Anton Bruckner |

U-Anton Bruckner

I-mystic-pantheist, enikezwe amandla olimi e-Tauler, umcabango ka-Eckhart, kanye nentshiseko yombono kaGrunewald, ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX kuyisimangaliso ngempela! O. Lang

Izingxabano mayelana nencazelo yangempela ka-A. Bruckner azipheli. Abanye bambona “njengendela yamaGothic” eyavusa ngokuyisimangaliso ngesikhathi sothando, abanye bambona njengomuntu ohamba ngezinyawo oyisicefe owaqamba ama-symphonies ngokulandelana, afana namanye njengamaconsi amanzi amabili, amade futhi adwetshiwe. Iqiniso, njengenjwayelo, likude nokweqisa. Ubukhulu bukaBruckner abukho kakhulu ekukholweni okuzinikele okugcwele umsebenzi wakhe, kodwa ekuziqhenyeni, okungajwayelekile komqondo wamaKatolika womuntu njengesikhungo somhlaba. Imisebenzi yakhe ihlanganisa umqondo eba, intuthuko ye-apotheosis, ukulwela ukukhanya, ubunye ne-cosmos evumelanisiwe. Ngalo mqondo, akayedwa ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. - kwanele ukukhumbula uK. Brentano, F. Schlegel, F. Schelling, kamuva eRussia - Vl. Solovyov, A. Scriabin.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba ukuhlaziya okucophelelayo kukhombisa, umehluko phakathi kwama-symphonies kaBruckner uyabonakala impela. Okokuqala nje, amandla amakhulu omsebenzi womqambi ayamangalisa: ngokuba matasa efundisa amahora angaba ngu-40 ngesonto, waqamba futhi wavuselela imisebenzi yakhe, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphandle kokuqashelwa, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, eneminyaka engama-40 kuya kwengama-70. Sekukonke, asikwazi ukukhuluma mayelana 9 noma 11, kodwa mayelana symphonies 18 adalwe eminyakeni engu-30! Iqiniso liwukuthi, njengoba kwavela ngenxa yomsebenzi wezazi zomculo zase-Austrian u-R. Haas no-L. Novak ekushicilelweni kwemisebenzi ephelele yomqambi, izinhlelo ze-symphonies ezingu-11 zihluke kakhulu kangangokuthi ngamunye wabo. kufanele zibhekwe njengezibalulekile ngokwazo. V. Karatygin washo kahle ngokuqonda ingqikithi yobuciko bukaBruckner: “Iyinkimbinkimbi, inkulu, ngokuyisisekelo inemiqondo yobuciko ye-titanic futhi ehlale yenziwa ngezinhlobo ezinkulu, umsebenzi kaBruckner udinga kumlaleli ofuna ukungena encazelweni engaphakathi yezikhuthazo zakhe, umfutho obalulekile. yomsebenzi obonakalayo, umfutho osebenzayo-osebenzayo onamandla, oya ngasemkhawulweni okhuphukayo ophezulu we-energy yangempela-volitional yobuciko bukaBruckner.

UBruckner wakhulela emndenini wothisha ompofu. Lapho eneminyaka engu-10 waqala ukuqamba umculo. Ngemva kokushona kukayise, umfana wathunyelwa ekwayeni yesigodlo sezindela saseSt. Florian (1837-40). Lapha waqhubeka nokufunda isitho, upiyano kanye violin. Ngemva kwesifundo esifushane e-Linz, uBruckner waqala ukusebenza njengomsizi kathisha esikoleni sasesigodini, wabuye wabamba itoho emisebenzini yasemaphandleni, edlalwa emaphathini okudansa. Ngaso leso sikhathi waqhubeka nokufunda ukwakheka nokudlala i-organ. Kusukela ngo-1845 ubelokhu enguthisha futhi ecula esigodlweni sezindela saseSt. Florian (1851-55). Kusukela ngo-1856, uBruckner ubelokhu ehlala eLinz, ekhonza njenge-ogani esontweni lombhishobhi. Ngalesi sikhathi, uqeda imfundo yakhe yokuqamba no-S. Zechter no-O. Kitzler, uya eVienna, eMunich, uhlangana noR. Wagner, F. Liszt, G. Berlioz. Ngo-1863, ama-symphonies okuqala avela, alandelwa uquqaba - uBruckner waba umqambi eneminyaka engu-40! Kwakukhulu kakhulu ukuthobeka kwakhe, ukuqina kuye, kangangokuthi kuze kube yileso sikhathi akazange avumele ngisho nokucabanga ngezinhlobo ezinkulu. Udumo lukaBruckner njenge-ogani kanye nenkosi engenakuqhathaniswa yokuthuthukiswa kwezitho zomzimba luyakhula. Ngo-1868 wathola isihloko se-oganist yasenkantolo, waba uprofesa e-Vienna Conservatory ekilasini le-bass general, counterpoint kanye ne-organ, futhi wathuthela eVienna. Kusukela ngo-1875 wabuye wafundisa ngokuzwana kanye ne-counterpoint eNyuvesi yaseVienna (u-H. Mahler wayephakathi kwabafundi bakhe).

Ukuqashelwa kukaBruckner njengomqambi kwafika kuphela ekupheleni kuka-1884, lapho u-A. Nikisch eqala ukwenza i-Seventh Symphony yakhe eLeipzig ngempumelelo enkulu. Ngo-1886, uBruckner wadlala isitho ngesikhathi somngcwabo kaLiszt. Ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, uBruckner wayegula kakhulu isikhathi eside. Uchithe iminyaka yakhe yokugcina esebenza ku-Ninth Symphony; ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi, wayehlala efulethini ayenikezwe uMbusi uFranz Joseph eBelvedere Palace. Umlotha womqambi ungcwatshwa esontweni lesigodlo saseSt. Florian, ngaphansi kwalesi sitho.

UPeru Bruckner ungumnikazi wama-symphonies angu-11 (okuhlanganisa u-F omncane kanye no-D omncane, "Zero"), i-Quintet yeyunithi yezinhlamvu, inqwaba yama-3, "Te Deum", amakhwaya, izingcezu zesitho. Kwaphela isikhathi eside ethandwa kakhulu kwakuyi-symphonies yesine neyesikhombisa, evumelana kakhulu, ecacile futhi elula ukuyibona ngokuqondile. Kamuva, isithakazelo sabadlali (kanye nabalaleli kanye nabo) sashintshela ku-symphonies Yesishiyagalolunye, Yesishiyagalombili, neyesithathu - ephikisana kakhulu, eduze ne-"Beethovenocentrism" evamile ekuchazeni umlando we-symphonism. Kanye nokuvela kweqoqo eliphelele lemisebenzi yomqambi, ukwanda kolwazi ngomculo wakhe, kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlela umsebenzi wakhe ngezikhathi ezithile. Ama-symphonies angu-4 okuqala akha isigaba sokuqala, isiqongo sawo okwakuyi-Second Symphony edabukisayo, indlalifa yezifiso zikaSchumann kanye nemizabalazo kaBeethoven. Ama-Symphonies 3-6 akha isigaba esimaphakathi lapho u-Bruckner efinyelela khona ekuvuthweni okukhulu kwethemba le-pantheistic, elingeyona into engavamile kumfutho wemizwa noma izifiso zokuzithandela. Eyesikhombisa ekhanyayo, eyesishiyagalombili ephawulekayo kanye neyesishiyagalolunye eyakhanyiswa kabuhlungu yisigaba sokugcina; bamunca izici eziningi zezikolo zangaphambilini, nakuba zihluka kuzo ngobude obude nokunensa kokuthunyelwa kwe-titanic.

I-naivete ethinta inhliziyo kaBruckner indoda iyinganekwane. Amaqoqo ezindaba ezinganekwane mayelana naye ashicilelwe. Umzabalazo onzima wokuqashelwa ushiye isigxivizo esithile ku-psyche yakhe (ukwesaba imicibisholo ebucayi ka-E. Hanslik, njll.). Okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kwedayari yakhe bekungamaphuzu amayelana nemithandazo efundiwe. Ephendula umbuzo ngezisusa zokuqala zokubhala “Te Deum’a” (umsebenzi oyinhloko wokuqonda umculo wakhe), umqambi waphendula: “Ngokubonga kuNkulunkulu, njengoba abashushisi bami bengakaphumeleli ukungibhubhisa … usuku lokwahlulela luyakuba , unike iNkosi isibalo se“Te Deum’a” bese uthi: “Bheka, lokhu ngikwenzele wena wedwa kuphela!” Ngemva kwalokho, mhlawumbe ngizodlula. Ukusebenza kahle kobuwula komKhatholika ekubaleni noNkulunkulu kwavela ngesikhathi sokusebenza kweSimfoni Yesishiyagalolunye - eyinikezela kuNkulunkulu kusengaphambili (indaba eyingqayizivele!), UBruckner wathandaza: “Nkulunkulu othandekayo, ake ngilulame ngokushesha! Bheka, ngidinga ukuba nempilo ukuze ngiqede Olwesishiyagalolunye!”

Umlaleli wamanje ukhangwa ithemba elisebenza kahle kakhulu lobuciko bukaBruckner, obubuyela emuva emfanekisweni “wendawo yonke enomsindo”. Amagagasi anamandla akhiwe ngekhono elingenakulinganiswa asebenza njengendlela yokufeza lesi sithombe, elwela ukuya ku-apotheosis ephetha i-symphony, ngokufanelekile (njengaku-Eighth) eqoqa zonke izingqikithi zayo. Leli themba lihlukanisa uBruckner kubantu besikhathi sakhe futhi linikeza indalo yakhe incazelo engokomfanekiso - izici zetshe lesikhumbuzo somoya womuntu onganyakaziswa.

G. Pantielev

I-Austria sekuyisikhathi eside idume ngesiko layo le-symphonic elithuthuke kakhulu. Ngenxa yezimo ezikhethekile zendawo nezombusazwe, inhloko-dolobha yalo mbuso omkhulu waseYurophu yathuthukisa ulwazi lwalo lobuciko ngokufuna abaqambi baseCzech, isiNtaliyane kanye neNyakatho Jalimane. Ngaphansi kwethonya lemibono Yokukhanyiselwa, ngesisekelo samazwe ngamazwe, kwasungulwa isikole sasendulo saseViennese, abameleli abakhulu kunabo bonke engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX kwakunguHaydn noMozart. Waletha umfudlana omusha ku-symphonism yaseYurophu German Beethoven. egqugquzelwe imibono French Revolution, Nokho, waqala ukudala imisebenzi Symphonic kuphela ngemva kokuzinza enhloko-dolobha yase-Austria (i-Symphony First yabhalwa Vienna ngo-1800). USchubert ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX wahlanganisa umsebenzi wakhe - kakade ngokombono we-romanticism - izimpumelelo eziphakeme kakhulu zesikole sama-symphony saseViennese.

Kwabe sekufika iminyaka yokusabela. Ubuciko base-Austrian babuyinto encane ngokwengqondo - behluleka ukuphendula ezindabeni ezibalulekile zesikhathi sethu. I-waltz yansuku zonke, kukho konke ukuphelela kobuciko bokufana kwayo emculweni kaStrauss, ithathe indawo ye-symphony.

Igagasi elisha lokukhuphuka komphakathi namasiko lavela ngeminyaka yama-50s kanye nama-60s. Ngalesi sikhathi, uBrahms wayesethuthile enyakatho yeJalimane waya eVienna. Futhi, njengoba kwakunjalo ngo-Beethoven, i-Brahms nayo yaphendukela ekwakhiweni kwe-symphonic ngokuqondile emhlabathini wase-Austria (i-First Symphony yabhalwa e-Vienna ngo-1874-1876). Ngemva kokufunda okuningi emasikweni omculo aseViennese, okwaba nengxenye enkulu ekuvuselelweni kwawo, nokho wahlala engummeleli. German isiko lobuciko. Empeleni I-Austrian umqambi oqhubeke emkhakheni we-symphony lokho uSchubert akwenza ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX kwezobuciko bomculo baseRussia kwakungu-Anton Bruckner, okuvuthwa kwakhe kokudala okwafika emashumini eminyaka edlule.

U-Schubert no-Bruckner - ngamunye ngendlela ehlukile, ngokuhambisana nethalenta labo kanye nesikhathi sabo - bahlanganisa izici ezivelele kakhulu ze-symphonism yothando yase-Austrian. Okokuqala, zihlanganisa: ukuxhumana okuqinile, kwenhlabathi nempilo ezungezile (ikakhulukazi yasemakhaya), ebonakala ekusetshenzisweni okucebile kwezingoma zengoma nomdanso kanye nezigqi; ukuthambekela kokuzindla ngokuzibambela mathupha, okukhanyayo “kokuqonda” okungokomoya - lokhu, nakho, kubangela isethulo “esafufusa” noma, kusetshenziswa isisho esaziwayo sikaSchumann, “ubude bobunkulunkulu”; i-warehouse ekhethekile yokulandisa okujabulisayo, okuthi, nokho, iphazanyiswe ukudalulwa kwemizwa emangalisayo.

Kukhona futhi okunye okufanayo ku-personal biography. Bobabili baphuma emndenini ompofu. Oyise bangothisha basemaphandleni ababehlose ukuba izingane zabo zenze umsebenzi ofanayo. Bobabili uSchubert noBruckner bakhula futhi bavuthwa njengabaqambi, behlala endaweni yabantu abavamile, futhi baziveza ngokugcwele ekukhulumisaneni nabo. Umthombo obalulekile wokuphefumulelwa kwakuyimvelo - izindawo zehlathi lezintaba ezinamachibi amaningi amahle. Ekugcineni, bobabili baphilela umculo kuphela nangenxa yomculo, bedala ngokuqondile, kunalokho ngokuthanda nje kunokuyalelwa yisizathu.

Kodwa-ke, baphinde bahlukaniswe umehluko omkhulu, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yentuthuko yomlando yesiko lase-Austrian. "I-Patriarchal" i-Vienna, ekubanjweni kwe-philistine uSchubert ahlukunyezwa ngayo, yaphenduka idolobha elikhulu lonxiwankulu - inhloko-dolobha yase-Austria-Hungary, ehlukaniswe ukungqubuzana okubukhali kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe. Eminye imibono kunesikhathi sikaSchubert yavezwa isimanje ngaphambi kukaBruckner - njengengcweti enkulu, akakwazanga ukuyiphendula.

Indawo yomculo lapho uBruckner asebenza khona nayo yayihlukile. Ngokuthambekela kwakhe komuntu ngamunye, edonsela kuBach noBeethoven, wayesithanda kakhulu isikole esisha saseJalimane (edlula iSchumann), uLiszt, futhi ikakhulukazi uWagner. Ngakho-ke, kungokwemvelo ukuthi hhayi kuphela isakhiwo esingokomfanekiso, kodwa futhi ulimi lomculo Bruckner kufanele kube ezahlukene uma kuqhathaniswa Schubert sika. Lo mehluko waklanywa kahle ngu-II Sollertinsky: “UBruckner unguSchubert, egqoke igobolondo lemisindo yethusi, ehlanganiswe izakhi ze-polyphony ka-Bach, ukwakheka okudabukisayo kwezingxenye ezintathu zokuqala ze-Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony kanye nokuvumelana kwe-“Tristan” kaWagner.”

"USchubert wengxenye yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX" yindlela uBruckner avame ukubizwa ngayo. Naphezu kokubamba kwayo, le ncazelo, njenganoma yisiphi esinye isiqhathaniso esingokomfanekiso, namanje ayikwazi ukunikeza umbono ophelele wengqikithi yobuciko bukaBruckner. Kuphikisana kakhulu kunekaSchubert, ngoba eminyakeni lapho ukuthambekela kwamaqiniso kwaqina ezikoleni eziningi zomculo zikazwelonke eYurophu (kuqala, yiqiniso, sikhumbula isikole saseRussia!), UBruckner wahlala engumculi wothando, izici zayo eziqhubekayo zombono womhlaba zazihlangene nezinsalela zesikhathi esedlule. Noma kunjalo, indima yakhe emlandweni we-symphony inkulu kakhulu.

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U-Anton Bruckner wazalwa ngo-September 4, 1824 edolobhaneni eliseduze neLinz, idolobha elikhulu lase-Upper (okungukuthi, enyakatho) ye-Austria. Ubuntwana badlula ngesidingo: umqambi wesikhathi esizayo wayeyizibulo phakathi kwezingane eziyishumi nanye zomfundisi wedolobhana onesizotha, ogama lakhe lokuzilibazisa lalihlotshiswe ngomculo. Kusukela esemncane, u-Anton wasiza uyise esikoleni, futhi wamfundisa ukudlala upiyano neviolin. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakukhona amakilasi ku-organ - insimbi eyintandokazi ka-Anton.

Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nantathu, eshonelwe uyise, kwadingeka aphile ukuphila okuzimele: U-Anton waba iculo lekwaya yesigodlo sezindela saseSt. Florian, ngokushesha wangena ezifundweni ezaziqeqesha othisha bendabuko. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa, umsebenzi wakhe kulo mkhakha uqala. Ukwazi ukwenza umculo kuphela ngokulingana nakuqala; kodwa amaholide azinikele ngokuphelele kuye: uthisha osemusha uchitha amahora ayishumi ngosuku epiyano, efunda imisebenzi kaBach, futhi udlala isitho okungenani amahora amathathu. Uzama isandla sakhe ekuhlanganiseni.

Ngo-1845, ngemva kokuphasa izivivinyo ezinqunyiwe, uBruckner wathola isikhundla sokufundisa eSt. Florian - esigodlweni sezindela, esiseduze neLinz, lapho ayeke wafunda khona. Wenza nemisebenzi yomculi we-ogani futhi, esebenzisa umtapo wezincwadi omkhulu walapho, wagcwalisa ulwazi lwakhe lomculo. Nokho, ukuphila kwakhe kwakungajabulisi. “Anginaye noyedwa umuntu engingathulula kuye isifuba sami,” kubhala uBruckner. “Indlu yethu yezindela ayinandaba nomculo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, nabaculi. Angikwazi ukujabula lapha futhi akekho okufanele azi mayelana nezinhlelo zami siqu. Iminyaka eyishumi (1845-1855) uBruckner ehlala eSt. Florian. Ngalesi sikhathi wabhala imisebenzi engaphezu kwamashumi amane. (Eshumini leminyaka elidlule (1835-1845) - cishe eshumini.) - ikwaya, i-ogani, upiyano nokunye. Eziningi zazo zenziwa ehholo elikhulu, elihlotshiswe ngokucebile lesonto lezindela. Ukwenziwa ngcono komculi osemncane egunjini lomculo kwakudume kakhulu.

Ngo-1856 uBruckner wabizwa e-Linz njenge-oganist yesonto lombhishobhi. Lapha wahlala iminyaka eyishumi nambili (1856-1868). I-pedagogy yasesikoleni isiphelile - kusukela manje ungakwazi ukuzinikela emculweni ngokuphelele. Ngokukhuthala okungajwayelekile, uBruckner uzinikela ekutadisheni ithiyori yokuqamba (ukuvumelana kanye ne-counterpoint), ekhetha njengothisha wakhe umqambi-mfundiso odumile waseViennese uSimon Zechter. Ngeziyalezo zamuva, ubhala izintaba zephepha lomculo. Ngesinye isikhathi, esethole enye ingxenye yezivivinyo eziqediwe, uZechter wamphendula: “Ngibheke ezincwadini zakho eziyishumi nesikhombisa endaweni ephindwe kabili futhi ngamangazwa ukukhuthala kwakho nempumelelo yakho. Kodwa ukuze ulondoloze impilo yakho, ngicela ukuthi uzinike ukuphumula ... ngiyaphoqeleka ukusho lokhu, ngoba kuze kube manje angikabi naye umfundi olingana nawe ngokukhuthala. (Ngaleso sikhathi, lo mfundi wayeneminyaka engamashumi amathathu nanhlanu ubudala!)

Ngo-1861, u-Bruckner waphasa izivivinyo zokudlala izitho zomzimba kanye nezifundo zethiyori e-Vienna Conservatory, okwavusa ukuthakasela kwabahloli ngethalente lakhe lokudlala kanye nekhono lobuchwepheshe. Kusukela ngonyaka ofanayo, ukujwayela kwakhe izitayela ezintsha kwezobuciko bomculo kuqala.

Uma u-Sechter ekhulise uBruckner njengombhali wemfundiso-nkolo, u-Otto Kitzler, umqhubi wemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseLinz nomqambi, umthandi kaSchumann, Liszt, Wagner, ukwazile ukuqondisa lolu lwazi oluyisisekelo lwethiyori ocwaningweni olujwayelekile lwesimanje lobuciko. (Ngaphambi kwalokho, ukujwayelana kukaBruckner nomculo wothando kwakulinganiselwe kuSchubert, Weber kanye noMendelssohn.) U-Kitzler wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuzothatha okungenani iminyaka emibili ukwethula kubo umfundi wakhe, owayesezoqeda iminyaka engamashumi amane. Kodwa kwadlula izinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, futhi ukukhuthala kwakungenakuqhathaniswa: UBruckner wafunda kahle konke uthisha wakhe ayenakho. Iminyaka eminingi yokufunda yayiphelile - uBruckner wayesevele efuna izindlela zakhe ngokuzethemba kwezobuciko.

Lokhu kwasizwa ukujwayelana nama-opera e-Wagnerian. Izwe elisha lavulelwa uBruckner ohlwini lwabadlali abaningi be-The Flying Dutchman, uTannhäuser, uLohengrin, kwathi ngo-1865 waya umbukiso wokuqala we-Tristan eMunich, lapho ajwayelana khona noWagner, amkhulekela. Imihlangano enjalo yaqhubeka kamuva - uBruckner wayikhumbula ngenjabulo enenhlonipho. (U-Wagner wamphatha kahle futhi ngo-1882 wathi: "Ngazi oyedwa kuphela osondela ku-Beethoven (kwakumayelana nomsebenzi we-symphonic. - MD), lo nguBruckner ...".). Umuntu angacabanga ngalokho ukumangala, okwashintsha ukusebenza komculo okuvamile, waqala ukujwayelana ne-overture eya e-Tannhäuser, lapho izingoma zamakwaya ezazijwayele uBruckner njengomculi wesonto zathola umsindo omusha, futhi amandla abo aphikisana nawo. ubuhle benkanuko yomculo obonisa iVenus Grotto! ..

E-Linz, u-Bruckner wabhala imisebenzi engaphezu kwamashumi amane, kodwa izinhloso zabo zikhulu kunalokho okwakusemisebenzini eyakhiwe e-St. Florian. Ngo-1863 nango-1864 waphothula ama-symphonies amabili (ku-f minor kanye no-d minor), nakuba kamuva engazange agcizelele ekuwenzeni. Inombolo yokuqala ye-serial uBruckner uqoke i-symphony elandelayo ku-c-moll (1865-1866). Endleleni, ngo-1864-1867, kwabhalwa izixuku ezintathu ezinkulu - i-d-moll, i-e-moll ne-f-moll (eyokugcina iyigugu kakhulu).

Ikhonsathi yokuqala kaBruckner eyedwa e-Linz ngo-1864 futhi yaba yimpumelelo enkulu. Kwakubonakala sengathi manje kufika inkathi yoshintsho esiphetho sakhe. Kodwa akwenzekanga lokho. Futhi eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, umqambi uwela ekucindezelekeni, okuhambisana nesifo esibi sezinzwa. Kuphela ngo-1868 wakwazi ukuphuma esifundazweni - uBruckner wathuthela eVienna, lapho ahlala khona kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe iminyaka engaphezu kwengxenye yesine yekhulu. Ivuleka kanje wesithathu isikhathi ku-biography yakhe yokudala.

Icala elingakaze libonwe emlandweni womculo - kuphela phakathi neminyaka engu-40 yempilo yakhe umculi uzithola ngokugcwele! Phela, iminyaka eyishumi eyachithwa e-St. Florian ingabhekwa kuphela njengokubonakaliswa kokuqala okunamahloni kwethalenta elingakavuthwa. Iminyaka eyishumi nambili e-Linz - iminyaka yokufunda, ukuphumelela kwezohwebo, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe. Lapho eneminyaka engamashumi amane, uBruckner wayengakadali lutho olubalulekile. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwezitho okuhlala kungarekhodiwe. Manje, umdwebi onesizotha ngokuzumayo uphenduke waba ungcweti, onikezwe ubuntu bangempela, umcabango wokuqala wokudala.

Kodwa-ke, uBruckner wamenywa eVienna hhayi njengomqambi, kodwa njenge-oganist enhle kakhulu kanye ne-theorist, owayengakwazi ukufaka esikhundleni sikaSechter oshonile. Uphoqeleka ukuthi anikele isikhathi esiningi ekufundiseni umculo - amahora angamashumi amathathu esewonke ngesonto. (E-Vienna Conservatory, uBruckner wafundisa amakilasi ngokuvumelana (ama-bass jikelele), indawo ephikisayo kanye ne-ogani; e-Teacher' Institute wafundisa upiyano, i-ogani kanye nokuvumelana; enyuvesi - ukuvumelana kanye ne-counterpoint; ngo-1880 wathola isihloko sokuba uprofesa. Phakathi kwabafundi bakaBruckner - kamuva ababa ngababhidisi u-A Nikish, F. Mottl, abafowethu I. no-F. Schalk, F. Loewe, abadlali bopiyano u-F. Eckstein no-A. Stradal, izazi zomculo u-G. Adler no-E. Decey, uG. Wolf no-G . UMahler wayesondelene noBruckner isikhathi esithile.) Isikhathi sakhe esisele usichitha ehlanganisa umculo. Ngamaholide, uvakashela izindawo zasemaphandleni zase-Upper Austria, ezimthanda kakhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi uhamba ngaphandle kwezwe lakubo: isibonelo, eminyakeni engu-70 wavakashela njenge-ogani ngempumelelo enkulu eFrance (lapho uCesar Franck kuphela angancintisana naye kwezobuciko bokwenza ngcono!), London naseBerlin. Kodwa akakhangwa impilo ephithizelayo yedolobha elikhulu, akavakashi ngisho nezinkundla zemidlalo yeshashalazi, uhlala evaliwe futhi enesizungu.

Lo mculi owayezibambele mathupha kwadingeka abhekane nobunzima obuningi eVienna: indlela yokuqashelwa njengomqambi yayinameva ngokwedlulele. Waklolodelwa u-Eduard Hanslik, isikhulu esibalulekile somculo saseVienna esingenakuphikwa; eyokugcina inanelwe ngabagxeki bamaphephandaba. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kubangelwa ukuthi ukuphikiswa kukaWagner kwakunamandla lapha, kuyilapho ukukhulekelwa kwamaBrahms kwakubhekwa njengophawu lokunambitha okuhle. Kodwa-ke, u-Bruckner onamahloni futhi onesizotha akaguquki entweni eyodwa - ekuxhumeni kwakhe noWagner. Futhi waba isisulu sombango oshubile phakathi kwe "Brahmins" namaWagnerian. Kuphela intando ephikelelayo, eyakhuliswa ukukhuthala, yasiza uBruckner ukuba asinde emzabalazweni wokuphila.

Isimo saba nzima nakakhulu ukuthi uBruckner wasebenza ensimini efanayo lapho uBrahms athola khona udumo. Ngokuqina okungavamile, wabhala i-symphony eyodwa ngemva kwenye: kusukela kweyesibili kuya kweyesishiyagalolunye, okungukuthi, wadala imisebenzi yakhe engcono kakhulu cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili eVienna. (Sekukonke, uBruckner ubhale izincwadi ezingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu eVienna (iningi lawo ngefomu elikhulu).. Umbango onjalo wokudala no-Brahms wabangela ukuhlaselwa okubukhali kuye okuvela emibuthanweni enethonya yomphakathi womculo waseViennese. (UBrahms noBruckner babeyigwema imihlangano yomuntu siqu, baphatha umsebenzi womunye nomunye ngenzondo. U-Brahms wabiza ama-symphonies kaBruckner ngokuthi “izinyoka ezinkulu” ngobude bazo obukhulu, futhi wathi noma iyiphi i-waltz ka-Johann Strauss yayithandeka kakhulu kuye kunezingoma zikaBrahms zama-symphonic (nakuba ayekhuluma. ngozwela ngekhonsathi yakhe yokuqala yepiyano).

Akumangalisi ukuthi abaqhubi abavelele bangaleso sikhathi benqaba ukufaka imisebenzi kaBruckner ezinhlelweni zabo zekhonsathi, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokwehluleka okuvusa amadlingozi kwe-Third Symphony yakhe ngo-1877. wayekwazi ukuzwa umculo wakhe ngomsindo we-orchestra. Ngakho-ke, i-Symphony Yokuqala yenziwa eVienna eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanhlanu kuphela ngemva kokuqedwa kwayo ngumlobi, Owesibili walinda iminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili ukuze enze umsebenzi wawo, Owesithathu (emva kokwehluleka) - oweshumi nantathu, Owesine - weshumi nesithupha, owesihlanu - amashumi amabili nantathu, OweSithupha - iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili. Ukuguquka kwesiphetho sikaBruckner kwafika ngo-1884 mayelana nokusebenza kweSeventh Symphony ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-Arthur Nikisch - inkazimulo ekugcineni ifika kumqambi oneminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha ubudala.

Iminyaka eyishumi yokugcina yokuphila kukaBruckner yaphawulwa isithakazelo esikhulayo emsebenzini wakhe. (Nokho, isikhathi sokuqashelwa ngokugcwele kukaBruckner asikafiki. Kuyaphawuleka, isibonelo, ukuthi kuyo yonke impilo yakhe ende wezwa izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu kuphela ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu.). Kodwa ukukhula kuyasondela, ijubane lomsebenzi liyancipha. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-90s, impilo ibilokhu iwohloka - i-dropsy iyanda. UBruckner ushona ngo-Okthoba 11, 1896.

M. Druskin

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