Benjamin Britten |

UBenjamin Britten

Umsebenzi ka-B. Britten waphawula ukuvuselelwa kwe-opera eNgilandi, ukungena okusha (ngemuva kwamakhulu amathathu eminyaka okuthula) komculo wesiNgisi esiteji somhlaba. Ngokusekelwe esikweni lesizwe futhi esekwazi uhla olubanzi kakhulu lwezindlela zesimanje ezivezwayo, u-Britten udale imisebenzi eminingi kuzo zonke izinhlobo.

UBritten waqala ukuqamba eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Lapho eneminyaka engu-12 wabhala "Simple Symphony" for string orchestra (uhlelo 2nd - 1934). Ngo-1929, uBritten wangena eRoyal College of Music (Conservatory), lapho abaholi bakhe kwakungu-J. Ireland (umqambi) no-A. Benjamin (upiyano). Ngo-1933, kwadlalwa ingoma yomqambi oneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, ethi Sinfonietta, eyadonsa ukunaka komphakathi. Yalandelwa yinqwaba yemisebenzi yasekamelweni eyafakwa ezinhlelweni zemikhosi yomculo yamazwe ngamazwe futhi yabeka isisekelo sodumo lwaseYurophu lombhali wayo. Lezi zingoma zokuqala ze-Britten zazibonakala ngomsindo wekamelo, ukucaca kanye nobufushane befomu, okwasondeza umqambi wesiNgisi kubameleli besiqondiso se-neoclassical (I. Stravinsky, P. Hindemith). Ngama-30s. U-Britten ubhala umculo omningi wethiyetha ne-cinema. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, ukunakwa okukhethekile kukhokhwa ezinhlotsheni zezwi ze-chamber, lapho isitayela sama-opera esikhathi esizayo sivuthwa kancane kancane. Izindikimba, imibala, nokukhethwa kwemibhalo kuhluke kakhulu: Our Ancestors Are Hunters (1936) iyinhlekisa ehleka usulu izicukuthwane; umjikelezo "Illumination" emavesini A. Rimbaud (1939) kanye "Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo" (1940). U-Britten ufunda ngokujulile umculo wesintu, ucubungula izingoma zesiNgisi, isiScottish, isiFulentshi.

Ngo-1939, ekuqaleni kwempi, uBritten wahamba waya e-United States, lapho angena khona emjikelezweni we-intelligentsia yokudala eqhubekayo. Njengempendulo ezenzakalweni ezibuhlungu ezenzeka ezwenikazi laseYurophu, i-cantata Ballad of Heroes (1939) yavela, enikezelwe kubalwi be-fascism eSpain. Late 30s - ekuqaleni 40s. umculo wezinsimbi uyanqoba emsebenzini ka-Britten: ngalesi sikhathi, amakhonsathi epiyano ne-violin, i-Symphony Requiem, “i-Canadian Carnival” ye-orchestra, “i-Scottish Ballad” yamapiyano amabili ne-orchestra, ama-quartets angu-2, njll. Njengo-I. Stravinsky, u-Britten usebenzisa ngokukhululekile ifa lesikhathi esidlule: yilena ndlela ama-suites avela kumculo ka-G. Rossini ("Musical Evenings" kanye "Nezinsuku Zomculo") avela ngayo.

Ngo-1942, umqambi wabuyela ezweni lakubo futhi wahlala edolobheni elisogwini lolwandle i-Aldborough, ogwini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga yeNgilandi. Ngesikhathi eseseMelika, wathola i-oda le-opera u-Peter Grimes, ayiqeda ngo-1945. Ukudlalwa kwe-opera yokuqala ka-Britten kwakubaluleke kakhulu: kwaphawula ukuvuselelwa kweshashalazi kazwelonke yomculo, eyayingakaze ikhiqize izingcweti zobuciko zakudala kusukela ekuqaleni. isikhathi Purcell. Indaba edabukisayo yomdobi u-Peter Grimes, elandelwa isiphetho (isiqephu sika-J. Crabbe), yagqugquzela umqambi ukuthi akhe idrama yomculo enomsindo wesimanjemanje, ozwakalayo ohlabayo. Izinhlobonhlobo zamasiko ezilandelwa uBritten zenza umculo we-opera yakhe uhluke futhi ube namandla ngokwesitayela. Ukudala izithombe zesizungu esingenathemba, ukuphelelwa ithemba, umqambi uncike kwisitayela sikaG. Mahler, A. Berg, D. Shostakovich. Ubuciko bokuqhathanisa okumangalisayo, ukwethulwa okungokoqobo kohlobo lwezigcawu kwenza umuntu akhumbule u-G. Verdi. I-Pictorialism ecwengisisiwe, imibalabala ye-orchestra ku-seascapes ibuyela emuva kumbono ka-C. Debussy. Kodwa-ke, konke lokhu kuhlanganiswe yizwi lombhali wokuqala, umuzwa wombala othize weBritish Isles.

U-Peter Grimes walandelwa ama-opera e-chamber: I-Desecration of Lucretia (1946), i-satire Albert Herring (1947) ngesakhiwo sika-H. Maupassant. I-Opera iyaqhubeka nokuheha uBritten kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe. Ngama-50-60s. Billy Budd (1951), Gloriana (1953), The Turn of the Screw (1954), Noah's Ark (1958), A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960, based on a comedy by W. Shakespeare), i-opera yasekamelweni ivela I-Carlew River ( 1964), i-opera ethi INdodana Yolahleko (1968), eyanikezelwa ku-Shostakovich, kanye ne-Death in Venice (1970, ngemva kuka-T. Mann).

UBritten waziwa kabanzi njengomculi okhanyiselayo. Njengo-S. Prokofiev no-K. Orff, udala umculo omningi wezingane nentsha. Emdlalweni wakhe womculo Masenze i-Opera (1948), izethameli zibambe iqhaza ngqo enqubweni yokusebenza. I-"Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Purcell" ibhalwe ngokuthi "umhlahlandlela we-orchestra yabantu abasha", yethula abalaleli izinsimbi zezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene. Emsebenzini kaPurcell, kanye nomculo wasendulo wesiNgisi uwonke, uBritten waphenduka ngokuphindaphindiwe. Uhlele i-opera yakhe ethi “Dido and Aeneas” neminye imisebenzi, kanye nenguqulo entsha ye-“The Beggar’s Opera” ka-J. Gay no-J. Pepusch.

Enye yezindikimba ezisemqoka zomsebenzi kaBritten - umbhikisho omelene nodlame, impi, ukugomela ukubaluleka komhlaba wabantu ontengantengayo futhi ongavikelekile - yathola inkulumo yayo ephakeme kakhulu ku-"War Requiem" (1961), lapho, kanye nombhalo wendabuko othi inkonzo yamaKatolika, izinkondlo zikaW. Auden zokulwa nempi zisetshenziswa.

Ngaphezu kokuqamba, u-Britten wasebenza njengomdlali wopiyano nombhidisi, ehambela amazwe ahlukene. Wavakashela kaningi e-USSR (1963, 1964, 1971). Umphumela wolunye uhambo lwakhe lokuya eRussia kwaba umjikelezo wezingoma eziya emazwini ka-A. Pushkin (1965) kanye neThird Cello Suite (1971), esebenzisa imiculo yomdabu yaseRussia. Ngokuvuselelwa kwe-opera yesiNgisi, uBritten waba ngomunye wabasunguli abakhulu balolu hlobo ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. “Iphupho lami elikhulu ukudala uhlobo lwe-opera olungalingana namadrama ka-Chekhov… Ngibheka i-chamber opera njengento evumelana nezimo ukuze iveze imizwa engaphakathi. Inikeza ithuba lokugxila kwengqondo yomuntu. Kodwa yilokhu kanye osekuyingqikithi yobuciko besimanje obuthuthukile.”

K. Zenkin