U-Ernst Krenek (Ernst Krenek) |

U-Ernst Krenek

Ngo-Agasti 23, 2000, umphakathi womculo wagubha iminyaka eyikhulu kwazalwa omunye wabaqambi bokuqala, u-Ernst Krenek, umsebenzi wakhe osahlolwa ngokungaqondakali ngabagxeki nabalaleli. U-Ernst Krenek, umqambi we-Austro-American, wayengum-Austrian onegazi eligcwele naphezu kwesibongo sakhe sesiSlavic. Ngo-1916 waba umfundi kaFranz Schreker, umqambi omisebenzi yakhe yayinemizwa evusa inkanuko ngokweqile futhi eyayidume ngezinto ezintsha (zomculo). Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Schreker wafundisa ukuqamba e-Vienna Academy of Music. Umsebenzi wokuqala kaKrenek (kusukela ngo-1916 kuya ku-1920) umveza njengomqambi efuna isitayela sakhe esiyingqayizivele. Unaka kakhulu i-counterpoint.

Ngo-1920, uSchreker waba umqondisi we-Academy of Music eBerlin, futhi uKrenek osemusha waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe lapha. Umqambi wenza abangani, okuhlanganisa namagama adumile njengoFerruccio Busoni, u-Eduard Erdman, u-Artur Schnabel. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi i-Krenek ithole ukukhushulwa okuthile kokukhona kakade, ngenxa ye-Schreker, imibono yomculo. Ngo-1923, Krenek wayeka ukusebenzisana Schreker.

Inkathi yokuqala yaseBerlin yomsebenzi womqambi yayibizwa ngokuthi "i-atonal", yaphawulwa ngemisebenzi emangalisayo, kuhlanganise nama-symphonies amathathu acacile (op. 7, 12, 16), kanye ne-opera yakhe yokuqala, ebhalwe ohlotsheni lwe-comic opera. "I-Shadow Jump" . Lo msebenzi wadalwa ngo-1923 futhi uhlanganisa izici ze-jazz yesimanje nomculo we-athonal. Mhlawumbe lesi sikhathi singabizwa ngokuthi isiqalo somsebenzi kaKrenek.

Ngawo lowo 1923, uKrenek ushada nendodakazi kaGustav Mahler, u-Anna. Umbono wakhe ovusa inkanuko uyakhula, kodwa emculweni ulandela indlela yemibono emisha engabonakali, engaguquki. Umqambi uyawuthanda umculo kaBartok noHindemith, ethuthukisa eyakhe isu. Umculo we-maestro ugcwele izisusa zesimanjemanje, futhi, okokuqala, lokhu kusebenza ku-opera. Izama uhlobo lwe-opera, i-Krenek iyigcwalisa ngezinto ezingezona izici zamamodeli asendulo.

Isikhathi esisuka ku-1925 kuya ku-1927 saphawulwa ukuthuthela kukaKrenek eKassel wabe eseya e-Weisbaden, lapho afunda khona izisekelo zedramaturgy yomculo. Ngokushesha umqambi wahlangana noPaul Becker, umbhidisi owayedlala ezindlini eziphambili ze-opera. U-Becker ukhombisa intshisekelo emsebenzini ka-Krenek futhi uyamgqugquzela ukuthi abhale enye i-opera. Yile ndlela u-Orpheus no-Eurydice avela ngayo. Umbhali we-libretto ngu-Oskar Kokoschka, umdwebi ovelele kanye nembongi eyabhala umbhalo ozwakalayo kakhulu. Umsebenzi ugcwele amaphuzu amaningi abuthakathaka, nokho, njenge-opera yangaphambilini, wenziwa ngendlela engavamile, ngokungafani nendlela yomunye umuntu, egcwele inkulumo nokungabekezeleli komqambi nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwemvume egameni lokuduma okushibhile. Lapha futhi egoism enempilo, futhi itulo amadlingozi, kanye nesizinda zenkolo nezombusazwe. Konke lokhu kwenza sikwazi ukukhuluma ngoKrenek njengomuntu ogqamile.

Ngesikhathi ehlala e-Weisbaden, u-Krenek uqamba enye yezingoma zakhe ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo i-opera ephikisanayo "U-Johnny uyadlala“. I-libretto nayo ibhalwe ngumqambi. Ekukhiqizeni, i-Krenek isebenzisa izimpumelelo zobuchwepheshe ezimangalisa kakhulu (ifoni engenazintambo kanye nesitimela sangempela (!)). Umlingisi oyinhloko we-opera ungumculi we-jazz we-Negro. I-opera yadlalwa e-Leipzig ngo-February 11, 1927 futhi yamukelwa ngentshiseko ngumphakathi, ukusabela okufanayo kwakulindelwe i-opera kwezinye izindlu ze-opera, lapho yenziwa khona kamuva, futhi lokhu kuyizigaba ezingaphezu kwe-100 ezihlukene, kuhlanganise ne-Maly Opera ne-Ballet. Ithiyetha eLeningrad (1928, ibhalwe ngu-S. Samosud). Kodwa-ke, abagxeki abazange bayazise i-opera ngokufaneleka kwayo kwangempela, bebona kuyo isizinda senhlalo nesokubhuqa. Umsebenzi usuhunyushelwe ezilimini ezingu-18. Impumelelo ye-opera yashintsha kakhulu impilo ye-maestro. UKrenek ushiya u-Weisbaden, udivosa u-Anna Mahler futhi ushada nomlingisi uBertha Hermann. Kusukela ngo-1928, umqambi ubelokhu ehlala eVienna, ehambela i-Europe njengoba ehambisana nemisebenzi yakhe. Ezama ukuphinda impumelelo ka "Johnny", wabhala 3 opera ezombusazwe satirical, ngaphezu kwalokho, i-opera enkulu "The Life of Orestes" (1930). Yonke le misebenzi ihlaba umxhwele ngekhwalithi enhle ye-orchestration. Ngokushesha umjikelezo wezingoma uvela (ikhasi 62), okuyinto, ngokusho kwabagxeki abaningi, kwakungeyona into engaphezu kwe-analogue ye-"Winterreise" kaSchubert.

E-Vienna, u-Krenek uphinde athathe indlela yokucabanga kabusha ngemibono yakhe yomculo.

Ngaleso sikhathi, isimo sabalandeli bakaSchoenberg sasibusa lapha, abadume kakhulu kubo: UBerg noWebern, owaziwa ngokuxhumana no-satirist waseViennese uKarl Kraus, owayenendilinga enkulu yabangane abanethonya.

Ngemva kokucabanga okuthile, uKrenek unquma ukufunda izimiso zenqubo kaSchoenberg. Isingeniso sakhe sesitayela se-dodecaphone savezwa ekudaleni okuhlukile endikimbeni ye-orchestra (op. 69), kanye nomjikelezo wengoma owakhiwe kahle, ophawulekayo "Durch die Nacht" (ikhasi 67) emazwini ka-Kraus. . Naphezu kwempumelelo yakhe kulo mkhakha, uKrenek ukholelwa ukuthi ubizo lwakhe i-opera. Unquma ukwenza izinguquko ku-opera i-Orestes futhi ayibonise umphakathi. Leli cebo lafezeka, kodwa uKrenek wadumala, izethameli zabingelela i-opera ngendlela ebandayo kakhulu. U-Krenek uyaqhubeka nokutadisha ngokucophelela indlela yokuqamba, ngemuva kwalokho uchaza lokho akufundile emsebenzini omuhle kakhulu othi "Uber neue musik" (Vienna, 1937). Empeleni, usebenzisa le nqubo ku-"Ukudlala Ngomculo" (i-opera "Charles V"). Lo msebenzi wenziwa eJalimane kusukela ngo-1930 kuya ku-1933. Okuphawuleka kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kuka-1938 ePrague okwenziwa nguKarl Renkl. Kule drama yomculo emnandi, u-Krenek uhlanganisa i-pantomime, ifilimu, i-opera nezinkumbulo zakhe. I-libretto eyabhalwa umqambi igcwele ukushisekela izwe lase-Austria kanye nezinkolelo zamaRoma Katolika. U-Krenek uya ngokuya ebhekisela endimeni yesizwe emisebenzini yakhe, echazwa kabi ngabagxeki abaningi bangaleso sikhathi. Ukungavumelani ne-censorship kwaphoqa umqambi ukuba ahambe eVienna, futhi ngo-1937 umqambi wathuthela e-United States. Ngemva kokuzinza lapho, u-Krenek wasebenza isikhathi esithile ekubhaleni, ekuqambeni nasekufundiseni. Ngo-1939 uKrenek wafundisa ukuqamba eVassar College (eNew York). Ngo-1942 washiya lesi sikhundla futhi waba yinhloko yoMnyango Wesikole Sobuciko Somculo eMinnesota, ngemva kuka-1947 wathuthela eCalifornia. NgoJanuwari 1945, waba yisakhamuzi saseMelika esisemthethweni.

Ngesikhathi ehlala e-United States kusukela ngo-1938 kuya ku-1948, umqambi wabhala okungenani imisebenzi engu-30, kuhlanganise nama-opera e-chamber, ama-ballet, ama-choir, nama-symphonies (4 no-5). Le misebenzi isekelwe kwisitayela esiqinile se-dodecaphonic, kuyilapho eminye imisebenzi ibhalwa ngamabomu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa inqubo ye-dodecaphonic. Kusukela ngo-1937, uKrenek wachaza imibono yakhe ngochungechunge lwamapheshana.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-50s, ama-opera asekuqaleni ka-Krenek ahlelwe ngempumelelo ezitejini zetiyetha e-Austria naseJalimane. Eyesibili, okuthiwa inkathi “ye-atonality yamahhala” yavezwa ku-quartet yentambo yokuqala (op. 6), kanye ne-symphony yokuqala eyisikhumbuzo (op. 7), kuyilapho umvuthwandaba wobuhle, mhlawumbe, ungacatshangelwa. i-symphonies yesi-2 neyesi-3 ye-maestro.

Isikhathi sesithathu semibono ye-neo-romantic yomqambi yaphawulwa yi-opera ethi "The Life of Orestes", umsebenzi walotshwa ngendlela yemigqa yethoni. "UCharles V" - umsebenzi wokuqala kaKrenek, owenziwe ngendlela yamathoni ayishumi nambili, ngaleyo ndlela ungowemisebenzi yenkathi yesine. Ngo-1950, u-Krenek waphothula umlando wempilo yakhe, owokuqala ogcinwe e-Library of Congress (USA). Ngo-1963, i-maestro yawina i-Austrian Grand Prix. Wonke umculo ka-Krenek ufana ne-encyclopedia ebhala izingoma zangaleso sikhathi ngokulandelana kwazo.

UDmitry Lipuntsov, 2000