (a1 a2 a3; ab1b2; abc, njll.).

Ukuchezuka ohlotsheni oluyinhloko P. kungase futhi kusebenze kumethrikhi. izakhiwo. I-symmetry yemisho emibili eyisikwele ingahlukaniswa ngokwandisa owesibili. Yile ndlela i-P. enwetshiwe evamile kakhulu ephakama ngayo (4 + 5; 4 + 6; 4 + 7, njll.). Isifinyezo somusho wesibili akuvamile. Kukhona futhi izikwele, lapho okungezona isikwele kuvela khona hhayi ngenxa yokunqoba isikwele sokuqala, kodwa ngokwayo, njengempahla engokwemvelo kulo mculo. I-P. enjalo engeyona isikwele ijwayelekile, ikakhulukazi, ngesiRashiya. umculo. Isilinganiso senani lemijikelezo kuleli cala singahluka (5 + 5; 5 + 7; 7 + 9, njll.). Ekupheleni kukaP., ngemva kokuphetha. i-cadence, isengezo singavela - ukwakhiwa noma uchungechunge lwezakhiwo, ngokusho kwama-muses ayo. okusho okuhambisana no-P., kodwa engenakho ukuzimela. inani.

I-P. ivame ukuphindwa, ngezinye izikhathi ngenani lezinguquko zombhalo. Uma, nokho, izinguquko ngesikhathi sokuphindaphinda zethula okuthile okubalulekile ohlelweni lwe-harmonic lwe-P., ngenxa yalokho luphetha nge-cadence ehlukile noma ngokhiye ohlukile, khona-ke akuyona i-P. kanye nokuphindaphinda kwayo okuhlukile okuvelayo, kodwa isakhiwo esisodwa se-complex P. Imisho emibili eyinkimbinkimbi ye-complex P. imibili yangaphambili elula engu-P.

P. yavela eYurophu. uphrof. umculo ngesikhathi semvelaphi ye-homophonic arehouse, eyathatha indawo ye-polyphonic (ikhulu le-16-17). Indima ebalulekile ekubunjweni kwayo yadlalwa uNar. nemidanso yasekhaya. kanye nengoma nomdanso. izinhlobo. Ngakho-ke ukuthambekela ekubhekeni kwesikwele, okuyisisekelo semidanso. umculo. Lokhu kuphinde kwathinta imininingwane kazwelonke yomculo othi-va Western-Europe. amazwe - kuwo., Austrian, Italian, French. nar. ingoma ibuye ibuswe ubukwele. Ku-Russian ingoma ekhishiwe ayinasici sokulingana nesikwele. Ngakho-ke, i-organic non-squareness isabalele ngesiRashiya. umculo (MP Mussorgsky, SV Rachmaninov).

P. ku-prof. instr. umculo ezimweni eziningi umelela ingxenye yokuqala yefomu elikhulu - izingxenye ezimbili noma ezintathu ezilula. Kuqala kuphela ngo-F. Chopin (Preludes, op. 25) lapho iba uhlobo lokukhiqiza oluzimele. Wok. umculo P. uzuze indawo eqinile njengendlela yevesi engomeni. Kukhona nezingoma ezingezona ezezithandani nezothando ezibhalwe ngendlela ye-P. (zothando luka-SV Rachmaninov “Kuhle Lapha”).

References: Catuar G., Ifomu lomculo, ingxenye 1, M., 1934, o. 68; Sposobin I., Ifomu lomculo, M.-L., 1947; M., 1972, p. 56-94; Skrebkov S., Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yomculo, M., 1958, p. 49; UMazel L., Isakhiwo semisebenzi yomculo, M., 1960, p. 115; I-Reuterstein M., Amafomu omculo. Ingxenye eyodwa, izingxenye ezimbili nezingxenye ezintathu, M., 1961; Ifomu Lomculo, ed. Yu. Tyulina, M., 1965 p. 52, 110; Mazel L., Zukkerman V., Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yomculo, M., 1967, p. 493; Bobrovsky V., Ngokuhlukahluka kwemisebenzi yefomu lomculo, M., 1970, p. 81; I-Prout E., Ifomu Lomculo, L., 1893 Ratner LG Einghteenth century theory of musical period structure, “MQ”, 1900, v. 17, no 31.

VP Bobrovsky