UKhesari Antonovich Cui |
Cesar Kuyi
Cui. Bolero "O, sithandwa sami, othandekayo" (A. Nezhdanova)
Ngokukhanya kwe-romance Universalism "nesiko lokuzizwa", akuwona wonke amaculo asekuqaleni kaCui anezindikimba nezinkondlo zothando ne-opera eziqondakalayo; Kuyaqondakala futhi ukuthi abangani abancane bakaCui (kuhlanganise no-Rimsky-Korsakov) bahlatshwa umxhwele ingoma ka-Ratcliffe evuthayo. B. Asafiev
U-C. Cui ungumqambi waseRussia, ilungu lomphakathi waseBalakirev, umhlaziyi womculo, u-propagandist osebenzayo wemibono nokudala kwe-Mighty Handful, usosayensi ovelele emkhakheni wokuqinisa, unjiniyela-jikelele. Kuzo zonke izigaba zomsebenzi wakhe, wazuza impumelelo enkulu, waba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isiko lomculo wasekhaya kanye nesayensi yezempi. Ifa lomculo likaCui libanzi kakhulu futhi liyahlukahluka: ama-opera angu-14 (oku-4 kuwo awezingane), amakhulu amaningana ezothando, i-orchestral, ikwaya, imisebenzi ehlangene, nezingoma zopiyano. Ungumbhali wemisebenzi ebucayi yomculo engaphezu kuka-700.
UCui wazalelwa edolobheni laseLithuania iVilna emndenini wothisha wendawo wokuzivocavoca, ongowokuzalwa eFrance. Umfana wakhombisa intshisekelo yokuqala emculweni. Wathola izifundo zakhe zokuqala zopiyano kudadewabo omdala, wabe esefunda nothisha abazimele isikhathi esithile. Lapho eneminyaka engu-14, waqamba ingoma yakhe yokuqala - i-mazurka, yabe isilandelwa ama-nocturnes, izingoma, ama-mazurkas, ezothando ngaphandle kwamagama, ngisho nethi "Overture noma into enjalo." Engaphelele futhi engenangqondo yobuntwana, lawa ma-opus okuqala nokho anesithakazelo komunye wothisha bakaCui, owawabonisa uS. Moniuszko, owayehlala ngaleso sikhathi eVilna. Umqambi ovelele wasePoland wabonga ngokushesha ithalenta lomfana futhi, ekwazi isimo sezezimali esingenakuqhathaniswa somndeni wakwaCui, waqala ukufunda i-theory yomculo kanye ne-counterpoint yokuqamba naye mahhala. UCui wafunda noMoniuszko izinyanga ezingu-7 kuphela, kodwa izifundo zomculi omkhulu, ubuntu bakhe, zakhunjulwa impilo yonke. La makilasi, kanye nokufunda endaweni yokuzivocavoca, kwaphazamiseka ngenxa yokusuka eSt. Petersburg ukuze ayongena esikhungweni semfundo yezempi.
Ngo-1851-55. UCui wafunda eSikoleni Sobunjiniyela Esiyinhloko. Kwakungekho mbuzo ngezifundo zomculo ezihlelekile, kodwa kwakunezingoma eziningi ezizwakalayo, ikakhulukazi kusukela ekuvakasheni kwamasonto onke ku-opera, futhi ngemuva kwalokho bahlinzeka ngokudla okucebile ukuze kwakhiwe uCui njengomqambi nomgxeki. Ngo-1856, uCui wahlangana noM. Balakirev, owabeka isisekelo seSikole Somculo SaseRussia Esisha. Ngemva kwesikhashana, wasondelana A. Dargomyzhsky futhi kafushane A. Serov. Iqhubeka ngo-1855-57. imfundo yakhe e-Nikolaev Military Engineering Academy, ngaphansi kwethonya likaBalakirev, uCui wanikela isikhathi esiningi nomzamo wokusungula umculo. Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni, uCui washiywa esikoleni njengomfundisi we-Topography kanye nokukhiqizwa "esivivinyweni sokuphumelela okuhle kakhulu kwisayensi kuma-lieutenants." Umsebenzi onzima wokufundisa nesayensi weCui waqala, odinga umsebenzi omkhulu nomzamo ovela kuye futhi uqhubeke cishe kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe. Eminyakeni yokuqala engu-20 yenkonzo yakhe, uCui wahamba esuka ku-ensign to colonel (1875), kodwa umsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa wawulinganiselwe kuphela emabangeni aphansi esikole. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi iziphathimandla zezempi azikwazanga ukuhambisana nombono wethuba lokuba isikhulu sihlanganise imisebenzi yesayensi neyokufundisa, yokuqamba kanye nemisebenzi ebucayi ngempumelelo elinganayo. Kodwa-ke, ukushicilelwa ku-Engineering Journal (1878) kwesihloko esihle kakhulu esithi "Amanothi Okuvakasha Omsebenzi Wonjiniyela Ethiyetha Yokusebenza e-European Turkey" kubeka uCui phakathi kochwepheshe abavelele emkhakheni wokuqinisa. Ngokushesha waba uprofesa esikoleni futhi wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba ngumphathi omkhulu. UCui ungumbhali wemisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile yokuqinisa, izincwadi zokufunda, ngokusho ukuthi cishe iningi lezikhulu zebutho laseRussia lafunda khona. Kamuva, wafinyelela isikhundla unjiniyela-jikelele (ihambisana nesikhundla yesimanje wezempi Colonel-jikelele), futhi wahlanganyela emsebenzini wokufundisa e-Mikhailovskaya Artillery Academy kanye Academy of the General Staff. Ngo-1858, uCui's 3 kwezothando, op. 3 (esiteshini sika-V. Krylov), ngesikhathi esifanayo wagcwalisa i-opera Prisoner yaseCaucasus kuhlelo lokuqala. Ngo-1859, uCui wabhala i-opera yamahlaya ethi The Son of the Mandarin, ehloselwe ukudlala ekhaya. Esikhathini sokuqala, uM. Mussorgsky wenza njenge-mandarin, umbhali wahambisana nepiyano, futhi ukuguqulwa kwenziwa nguCui noBalakirev ezandleni ze-4. Kuzodlula iminyaka eminingi, futhi le misebenzi izoba yimidlalo edlalwa kakhulu kaCui.
Ngama-60s. UCui wasebenza ku-opera ethi “William Ratcliff” (eyabhalwa ngo-1869 esiteji se-Mariinsky Theatre), eyayisekelwe enkondlweni yegama elifanayo kaG. Heine. “Ngiye ngayeka kulesi sakhiwo ngoba ngithanda imvelo yaso emangalisayo, umlingiswa ongapheli, kodwa onothando, onethonya elibulalayo leqhawe uqobo, ngalithakasela ithalente likaHeine kanye nenguqulo enhle kakhulu ka-A. Pleshcheev (ivesi elihle lalihlala lingithakazelisa futhi linesihumusho esihle kakhulu). ithonya elingangabazeki emculweni wami) “. Ukwakhiwa kwe-opera kuphenduke uhlobo lwelabhorethri yokudala, lapho izimo zengqondo nezobuciko zamaBalakirevians zahlolwa umkhuba womqambi ophilayo, futhi bona ngokwabo bafunda ukubhala kwe-opera kusukela kokuhlangenwe nakho kukaCui. UMussorgsky wabhala: “Yebo, yebo, izinto ezinhle zihlale zikwenza ubukeke futhi ulinde, futhi u-Ratcliff ungaphezu kwento enhle ... U-Ratcliff akuyona eyakho kuphela, kodwa futhi neyethu. Waphuma esibelethweni sakho sobuciko phambi kwamehlo ethu futhi akazange nakanye athengise lokho esikulindele. … Yilokhu okuxakayo: “I-Ratcliff” ka-Heine iyinsika, “i-Ratcliff” ingeyakho – uhlobo lwentshiseko ephithizelayo futhi ephilayo kangangokuthi ngenxa yomculo wakho izingqimba azibonakali – ziyaphuphuthekisa. Isici esiyisici se-opera inhlanganisela eyinqaba yezimpawu ezingokoqobo nezothando kubalingiswa bamaqhawe, okwakuvele kunqunywe kusengaphambili umthombo wombhalo.
Ukuthambekela kwezothando akubonakali kuphela ekukhethweni kwesakhiwo, kodwa nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-orchestra nokuvumelana. Umculo weziqephu eziningi uhlukaniswa ngobuhle, ukuvezwa kwe-melodic kanye ne-harmonic. Ama-recitatives agcwele e-Ratcliff anothe ngokwetimu futhi ahlukahlukene ngombala. Esinye sezici ezibalulekile ze-opera ukuphindaphinda komculo okuthuthukiswe kahle. Ukushiyeka kwe-opera kufaka phakathi ukuntuleka kokuthuthukiswa komculo okubanzi kanye nendikimba, i-kaleidoscopicity ethile yemininingwane ecashile ngokomhlobiso wobuciko. Akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuba umqambi ahlanganise izinto zomculo ezimangalisayo zibe yiqoqo elilodwa.
Ngo-1876, i-Mariinsky Theatre yasingatha umboniso wokuqala womsebenzi omusha kaCui, i-opera Angelo esekelwe esakhiweni sedrama ka-V. Hugo (isenzo senzeka ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX e-Italy). UCui waqala ukuyidala lapho eseyiciko elivuthiwe. Ithalente lakhe njengomqambi lathuthukiswa futhi laqiniswa, ikhono lakhe lobuchwepheshe lenyuka kakhulu. Umculo ka-Angelo umakwe ngokukhuthazeka okukhulu nothando. Izinhlamvu ezidaliwe ziqinile, zicacile, azikhumbuleki. UCui wakha ngekhono idramaturgy yomculo we-opera, kancane kancane eqinisa ukushuba okwenzeka esiteji kusukela esenzweni kuya esenzweni ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zobuciko. Usebenzisa ngobuchule amazwi okuphindaphinda, acebile ekukhulumeni futhi acebile ekuthuthukisweni kwezihloko.
Ohlotsheni lwe-opera, uCui udale umculo omningi omangalisayo, izimpumelelo eziphakeme kakhulu kwaba "uWilliam Ratcliffe" kanye "no-Angelo". Kodwa-ke, kulapha impela lapho, ngaphandle kokutholwa okuhle nokuqondisisa, izitayela ezithile ezingezinhle nazo zavela, ngokuyinhloko umehluko phakathi kwesilinganiso semisebenzi ebekiwe kanye nokuqaliswa kwayo okungokoqobo.
Umculi wezingoma omangalisayo, okwazi ukuhlanganisa imizwa ephakeme kakhulu nejulile emculweni, yena, njengeciko, wazibonakalisa kakhulu emculweni futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kwezothando. Kulolu hlobo lomculo, i-Cui izuze ukuvumelana kwakudala nokuvumelana. Izinkondlo zangempela nogqozi zimake ezothando nemijikelezo yezwi njengokuthi "amahabhu e-Aeolian", "Meniscus", "Incwadi eshisiwe", "Igqokwe ngosizi", izithombe zomculo eziyi-13, izinkondlo ezingama-20 zikaRishpen, izingoma ezi-4 zikaMickiewicz, izinkondlo ezingama-25 zikaPushkin, Izinkondlo ezingu-21 zikaNekrasov, izinkondlo ezingu-18 zika-AK Tolstoy nabanye.
Inqwaba yemisebenzi ebalulekile yadalwa nguCui emkhakheni womculo wezinsimbi, ikakhulukazi i-suite yepiyano "In Argento" (enikezelwe kuL. Mercy-Argento, umsakazi womculo waseRussia phesheya, umbhali we-monograph ngomsebenzi kaCui. ), ama-piano preludes angu-25, i-violin suite "Kaleidoscope" nokunye. Kusukela ngo-1864 futhi cishe kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe, uCui waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe obalulekile womculo. Izihloko zezinkulumo zakhe zamaphephandaba zihluke kakhulu. Wabukeza amakhonsathi nemidlalo ye-opera yaseSt. Petersburg ngokungaguquki, wenza uhlobo oluthile lomlando womculo waseSt. Petersburg, wahlaziya umsebenzi wabaqambi baseRussia nabakwamanye amazwe, kanye nobuciko babadlali. Izihloko nokubuyekezwa kwe-Cui (ikakhulukazi kuma-60s) ngokwezinga elikhulu libonise isiteji semibono yombuthano we-Balakirev.
Omunye wabagxeki bokuqala baseRussia, uCui waqala ukukhuthaza njalo umculo waseRussia emaphephandabeni angaphandle. Encwadini ethi “Music in Russia”, eyanyatheliswa eParis ngesiFulentshi, uCui wagomela ngokubaluleka komhlaba wonke komsebenzi kaGlinka – omunye “wezingcweti zomculo ezinkulu kakhulu kuwo wonke amazwe nangazo zonke izikhathi.” Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, uCui, njengomgxeki, waba nokubekezelela ukunyakaza kwezobuciko okungahlotshaniswa ne-Mighty Handful, eyayihlotshaniswa nezinguquko ezithile ekubukeni kwakhe komhlaba, ngokuzimela okukhulu kwezahlulelo ezibucayi kunangaphambili. Ngakho, ngo-1888, wabhalela u-Balakirev: “… Lona umuzwa owanelisayo wenkululeko ephelele yokuziphatha. Ngingaba nephutha ekwahluleleni kwami komculo, futhi lokhu kuyangikhathaza kancane, uma nje ubuqotho bami bunganqotshwa noma yimaphi amathonya angaphandle angahlangene nhlobo nomculo.
Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe isikhathi eside, uCui waphila, njengokungathi, izimpilo ezimbalwa, enza okuningi kakhulu kuzo zonke izinkundla azikhethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayehileleke ekuhlanganiseni, ukugxeka, ezempi-pedagogical, imisebenzi yesayensi nezenhlalo ngesikhathi esifanayo! Ukusebenza okumangalisayo, okuphindwe ngethalenta elivelele, ukukholelwa okujulile ekunembeni kwemibono eyakhiwe ebusheni bakhe kuwubufakazi obungenakuphikwa bobuntu obukhulu nobuvelele bukaCui.
A. Nazarov
