Umculo |

Isayensi efunda umculo njengendlela yobuciko ekhethekile. ukuthuthukiswa kwezwe ngokomlando walo othize wezenhlalo-mlando. isimo, isimo sengqondo kwezinye izinhlobo zobuciko. imisebenzi kanye namasiko angokomoya omphakathi wonkana, kanye nangokwemibandela yawo ethize. izici nokujwayelekile kwangaphakathi, i-to-rymi inquma imvelo engavamile yokubonakaliswa kweqiniso kuyo. Kuhlelo olujwayelekile lolwazi lwesayensi lwe-M. luthatha indawo phakathi kwesintu, noma isayensi yezenhlalo, ehlanganisa zonke izici zemiphakathi. ubukhona kanye nokwazi. M. ihlukaniswe eziningana. umuntu ngamunye, noma exhumene, uqondisa, ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zomculo nemisebenzi ebalulekile abayenzayo, noma isici esikhethiwe sokucabangela iminyuziyamu. izenzakalo.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlukaniswa kwemikhakha yomculo neyesayensi. Onxiwankulu bakwamanye amazwe uM. Ukuhlukaniswa okubekwa phambili yi-Austrian kuvamile. ngusosayensi uG. Adler ngo-1884, wabe esethuthukiswa nguye emsebenzini wakhe othi “Indlela Yomlando Womculo” (“Methode der Musikgeschichte”, 1919). Isekelwe ekuhlukaniseni iziqephu zabo bonke ochwepheshe bomculo. isiyala ibe amagatsha amabili: zomlando futhi ehlelekile M. Adler libhekisela owokuqala wabo umlando womculo by eras, amazwe, izikole, futhi muses. paleography, systematization umculo. amafomu ohlelweni lomlando, izinsimbi; kwesibili - ukutadisha nokulungiswa "kwemithetho ephakeme" yama-muses. i-art-va, ebonakaliswa emkhakheni wokuvumelana, umculo, isigqi, i-aesthetics kanye ne-psychology yomculo, umculo. i-pedagogy kanye nendabuko. I-drawback eyisisekelo yalokhu kuhlukaniswa umakhenikha. ukuhlukaniswa kwendlela yomlando kanye nethiyori-systematizing ekufundweni komculo. izenzakalo. Uma uM., ngokusho kuka-Adler, ehlangana nomkhakha wesintu (umlando ojwayelekile, umlando wezincwadi nezinhlobo ezithile zobuciko, izilimi, njll.), izincazelo "zemithetho ephakeme" yomculo wafunda ngokuhlelekile. M., kufanele kufunwe, ngokombono wakhe, emkhakheni wezibalo, logic, physiology. Ngakho-ke ukuphikiswa okumbaxambili kwezisekelo ezibekwe ngokwemvelo, ezihlala njalo nezingaguquki emqondweni wawo womculo njengobuciko kanye nezindlela zawo eziguqukayo ezilandelanayo ezivela ngokuhamba komlando. ukuthuthukiswa.

Ukuhlukaniswa okubekwe phambili ngu-Adler ngezinye izengezo nezilungiso kukhiqizwa kabusha ngenani lama-zarub akamuva. imisebenzi enikelwe endleleni yomculo. isayensi. Isazi-mlando somculo saseJalimane u-HH Dreger, sigcina okuyinhloko. ukuhlukaniswa emlandweni womculo kanye nesistimu. M., ihlukanisa njengozimele. amagatsha e-“musical ethnology” (“Musikalische Völks – und Völkerkunde”), okungukuthi, umculo. ifolkloristics kanye nokufundwa komculo ngaphandle kweYurophu. abantu, kanye neminyuziyamu. isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye “nomculo osetshenziswayo”, ohlanganisa i-pedagogy, ukugxeka, “nobuchwepheshe bomculo” (ukwakhiwa kwezinsimbi zomculo). Isazi somculo saseJalimane u-V. Viora sihlukanisa i-M. ibe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko. isigaba: ehlelekile. M. (“ukufunda izinto eziyisisekelo”), umlando womculo, umculo. i-ethnology kanye nendabuko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uqokomisa okunye okukhethekile. izimboni ezidinga ukusetshenziswa kokubili komlando kanye nesistimu. indlela yokufunda, isib. izifundo zezinsimbi, amasistimu omsindo, isigqi, ukuphindaphinda, i-polyphony, njll. Izimo eziguquguqukayo kakhulu futhi ezibanzi kunezangaphambilini, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Viora ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyi-eclectic futhi akuhambisani. Division of musicologists. iziyalo zisekelwe kuyo ngoDisemba. izimiso; kwesinye isikhathi kuyindlela yokuhlola izenzakalo (zomlando noma ezihlelekile), kwezinye kuyindaba yocwaningo (ubuciko bomuntu, isiko lomculo elingelona elaseYurophu). Phakathi "kwezimboni zocwaningo" (Forschungszweige) ezibalwe yi-Viora, zikhona ezizimele. imikhakha yesayensi (isayensi yezinsimbi), kanye nezinkinga zokubaluleka okujwayelekile noma okuncane (isb., i-ethos emculweni). Okwe-Viora, kanye nabanye abaningi. zarub. ososayensi, ukuthambekela kokuphikisa imisebenzi yesayensi yenhloso kuyisici. ukufunda umculo, ukuhlolwa kobuciko bawo. izimfanelo. Ngakho-ke, akabandakanyi ukutadisha kuka-M. emkhakheni ngokwawo. isebenza ngokwazo ngayinye, iyishiyela ezobuhle. Mayelana nalokhu, uhlanganyela isikhundla sika-Adler, onciphisa umsebenzi womlando womculo ukuze adalule izinqubo ezijwayelekile zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ekholelwa ukuthi "ukuhlonzwa kobuciko obuhle kwezobuciko bomculo" kungaphezu kwemingcele yayo. Ngalo mqondo, isayensi yomculo ithola umlingiswa we- objectivist, onqanyuliwe kubuciko obuphilayo. umkhuba, kusukela emzabalazweni wemibono kanye nobuhle. kanye nokudala. izikhombisi-ndlela, kanye nemikhiqizo ethile. ube “ngumthombo” wayo kuphela (F. Spitta), impahla yokuqinisekisa ithiyori evamile. kanye nezakhiwo zomlando.

Isayensi yeMarxist-Leninist. Indlela yokwenza ihlinzeka ngesisekelo sokuthuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa okuhambisanayo, okuphelele, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo nezimo eziguquguqukayo zezazi zomculo. iziyalo, okuvumela ukumboza wonke amagatsha esayensi yomculo ngoxhumano olulodwa, oluphelele kanye nokunquma okukhethekile. imisebenzi ngayinye. Umgomo oyisisekelo walokhu kuhlukaniswa isilinganiso somlando. futhi kunengqondo. izindlela zocwaningo njengezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zesayensi. ulwazi. Imfundiso kaMarxism-Leninism ayiphikisani nalezi zindlela komunye nomunye. NgokukaF. Engels, okunengqondo le ndlela “iwukubonakaliswa kwenqubo yomlando ngendlela engaqondakali nevumelana ngokombono; ukucabangisisa kulungisiwe, kodwa kulungiswe ngokuhambisana nemithetho enikezwa yinqubo uqobo, futhi isikhathi ngasinye singacatshangelwa ngaleso sikhathi ekuthuthukisweni kwayo lapho inqubo ifinyelela ekuvuthweni okugcwele, isimo sayo sakudala ”(K. Marx noF. Engels, Soch ., 2nd ed., vol. 13, p. 497). Ngokungafani ne-logic. indlela evumela ukuthi ugxile emiphumeleni yenqubo, uphazamise yonke into engahleliwe neyesibili, yomlando. indlela yocwaningo idinga ukucatshangelwa kwenqubo hhayi kuphela ezicini eziyinhloko, ezichazayo, kodwa ngayo yonke imininingwane kanye nokuchezuka, kuleyo ndlela eyingqayizivele ngayinye eziveza ngayo enkathini ethile yesikhathi kanye nasezimweni ezithile ezinikeziwe. Ngakho, okunengqondo. indlela "iyindlela efanayo yomlando, ekhululwe kuphela esimweni sayo somlando nasezingozini eziphazamisayo" ( K. Marx noF. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 13, p. 497).

Ngokwalezi zindlela ezimbili, ezesayensi. ucwaningo ngezikhova. isayensi yomculo isungule ukuhlukana ngokomlando. kanye nethiyori M. Ngasinye salezi zigaba sihlanganisa isethi yezifundo eziyimfihlo kakhulu, ezikhethekile. uhlamvu. Ngakho, kanye nomlando jikelele womculo, okufanele uhlanganise umculo wawo wonke amazwe nabantu bomhlaba, umlando wezwe ngalinye. amasiko noma amaqembu abo, ebumbene phezu kwesisekelo sendawo, ubuzwe noma umlando wamasiko. imiphakathi (isibonelo, umlando womculo waseNtshonalanga-Yurophu, umculo wabantu base-Asia, iLatin-Amer. Abantu, njll.). Ukuhlukana okungenzeka ngokomlando. izikhathi (umculo wezwe lasendulo, iNkathi Ephakathi, njll.), ngezinhlobo nezinhlobo (umlando we-opera, i-oratorio, i-symphony, umculo wegumbi, njll.). Kusuka kumuphi umbuthano wezigigaba noma yini istorich. inkathi yesikhathi ikhethwa njengesihloko socwaningo, ngokwezinga elithile i-angle yokubuka yomcwaningi, ukugcizelela kwesinye noma esinye isici senqubo, nakho kuncike. Ukusiza. Iziyalo zomlando womculo zingezamamyuziyamu. ucwaningo lomthombo, ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezibucayi. ukuhlaziya nokusebenzisa i-decomp. izinhlobo zemithombo; I-paleography yomculo - isayensi yokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo zokubhala zomculo; umculo textology - ebalulekile. ukuhlaziywa nokufunda umlando wemibhalo yomculo. imisebenzi, izindlela zokubuyiselwa kwazo.

Ithiyori M. ihlukana ibe yinqwaba yemikhakha, ngokulandelana, i-DOS. izici zomculo: ukuvumelana, i-polyphony, isigqi, amamethrikhi, umculo, izinsimbi. Ezithuthuke kakhulu, ezisungulwe njengezizimele. Imikhakha yesayensi ingeyokuqala emibili futhi ngokwengxenye ingeyokugcina yalezo ezibaliwe. Isigqi namamethrikhi athuthukiswa kancane kakhulu. Ehlelekile imfundiso yomculo, njengengxenye ekhethekile yetiyori. M., yaqala ukumila ngeminyaka yama-20s kuphela. Ikhulu lama-20 (usosayensi waseSwitzerland u-E. Kurt eNtshonalanga, BV Asafiev e-USSR). Idatha yayo yonke le mikhakha ekhethekile isetshenziswa kuthiyori evamile. isiyalo esicwaninga ukwakheka komculo. isebenza ngokuphelele. Ku-prerevolutionary yangaphandle kanye neRussia M. kwakukhona isiyalo esikhethekile esibizwa ngokuthi imfundiso yomculo. amafomu. Bekunqunyelwe ku-typology yezinhlelo zokuqamba, okuyingxenye kuphela yesayensi yesakhiwo seminyuziyamu. imisebenzi eyenziwa izikhova. amathiyori: “… amafomu okuqanjwa ngokwawo akufanele afundwe njengezinhlelo ezingezona ezomlando, kodwa “njengamafomu anenjongo”, okungukuthi, afundwe mayelana namathuba azo avezayo, mayelana nalezo zidingo kanye nemisebenzi yobuciko bomculo eholele ekutheni crystallization kanye nomlando oqhubekayo ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi zinhlobo, mayelana nezincazelo zabo ezahlukene ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene, ngabaqambi abahlukahlukene, njll. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, enye yezindlela zokuhlaziya okuqukethwe komculo iyavuleka - kuba nokwenzeka ukusondela kokuqukethwe. womsebenzi ngohlangothi lokuqukethwe lwefomu ngokwalo ”(Mazel L. , Isakhiwo semisebenzi yomculo, 1960, iphe. 4).

Ithiyori M. ijabulela ukubusa. indlela yocwaningo enengqondo. Ukufunda amasistimu athile, athuthukiswe ngokomlando (ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lokuvumelana kwakudala), luwathatha njengenkimbinkimbi ezinzile, zonke izingxenye zawo ezixhumene njalo. UMnyango. izakhi azihlaziywa ngokomlando. ukulandelana kokwenzeka kwazo, kodwa ngokuhambisana nendawo yazo kanye nokubaluleka kokusebenza ohlelweni olunikeziwe. Umlando Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indlela ikhona, njengokungathi, ngendlela "esusiwe". Umcwaningi kufanele akhumbule njalo ukuthi noma yiluphi uhlelo lwama-muses. ukucabanga kuyisiteji esithile istorich. ukuthuthukiswa kanye nemithetho yayo ayikwazi ukuba nokubaluleka okuphelele nokungaguquki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma iyiphi isistimu ephilayo ayihlali imile, kodwa iqhubeka iguquguquka futhi izivuselela ngokwayo, ukwakheka kwayo kwangaphakathi kanye nokuwohloka kwesilinganiso. izici ziba nezinguquko ezithile ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka. Ngakho, imithetho ye-classic. ama-harmonies atholakala ekuhlaziyweni komculo ka-Beethoven njengokusho kwawo okuphezulu kakhulu nokuphelele kudinga ukulungiswa okuthile nokwengezwa osekuvele kusetshenziswe emsebenzini wabaqambi bothando, nakuba izisekelo zesistimu zihlala zifana nazo. Ukukhohlwa izimiso zomlando kuholela ekukhululweni okuqinisekile kokunye okuvele ngesikhathi somlando. ukuthuthukiswa kwamafomu namaphethini esakhiwo. Inkolelo-ze enjalo yayingokwemvelo kuye. usosayensi uH. Riemann, owanciphisa umsebenzi wenkolelo-mbono yobuciko waba ukucacisa “imithetho yemvelo elawula ngokuqaphela noma ngokungazi ikhono lokusungula izinto zobuciko.” U-Riemann uphikile ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuciko njengenqubo yokuguqulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nokuzalwa okusha. “Injongo yangempela yocwaningo lomlando,” ephikisa, “iwukuba neqhaza olwazini lwemithetho yokuqala evamile kuzo zonke izikhathi, lapho konke okuhlangenwe nakho nezindlela zobuciko kungaphansi kwayo” (kusukela esanduleleni kuya kuyi-anthology ethi “Musikgeschichte in Beispielen” , Lpz., 1912).

Division of musicologists. iziyalo emlandweni. kanye nethiyori, esukela eqoqweni lomlando kuzo. noma okunengqondo. indlela, ngokwezinga elithile elinemibandela. Lezi zindlela azivamile ukusetshenziswa ngendlela "ehlanzekile". Ulwazi olubanzi lwanoma iyiphi into ludinga inhlanganisela yazo zombili izindlela - zombili ezingokomlando nezinengqondo - futhi ezigabeni ezithile kuphela zocwaningo lapho eyodwa noma enye yazo ingaba phambili. I-Musicologist-theorist, obeka njengomsebenzi wakhe wokutadisha ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto zomculo wakudala. ukuvumelana noma amafomu e-polyphonic. izincwadi ngokuhambisana nokuthi le nqubo yaqhubeka kanjani, empeleni, idlulela ngale kwethiyori kuphela. ucwaningo futhi uxhumana nomkhakha womlando. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isazi-mlando somculo esifuna ukunquma izici ezijwayelekile, izici eziningi zanoma yisiphi isitayela siyaphoqeleka ukuba sisebenzise amasu nezindlela zocwaningo ezitholakala emculweni wetiyori. M. Higher generalizations ku-M., njengakuzo zonke isayensi eziphathelene nokuphila, amaqiniso angempela emvelo nemiphakathi. okungokoqobo, kungafinyelelwa kuphela ngesisekelo sokuhlanganisa okunengqondo. kanye nezindlela zomlando. Kunemisebenzi eminingi engeke ihlukaniswe ngokugcwele njengethiyori noma yomlando. M., ngoba zihlanganisa ngokungenakuhlukaniswa izici zocwaningo. Leyo akuyona nje imisebenzi emikhulu eyinkinga yohlobo olujwayelekile, kodwa futhi neminye imisebenzi yokuhlaziya. imisebenzi enikelwe ekuhlaziyeni nasekufundeni umnyango. isebenza. Uma umbhali engagcini ngokusungulwa kwamaphethini ezakhiwo ezijwayelekile, izici zeminyuziyamu. ulimi olutholakala emsebenzini ohlaziywe., kodwa luheha ulwazi oluhlobene nesikhathi nezimo ezenzeka ngaso, lufuna ukuhlonza ukuxhumana komsebenzi nenkathi nokunquma. ubuciko bemibono. kanye neziqondiso zesitayela, ngakho-ke uyakhuphuka, okungenani kancane, ngesisekelo somlando. ucwaningo.

Indawo ekhethekile yezazi zomculo ezithile. iziyalo zinqunywa hhayi methodological. izimiso, kodwa isihloko socwaningo. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha ama-muses. folklorists ngokwabo. imboni yesayensi ngenxa ethize. izinhlobo zobukhona bokusungula, ezehlukile kulezo zimo lapho imikhiqizo ivela khona, iphila futhi isakazeke. uphrof. icala lomculo. Isifundo sikaNar. umculo udinga ucwaningo olukhethekile. amasu namakhono okuphatha impahla (bheka i-Musical Ethnography). Nokho, methodologically, isayensi Nar. ubuciko abuphikisani nomlando. kanye nethiyori M., ukuxhumana nakho kokubili. Ku-folkloristics yezikhova, ukuthambekela komlando kuya ngokuya kuqina. ukucatshangelwa kokusungula mayelana nezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zobuciko. isiko labantu abathile noma omunye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-folklore yomculo isebenzisa izindlela zokuhlaziya uhlelo, ukuhlola nokuhlukanisa okuthile. izinhlobo zemibhede yokucabanga komculo njengenkimbinkimbi ezinzile kakhulu noma engaphansi ngendlela enengqondo enesimo semvelo. ukuxhumana nokusebenzelana kwezakhi zayo eziyisisekelo.

Ukucaciswa kwezinto ezifundwayo kuphinde kunqume ukwabiwa kwegatsha elikhethekile lethiyori ye-M nomlando wokusebenza komculo. icala.

Umculo ungomunye wemikhakha yesayensi esencane. isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu (bona iSociology of Music). Iphrofayili yalesi sinqumo kanye nobubanzi bemisebenzi yaso ayikanqunywa ngokugcwele. Eminyakeni yama-20s. wagcizelela preim. umlingiswa wayo wetiyetha ojwayelekile. U-AV Lunacharsky wabhala: “... Uma sikhuluma nje, indlela yezenhlalo emlandweni wobuciko isho ukucabangela ubuciko njengenye yezimpawu zokuphila komphakathi” (“On the sociological method in theory and history of music”, eqoqweni: “Izindaba weSociology of Music", 1927). Kulokhu kuqonda, i-sociology yomculo iyimfundiso yokubonakaliswa kwemithetho yomlando. ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo ekuthuthukiseni umculo njengendlela yomphakathi. ukwazi. Isihloko socwaningo lwesimanje zenhlalo yabantu siba Ch. ar. izinhlobo ezithile zomphakathi. ukuba khona komculo ngendlela ethile. izimo zomphakathi. Lesi siqondiso siqondiswe ngokuqondile ekusebenzeni kwe-muses. impilo futhi isiza ukuthola izindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga zayo ezicindezelayo ngesisekelo sesayensi esiphusile. isisekelo.

Ngaphezu kwalezi ezibalwe ngenhla, amagatsha e-M., anikezela ngenani “lomngcele” weziyalo, i-to-rye iyingxenye ye-M. noma ehlangene nayo. Lona umculo. ama-acoustics (bheka. Amaculo omculo) nomculo. Psychology, ukufunda hhayi umculo onjalo, kodwa ngokomzimba. kanye ne-psychophysical. izimfuneko, izindlela zokukhiqiza kanye nokubona. Idatha yomculo. ama-acoustics kufanele acatshangelwe ezigabeni ezithile zethiyori yomculo (isibonelo, ithiyori yezinhlelo zomculo nezinhlelo), asetshenziswa kakhulu ekurekhodweni komsindo nasekusakazeni, nasekukhiqizeni umculo. amathuluzi, ukwakhiwa conc. amahholo, njll Mayelana nemisebenzi yomculo. i-psychology ihlanganisa ukutadisha komshini wokusungula. izinqubo, inhlalakahle yomculi ku-conc. esiteji, inqubo yokubona umculo, ukuhlukaniswa kwamamuse. amakhono. Kodwa, naphezu kokuthi yonke le mibuzo ihlobene ngokuqondile nama-muses. isayensi, kanye nomculo. i-pedagogy, kanye nokwenza umculo. Impilo, iPsychology yomculo kufanele ibhekwe njengengxenye ye-psychology ejwayelekile, namamuse. ama-acoustics abelwa emkhakheni we-physics. Isayensi, hhayi ku-M.

I-Instrumentation ingeyemikhakha "yemingcele", etholakala lapho kuhlangana khona ubunjiniyela bemishini nezinye izindawo zesayensi noma ubuchwepheshe. Leso sigaba sayo, esicwaninga ngemvelaphi nokuthuthukiswa kwamamuses. izinsimbi, ukubaluleka kwazo emculweni. isiko dec. izikhathi nezizwe, ifakiwe enkingeni yomculo neyomlando. iziyalo. UDkt. Igatsha lesayensi yezinsimbi elibhekene nokuklanywa kwezinsimbi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwazo ngokwendlela yokukhiqiza umsindo nomthombo womsindo (i-organology), ingeyomkhakha womculo. ubuchwepheshe, hhayi empeleni uM.

Ngaphandle kwezigaba eziyinhloko kukhona imikhakha yokubaluleka okusetshenzisiwe, isibonelo. indlela yokufundisa umdlalo ngezindlela ezahlukene. izinsimbi zomculo, ukucula, ithiyori yomculo (bheka Imfundo Yomculo), i-bibliography yomculo (bheka i-Music Bibliography), kanye ne-notography.

Okujwayelekile kakhulu kwesayensi yomculo umculo. aesthetics (bheka. Musical aesthetics), esekelwe okutholwe wonke amagatsha theory. kanye nomlando M. Ngokusekelwe kokuyinhloko. izinhlinzeko ze-aesthetics njengesiyalo sefilosofi, ihlola okuqondile. izindlela nezindlela zokubonisa iqiniso emculweni, indawo yalo ohlelweni lokubola. art-in, isakhiwo somculo. isithombe kanye nezindlela zokudalwa kwaso, isilinganiso somzwelo nokunengqondo, okuvezwayo nokungokomfanekiso, njll. Ekuqondeni okubanzi kangaka komculo. i-aesthetics ithuthukiswe ngesisekelo sefilosofi kaMarxist-Leninist e-USSR kanye nezinye i-socialist. amazwe. Burzh. ososayensi abacabangela ubuhle kuphela njengesayensi yobuhle bakhawulela indima yabo emisebenzini yokuhlola.

Imvelaphi ka-M. isukela emandulo. Ezinye izazi zemfundiso-nkolo yamaGreki zakha uhlelo lwe-diatonic. frets (bheka. Izindlela zasendulo zamaGreki), izisekelo zemfundiso yesigqi, ngokokuqala ngqa incazelo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwenhloko. izikhawu. Ngo-6th c. BC e. I-Pythagoras, esekelwe ebudlelwaneni bezibalo phakathi kwemisindo, isungule i-acoustic ehlanzekile. ukwakha. U-Aristoxenus ekhulwini lesi-4. BC e. wabeka ezinye izici zokufundisa kwakhe ekugxekweni nasekubukezeni, ebeka phambili njengendlela yokuhlola ukubola. Izikhawu azilona inani lazo eliphelele, kodwa umbono wokuzwa. Lokhu kwaba yimbangela yalokhu okuthiwa yingxabano. canons kanye harmonicas. Indima ebalulekile kuDkt. Greece yadlala imfundiso ye-ethos, exhumanisa ukubola. ama-melodic frets kanye nesigqi. imfundo enezinhlobo zencazelo yemizwa, abalingiswa nezimfanelo zokuziphatha. UPlato no-Aristotle basekela izincomo zabo ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlobo ezithile zomculo emiphakathini esekelwe kule mfundiso. impilo kanye nemfundo yentsha.

Ezinye ezivame kakhulu emandulo. umhlaba womculo. imibono yavela kakade emasikweni asendulo aseMesopotamiya (i-Asiriya neBhabhiloni), iGibhithe neShayina, isibonelo. Isici sikaPythagoras nabalandeli bakhe ukuqonda umculo njengokubonakaliswa kwe-cosmic. ukuhleleka okukhona endalweni nasempilweni yomuntu. Kakade ngo-7th c. BC e. emkhomo. incwadi ethi "Guan-tzu" yanikezwa incazelo yezinombolo zamathoni esikali sezinyathelo ezi-5. Ngekhulu le-6-5. BC e. isistimu yomsindo enesivinini esingu-7 isekelwe ngokombono. Izimfundiso zikaConfucius ngemfundo. incazelo yomculo ngandlela thize ihlangana nemibono kaPlato. In the yasendulo Ind. treatises isungulwa ngqo. ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimo zomphefumulo womuntu (rasa) kanye namafomula athile omculo, noma izindlela, ukuhlukaniswa okuningiliziwe kwalokhu kunikezwa ngokwencazelo yawo ecacile.

Umculo-wethiyori. ifa lasendulo laba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kweNkathi Ephakathi. imicabango ngomculo eYurophu. emazweni, kanye naPhakathi noLwesithathu. EMpumalanga. Emibhalweni yama-theorists ama-Arab con. I-1st - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesi-2 yabonisa imibono yamanye amaGreki. izimfundiso mayelana ne-ethos, imicabango ka-Aristoxenus kanye namaPythagoreans emkhakheni wokutadisha izimiso zomsindo nezikhawu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imibono eminingi ye-antique. izazi zefilosofi ziye zaqondwa kabi futhi zahlanekezelwa ngaphansi kwethonya lobuSulumane noma likaKristu. umbono. Emazweni eNkathi Ephakathi. EYurophu, imfundiso yomculo iba i-abstract scholasticism. isiyalo sihlukanisiwe nokwenza. Igunya elikhulu leNkathi Ephakathi emkhakheni womculo. I-Science Boethius (eyedlule emakhulwini ama-5-6) yagcizelela ukubaluleka kwenkolelo-mbono ngaphezu kokuprakthiza emculweni, iqhathanisa ubuhlobo obuphakathi kwawo “nokuphakama kwengqondo kunomzimba.” Isihloko seNkathi Ephakathi. izinkolelo-mbono zomculo zazinengqondo nje. ukuqagela okusekelwe kwizibalo. kanye ne-cosmological. izifaniso. Kanye ne-arithmetic, i-geometry kanye ne-astronomy, umculo wawufakwe phakathi kwesayensi eyinhloko, "ephakeme kakhulu". NgokukaHukbald, "ukuvumelana kuyindodakazi ye-arithmetic", kanti uMarchetto wasePadua ungowe-aphorism "imithetho yendawo yonke imithetho yomculo." Ezinye iNkathi Ephakathi. ama-theorists (uCassiodorus, wekhulu lesi-5; u-Isidore waseSeville, wekhulu lesi-7) bathembela ngokuqondile emfundisweni kaPythagorean yezinombolo njengesisekelo sendawo yonke.

Esiqeshini esisele sencwadi yethiyori ka-Alcuin (ikhulu lesi-8) kwaba ngeyokuqala ukubeka uhlelo lwe-8 diatonic. ama-frets (amaqiniso angu-4 nama-plagal angu-4), asekelwe kwesinye isiGreki esilungisiwe. isistimu ye-modal (bona izindlela ze-Medieval). Okubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni abaculi besonto. I-Art-va ngesikhathi seNkathi Ephakathi yayinenguquko yokubhala komculo, eyenziwa nguGuido d'Arezzo engxenyeni yokuqala. ngo-1 c. Indlela yokucula wayithuthukisa ngokulandela amahekthachori anezinhlamvu zesilabhasi zezinyathelo ezisetshenziswa njengesisekelo sohlelo lwe-solmization (bheka i-Solmization), olulondolozwe ku-pedagogical. zijwayeze nanamuhla. UGuido wayengowokuqala weNkathi Ephakathi. osolwazi baletha imfundiso yomculo eduze nezidingo zangempela zamamuse. imikhuba. Ngokwamazwi kaFranco waseCologne (wekhulu le-11), “inkolelo-mbono yasungulwa uBoethius, lo mkhuba ungokaGuido.”

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-polyphony kwakudinga ukutadisha ngokucophelela okwengeziwe kwemvelo yezikhawu, incazelo enembile yesigqi. ubude besikhathi kanye nokusungulwa kwesistimu ehlanganisiwe yokuhlobana kwazo. Irl. isazi sefilosofi kanye nesazi semfundiso yezobuciko uJohn Scotus Eriugena (wekhulu le-9) okokuqala ngqa ukhuluma nombuzo wangesikhathi esifanayo. inhlanganisela yemigqa emibili yomculo. UJohannes Garlandia kanye noFranco waseCologne bachaza imithetho ye-organum, bathuthukise imfundiso ye-mensur (bheka i-Mensural notation). Enye yezinto ezintsha eziphawulekayo kwaba ukuqashelwa kweyesithathu njengongwaqa ongaphelele emisebenzini kaFranco waseCologne, uMarchetto wasePadua, uWalter Odington.

Kubonakale kulungile. Ngo-1320 eFrance, incwadi ethi "Ars nova" (ethiwa nguPhilippe de Vitry) yanikeza igama layo ekuqondeni okusha emculweni okuhlotshaniswa nenhlangano yokuqala yeRenaissance. Kulo msebenzi, ingxenye yesithathu kanye neyesithupha ekugcineni yagunyazwa ngokomthetho njengezikhawu zongwaqa, ukuba semthethweni kokusetshenziswa kwe-chromaticism (musica falsa) kwaqashelwa, futhi izinhlobo ezintsha, ezikhululekile ze-polyphony ezisekelwe ekuhambeni okuphambene kwamazwi zavikelwa ngokuphambene ne-organum. I-theorist evelele kakhulu yase-Italy. ars nova Marchetto wasePadua ucabangele indlebe “njengejaji elingcono kakhulu emculweni”, egcizelela ukujwayela kwayo yonke into yobuhle. canons. UJohannes de Groheo (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-13 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14) wagxeka izimfundiso zikaBoethius futhi waqaphela umculo wezwe ngokulingana nesonto. icala. Isethi ebanzi yemithetho ye-polyphonic. Incwadi inikezwe emibhalweni ka-I. Tinktoris, owayethembele ku-Ch. ar. ngomsebenzi wabaqambi baseNetherlands. izikole. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, emisebenzini yazo zonke lezi zinkolelo-mbono, baqhubeka bedlala incazelo. indima yezakhi zeNkathi Ephakathi. i-scholastics, i-to-rye yahlala isikhathi eside ku-Renaissance.

Ngokwethiyori umcabango weRenaissance usondela ekuqondeni izisekelo zokuvumelana kwethoni. Imibono emisha ethelayo kanye nokuphawuliwe kuqukethwe emisebenzini yomngane kaLeonardo da Vinci, waseNtaliyane. umqambi kanye ne-theorist F. Gaffori. ESwitzerland. i-theorist Glarean encwadini ethi "Dodecachordon" (1547) igxekile. ukuhlaziywa nokubuyekezwa kweNkathi Ephakathi. imfundiso yezindlela, egcizelela ukubaluleka okukhethekile kwezindlela ze-Ionian (ezinkulu) ne-Aeolian (ezincane). Esinye isinyathelo sithathwe ngu-J. Zarlino, ohambisana nesicoco. Isikole se-polyphonic 16th Century Wachaza izinhlobo ezimbili zama-triad kuye ngokuthi isikhundla sesithathu esikhulu kuzo, ngaleyo ndlela edala izimfuneko zokusungula imiqondo yokukhulu nokuncane hhayi kuphela ku-melodic, kodwa futhi ku-harmonic. izindiza. Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ye-Tsarlino - "Izisekelo Zokuvumelana" ("Le istitutioni harmoniche", 1558) kanye ne "Harmonic Proofs" ("Dimostrationi harmoniche", 1571) nazo ziqukethe okusebenzayo. imiyalelo mayelana nendlela polyphonic. izincwadi, ubudlelwano phakathi kombhalo nomculo. Umphikisi wakhe kwakungu-V. Galilei, umbhali we-polemic. incwadi ethi “Dialogue on old and new music” (“Dialogo … della musica antica e della moderna”, 1581). Esebenzisa isiko lomculo wasendulo, uGalileo wenqaba i-polyphony njengensalela “yaphakathi nekhulu leminyaka. ubuqaba” futhi yavikela isitayela se-wok. ama-monodies ahambisanayo. Isayensi ukubaluleka kwemisebenzi yakhe ilele ekubuzeni umbuzo wokuchazwa kwephimbo lenkulumo yomuntu emculweni. Incwadi yaseGalile yasebenza njengobufakazi obungokwemfundiso “yesitayela esivusa amadlingozi” (i-stile concitato), esavezwa ngesiNtaliyane sakuqala. I-opera ngekhulu le-17 Kusukela ku-aesthetics eduze kwakhe. izikhundla u-J. Doni wabhala incwadi yakhe ethi “Treatise on the types and types of music” (“Trattato de' Generi e de' Modi della Musica”, 1635).

Ngekhulu le-17 Kwasungulwa imisebenzi eminingi ye-encyclopedic. uhlobo, oluhlanganisa uhla lwethiyori yomculo., I-Acoustic. nezinkinga zobuhle. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-“Universal Harmony” (“Harmonie universelle”, v. 1-2, 1636-37) ka-M. Mersenne kanye ne-“Universal Musical Creativity” (“Musurgia universalis”, t. 1-2, 1650) ka-A. Kircher . Ithonya lefilosofi ye-rationalist ka-R. Descartes, u-to-ry ngokwakhe wayengumbhali wethiyori. Isifundo esithi “Izisekelo Zomculo” (“Compendium musicae”, 1618; enikelwe ekusekelweni kwezibalo kwezindlela nezikhawu), ihlanganiswe kuzo nezinto eziphathelene noKristu ezingakadluli. i-cosmogony. Ababhali bale misebenzi bachaza ikhono lomculo lokubangela ukubola. imizwa ngokombono wethiyori yokuthinta (bheka. Ithiyori yokuthinta). “Idivayisi yomculo” (“Syntagma musicum”, t. 1-3, 1615-19) M. Pretorius unentshisekelo njengomunye wemizamo yokuqala yokunikeza umlando. umbono jikelele wokuthuthukiswa kwe-osn. izici zomculo. Isipiliyoni siyavumelana., sihlelekile. ukwethulwa komlando womculo kusukela ezikhathini zeBhayibheli kuya ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-17 kwaba “Incazelo Yomlando Yobuciko Obuhle Bokucula Nomculo” (“Historische Beschreibung der edelen Sing- und Kling-Kunst”, 1690) ka-VK Prince.

Isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu ekubunjweni kwe-M. njengokuzimela. isayensi kwakuyiNkathi Yokukhanyiselwa. Ngekhulu le-18 u-M. ukhululwe ngokuphelele ekuxhumaneni nemfundiso yenkolo, ukuziphatha okungaqondakali kanye nombono. ukuqagela kwefilosofi, okuba ngesisekelo sesayensi ethile. ucwaningo. Imibono izokhanyisa. ifilosofi nobuhle kwaba nomthelela omuhle ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi. imicabango yomculo futhi waphakamisa indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga ezibalulekile zomculo. ithiyori kanye nokwenza. Kulokhu, imisebenzi ye-encyclopedist yesiFulentshi u-JJ Rousseau, D. Diderot, M. d'Alembert, ababebheka umculo njengokulingisa imvelo, becabangela ubulula kanye nemvelo yokukhuluma komuntu njengezimfanelo zawo eziyinhloko. izinzwa. U-Rousseau wayengumbhali wezindatshana zomculo ku-Encyclopedia, kamuva azihlanganisa kweyakhe isichazamazwi somculo esizishicilele (Dictionnaire de musique, 1768). Ithiyori yokulingisa ngemibono ehlukene ichazwa emisebenzini kaMorelle “On Expression in Music” (“De l'expression en musique”, 1759), M. Chabanon “Observations on Music and the Metaphysics of Arts” (“ Observations sur la musique et principalement sur la métaphisique de l'art”, 1779), B. Lasepeda “The Poetics of Music” (“La poétique de la musique”, v. 1-2, 1785). Amathrendi afana nemibono yamaFulentshi. ama-encyclopedist, avela eminyuziyamu. i-aesthetics yaseNgilandi naseJalimane. Umculo waseJalimane omkhulu kunayo yonke usosayensi nomlobi I. Mattheson usondela kuRousseau ekuqapheliseni umculo njengento ebaluleke kakhulu emculweni; unikeze indima ebalulekile ekwahluleleni mayelana nomculo emvelweni, ekunambithekeni nomuzwa. Umbhali oyiNgisi u-D. Brown, esukela embonweni kaRousseau womuntu olula, “wemvelo”, osondelene ngqo nemvelo, wabona isihluthulelo sokuchuma kwekusasa lomculo ekubuyiselweni koqobo lwawo. ukuxhumana okuseduze nezinkondlo. izwi.

Emkhakheni wethiyori yomculo, imisebenzi ka-JF Rameau mayelana nokuvumelana yadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu (eyokuqala yayo kwakuyi-Treatise on Harmony (Traité de l'harmonie, 1722)). Ngemva kokusungula isimiso sokuhlehla kwamaculo kanye nokuba khona kwezinto ezintathu eziyisisekelo. imisebenzi ye-tonal (i-tonic, evelele futhi engaphansi), u-Rameau wabeka isisekelo sakudala. imfundiso yokuzwana. Imibono yakhe yathuthukiswa ngu-d'Alembert emsebenzini wakhe othi “Izici zethiyori nezisebenzayo zomculo ngokwezimiso zikaRameau” (“Elements de musique théorique et pratique, suivant les principes de m. Rameau”, 1752), ehunyushwe kuyo. lang. F. Marpurg. Imibuzo yokuvumelana ikhangwe esitezi sesi-2. Ukunaka kwekhulu le-18 pl. ama-theorists, u-to-rye wayefuna ukuthola isayensi enengqondo. incazelo yezigigaba ezibonwa emsebenzini wabaqambi benkathi yakudala neyangaphambi kweyakudala. Ebhukwini elaziwayo lika-II Fuchs elithi "Isinyathelo esiya kuParnassus" ("Gradus ad Parnassum", 1725) kanye ne-"Treatise on Counterpoint" (1774) ka-G. Martini, isifinyezo esibanzi kanye nokuhlelwa kolwazi oluyisisekelo ku-polyphony kunikezwa. .

Ngekhulu le-18 izinto zokuqala zivela. isebenza ngomlando womculo, hhayi kunganekwane nenganekwane. ulwazi, kodwa ngesifiso sokugxeka. ukuhlaziywa kanye nokufakwa kwezinto eziyiqiniso zamadokhumentari. "Umlando Womculo" wesiNtaliyane. umcwaningi uJ. Martini (“Storia della musica”, v. 1-3, 1757-81), lapho ukuchayeka kulethwa khona ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, akukakakhululwa ethonyeni likaKristu.-theological. izethulo. Isayensi engaguquki. uhlamvu ziyimibhalo emikhulu yesiNgisi C. Burney (imiqulu 1-4, 1776-89) kanye no-J. Hawkins (imiqulu 1-5, 1776), egcwele ukukhanyiselwa. umqondo wenqubekelaphambili; izigigaba zesikhathi esidlule zihlolwa ababhali ngokwezinga eliphezulu lobuhle. izimiso zamanje. Umbhali we "Umlando Ojwayelekile Womculo" kuyo. lang. (“Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik”, Bd 1-2, 1788-1801) E-Forkel wabona umsebenzi wokulandela ukuthuthukiswa kwamamuse. izimangalo ezivela "emithonjeni yasekuqaleni" kuya "ekupheleleni okuphezulu". Ama-horizons abacwaningi bekhulu le-18. wawulinganiselwe ngokuyinhloko emculweni waseNtshonalanga Yurophu. amazwe; isiFulentshi seqiniso. usosayensi u-JB Laborde encwadini yakhe ethi “Essay on old and new music” (“Essai sur la musique ancienne et moderne”, v. 1-4, 1780) iphinde ibhekisele kubuciko obungewona owaseYurophu. abantu. M. Herbert ohlelweni lwakhe lweNkathi Ephakathi. Izincwadi (1784) zaphawula ukuqala kokushicilelwa kwemibhalo yomlando womculo. Imisebenzi yokuqala ebalulekile emculweni. izichazimazwi zaziyi-“Musical Dictionary” (“Dictionnaire de musique”, 1703) ka-S. Brossard, “Musical Dictionary, or Musical Library” (“Musikalisches Lexicon oder Musikalische Bibliothek”, 1732) ka-IG Walter, “Foundations of the Triumphal Gates” (“Grundlage der Ehrenpforten”, 1740) Matteson.

Ekhulwini le-19 kanye nomlando ojwayelekile kunemisebenzi eminingi ye-monographic ivela. ucwaningo mayelana nabaqambi, olwaluhlotshaniswa nesithakazelo esikhulayo kubuntu kanye nokudala komuntu ngamunye. ukubukeka kwabadali abavelele kwezobuciko. Umsebenzi wokuqala omkhulu walolu hlobo wawuyincwadi kaForkel ethi “On the Life, Art and Works of JS Bach” (“Lber JS Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke”, 1802). I-Classic the monographs ka-J. Baini on Palestrina (vols. 1-2, 1828), O. Jan on Mozart (vols. 1-4, 1856-59), KF Krisander on Handel (vols. 1-3, 1858) etholwe ukubaluleka -67), F. Spitta on Bach (vols. 1-2, 1873-80). Inani lale misebenzi linqunywa ngokuyinhloko insada yokuqukethwe kwedokhumentari kanye ne-biography equkethwe kuyo. impahla.

Ukutholakala nokuqoqwa kwenani elikhulu lolwazi olusha kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwethulwa ngokugcwele nangokubanzi kwesithombe esiphelele sokuthuthuka komculo. U-AV Ambros wabhala ngo-1862: “Umoya wokuqoqa nokuhlola uye waba nesandla ekuqoqweni kwezinto ezintsha cishe nsuku zonke, futhi kulinga kakhulu ukuzama ukuletha ukuhleleka kokwaziswa okukhona futhi kuhlanganiswe kube into ebonakala kusengaphambili” (“Geschichte der Musik”, Bd 1, 1862, 1887). Imizamo yokuhlanganisa konke muz.-historical. inqubo yenziwe nge-decomp. izikhundla methodological. Uma umsebenzi ka-RG Kizewetter onesihloko sesici esithi "Umlando WaseNtshonalanga YaseYurophu noma Umculo Wethu Wamanje" ("Geschichte der europdisch-abendländischen oder unserer heutigen Musik", 1834) uqukethe ama-echoes amaningi, uzokhanyisela. imibono ngomlando njengenqubo yenqubekelaphambili eqhubekayo nokukhuphuka, bese kuba inhloko yamaFulentshi. kanye neBelg. M. phakathi. Ikhulu le-19 u-FJ Fetis ubona "emfundisweni yenqubekelaphambili" DOS. isithiyo ekuqondeni kahle isimangalo. Imisebenzi yakhe eyisikhumbuzo I-Universal Biography of Musicians kanye ne-General Bibliography of Music (Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique, v. 1-8, 1837-44) kanye Nomlando Jikelele Womculo (Histoire générale de la musique depuis les temps les plus anciens jusqu'а nos jours”, v. 1-5, 1869-76) imele umthombo omkhulu wocwaningo. inani. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izikhundla ezilondolozayo zombhali, owathola ubuhle bakhe, zavela kuzo. ekahle esikhathini esidlule futhi kubhekwa ukuthuthukiswa komculo njengenqubo esheshayo yokushintsha ukubola. izimiso zokuklama ezizwakalayo. Ukuthambekela okuphambene kuvezwe Emlandweni Womculo ka-F. Brendel e-Italy, eJalimane nase-France… ukuxhumana nezimo ezibaluleke kakhulu zempilo yomoya evamile. Umbono ofanayo obanzi wamasiko nomlando uyisici sika-Ambros, nakuba indima yomculo emlandweni jikelele. inqubo yayibhekwa nguye ngokombono wokuthandana-idealistic. imibono "ngomoya wabantu". I-multi-volume yakhe ethi "Umlando Womculo" ("Geschichte der Musik", Bd 1852-1, 4-1862) ingeyenye yezindawo ezivelele kakhulu emculweni. umlando wekhulu lama-78.

Ukunakwa okukhulu ezinkingeni ze-methodological zomculo-zomlando. ucwaningo olwaboniswa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20. G. Kretschmar, G. Adler, X. Riemann. U-Kretzschmar ugcizelele ukubaluleka komlando womculo ekwahluleleni kwenani lobuhle, ewuchaza ngokuthi "ubuhle bomculo obusetshenziswayo obubhekwa ngokombono." Imfuneko edingekayo yokuqonda kweqiniso, okuphelele kwezobuciko. izenzakalo, wabheka ulwazi lwenkathi kanye istorich. izimo lapho kwavela khona into ethile. Ngokuphambene naye, u-Adler wagcizelela ukucaciswa kwemithetho evamile yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yokuthuthukiswa komculo, ebeka phambili njengesisekelo. isitayela somqondo wesigaba somculo-mlando. Kodwa lo mqondo wahunyushwa nguye ngokusemthethweni. Ukushintsha nokushintshana kuyahluka. izitayela, ngokusho Adler, organic. inqubo ezimele kunoma yiziphi izici ezingaphandle kwayo. I-abstract-naturalistic efanayo. ukuqonda komlando womculo kutholwe ukuvezwa kwawo okwedlulele ku-Riemann, owaphika ngempela ukuthuthukiswa komculo, ecabangela ukuvela kwama-muses. icala njengokubonakaliswa kwemithetho ejwayelekile engaguquleki.

Indawo ekhethekile kuhlelo lokusebenza. umlando womculo uqala. Ikhulu lama-20 lithatha umsebenzi kaR. Rolland. Ebheka umculo njengesinye sezici ezibalulekile ekuphileni okungokomoya kwesintu, wakubheka kudingekile ukuwufundisisa ngokuseduze nezomnotho, ezombangazwe. kanye nomlando wamasiko abantu. “Yonke into ixhumene,” kubhala uRolland, “yonke inguquko yezombangazwe ithola ukuqhubeka kwayo kuyinguquko kwezobuciko, futhi impilo yesizwe iyinto ephilayo lapho yonke into isebenzelana khona: izenzakalo zezomnotho nezobuciko.” “Yonke inhlobo yomculo ihlotshaniswa nohlobo oluthile lomphakathi futhi isivumela ukuba siyiqonde kangcono” ( Rollan R., Sobranie musikistoricheskih soobshcheniya, vol. 4, 1938, pp. 8, 10). Imisebenzi ebekwe phambili nguRolland yomlando womculo ingaxazululwa ngokuqhubekayo kuphela ngesisekelo sendlela yokusebenza yomlando. ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo.

Esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-19 umsebenzi owembulekayo wesayensi-ebucayi. ukushicilelwa kwezikhumbuzo zomculo wesikhathi esidlule. Sh. E. Kusmaker yanyathelisa ngo-1864-76 inani leNkathi Ephakathi. izindaba zomculo. Ngo-1861-71, ngaphansi kwezandla zika. F. Krizander, kwaqalwa ukushicilelwa kochungechunge oluthi “Monuments of Musical Art” (“Denkmäler der Tonkunst”), okwaqhubeka kusukela ngo-1900 ngaphansi kwegama. “Izikhumbuzo zobuciko bomculo baseJalimane” (“Denkmäler deutscher Tonkunst”). Ngo-1894, u-ed. U-Adler waqala ukushicilela incwadi eyisikhumbuzo ethi “Monuments of Musical Art in Austria” (“Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich”). Ngawo lowo nyaka, ukushicilelwa kochungechunge lwezincwadi ezithi “Masters of Music of the French Renaissance” (“Les maоtres musiciens de la renaissance française”) kwaqala ngaphansi kwezandla zika. A. Uchwepheshe. O. Chilesotti in Italy yanyatheliswa ngo-1883-1915 9 amavolumu. “Imitapo yolwazi yomculo eyivelakancane” (“Biblioteca di rarita musicali”), lapho kunikezwa khona amasampula omculo we-lute wekhulu le-16-18. Ukushicilelwa kohlobo olufanayo kwasungulwa kwamanye amazwe amaningana. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, kwenziwa izinhlelo zemiqulu eminingi yemisebenzi yakudala. amakhosi: Bach (59 vols., 1851-1900), Handel (100 vols., 1859-94), Mozart (24 series, 1876-86).

Ekuthuthukiseni umculo lexicography kusho. umculo waba nendima. izichazamazwi J. Grove (1879-90) no-X. Riemann (1882), ezihlukaniswa ngokwesayensi ephakeme. izinga, ububanzi kanye nenhlobonhlobo yolwazi abalubikayo. Yomibili le misebenzi yabuye yanyatheliswa izikhathi eziningana efomini elengeziwe nelibuyekeziwe. Ngo-1900-04, isichazamazwi se-Bio-Bibliographic esinemiqulu eyi-10 Yemithombo Ngabaculi Nezazi Zomculo… .

Mayelana nokuthuthuka okubanzi komculo. imfundo ngekhulu le-19. abaningi bayadalwa. izibonelelo zemikhakha eyahlukene yethiyori. Leyo yimisebenzi yokuvumelana ka-S. Catel (1802), FJ Fetis (1844), FE Richter (1863), M. Hauptmann (1868), ku-polyphony - L. Cherubini (1835), IGG Bellerman (1868). Ezizimele. imfundiso yomculo iba yigatsha lethiyori yomculo. amafomu. Umsebenzi wokuqala omkhulu wokuhlela kahle kule ndawo “Isipiliyoni Ekuhlanganiseni Umhlahlandlela” ka-X. Koch (“Versuch einer Anleitung zur Composition”, Tl 1-3, 1782-93). Kamuva, kwavela imisebenzi efanayo ka-A. Reich no-AB Marx. Ukuba ne-Ch. ar. izinjongo zemfundo, le misebenzi ayinayo ithiyori ebanzi. generalizations futhi okusekelwe isitayela. izimiso zakudala. inkathi. UMnyango. imicabango emisha nezikhundla ezihlobene nezikhathi ezithile (isibonelo, umgomo wokuqala wokuhlukaniswa kwamaculo ka-Katel).

Isigaba esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kweYurophu. i-theoretical M. ihlotshaniswa nemisebenzi ka-X. Riemann, usosayensi we-erudition enkulu kanye nesayensi eguquguqukayo. izithakazelo, ezifake isandla ekuwohlokeni. izingxenye zethiyori yomculo. U-Riemann wethula futhi waqinisekisa umqondo we-harmonics. imisebenzi, enikeza isigaba esisha samaculo ngokuya ngokuba yiqembu elilodwa noma elinye elisebenzayo, kwembule inani lokwakheka lokuguquguquka. Ekutadisheni amafomu omculo, akazange aqhubekele ku-architectonic kuphela. izikhathi (indawo yezingxenye, ubuhlobo bazo kubo bonke kanye nomunye nomunye), kodwa futhi kusukela ku-motive-thematic. ukuxhumana. Nokho, categoricalness ngokweqile, lapho Riemann ezwakalise yesayensi yakhe. imibono, unikeza inombolo yethiyori yakhe. amalungiselelo aqinile. uhlamvu. Ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zesakhiwo nemithetho ye-classic. isitayela somculo, wathi kuzo zibalulekile, zibalulekile emhlabeni wonke, futhi ngemibandela yalesi sitayela wasondela emculweni wazo zonke izikhathi nabantu. Imfundiso ka-Riemann yemitha nesigqi isengozini kakhulu kulo mqondo. Isikole esisebenzayo sokuvumelana sasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20. nangemisebenzi ka-E. Prout kanye no-FO Gevart.

Ngekhulu lama-20 uM. ekugcineni uyathuthuka futhi athole ukuqashelwa njengozimele. isayensi exazulula izinkinga ezikhethekile futhi enezindlela zayo zokucwaninga. I-M. ifakwe ohlelweni lwemfundo ephakeme ku-Humanities, emazweni amaningi aseYurophu naseMelika kumabhuzu aphezulu oboya kwakhiwa iminyango ekhethekile noma ku-wena M. Activation of science. imisebenzi emkhakheni womculo ineqhaza eziningi. isazi somculo. mayelana-va kanye nezinhlangano, i-to-rye ngezinye izikhathi inezabo. izitho zabezindaba, shicilela uchungechunge lwamadokhumentari nocwaningo. izincwadi. Ngo-1899 i-Intern. umphakathi womculo, owabeka umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa izazi zomculo ngoDisemba. amazwe. Ngo-1914, mayelana nokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, yayeka imisebenzi yayo. Ngo-1, i-International Society for Musicology yasungulwa, lapho ososayensi abavela emazweni angaphezu kuka-1927 (kuhlanganise ne-USSR) bamelwe.

Ububanzi obujwayelekile bomsebenzi endaweni ye-M. ekhulwini lama-20. zikhule kakhulu, uhla lwayo lwezinkinga lwandile, ucwaningo olusha seluvele. izimboni nezikhombisi-ndlela. Okuthiwa. qhathanisa. M., enomsebenzi wokufunda umculo. amasiko angewona awaseYurophu. abantu. Izimiso eziyisisekelo zalesi siqondiso zathuthukiswa ekuqaleni. Ososayensi baseJalimane bekhulu lama-20 u-K. Stumpf, EM Hornbostel, K. Sachs, R. Lachman, V. Viora bangabameleli bayo abavelele. Izindlela zokuqhathanisa. M., ebezisekelwe ekusesheni izinto ezifanayo ekuwohlokeni kwe-suit-ve. abantu bomhlaba, kamuva bagxekwa futhi kwatholakala ukuthi igama lesiyalo alinembile. Ngama-40s. kwasungulwa umqondo we "ethnomusicology". Ngokungafani nokuqhathanisa. M., lesi sifundo sihlose ukufunda umculo. isiko abantu bebonke, ekuhlanganisweni kwazo zonke izici zayo.

Ososayensi Zap. IYurophu ne-United States bathole imiphumela ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwaseMpumalanga. amasiko omculo. Uma ngekhulu le-19 kwenziwa kuphela ngokwehlukana, ngaphezulu noma kancane episodic. uhambo oluya kule ndawo (ngokwesibonelo, izincwadi zika-RG Kizevetter, kanye noF. Salvador-Daniel, ilungu le-Paris Commune on Arabic music), ngaleso sikhathi ekhulwini lama-20. umculo Orientalism uzimele. isiyalo sesayensi. Inhloko-dolobha isebenza ngomculo wama-Arabhu. amazwe kanye Iran zadalwa G. Farmer, ngokusho zakudala. Umculo wamaNdiya - A. Daniel, umculo wase-Indonesia - J. Kunst. Kodwa ngobuningi besayensi emihle. idatha, le misebenzi ivame ukuba sengozini ekuqondeni nasekuphatheni. izimiso. Ngakho, emisebenzini kaDanielou, kunokuthambekela kokulondoloza amasiko. amasiko asempumalanga kanye nokubukelwa phansi kwesimanje. izinqubo zabo zokuthuthukisa.

Ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20 u-JB Thibaut no-O. Fleischer babeka izisekelo zesimanje. Umculo weByzantine izifundo. Impumelelo ewujuqu kule ndawo ihlotshaniswa nokutholwa kuka-H. Tilliard, K. Høeg, kanye no-E. Welles.

Imibhalo eningi ngomlando womculo ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezenzakalo kanye nokuwohloka. inkathi - kusukela empumalanga yasendulo. amasiko kanye nezikhathi zakudala esikhathini sethu. Zihlukahlukene ngokulinganayo izinhlobo zomculo ezinomlando. isebenza: lena i-monographic. ucwaningo olunikezelwe kwezobuciko obuvelele. izibalo noma umculo. izinhlobo, nokubuyekezwa okujwayelekile kokuthuthukiswa komculo ngezwe, inkathi, isitayela. izikhathi. Emlandweni womculo, iWestern-European. Cishe azikho “izindawo ezimhlophe” kanye nama-lacunae, okungabazisayo, abhalwe phansi kodwa amaqiniso aqinisekisiwe asele phakathi kwezizwe. Kubabhali bomculo ababaluleke kakhulu bekhulu lama-20. eka-: G. Abert, A. Shering, A. Einstein eJalimane; JG Prodomme, A. Prunier, R. Rolland, J. Tiersot eFrance; OE Deutsch, E. Shenk e-Austria; A. Bonaventure, A. Della Corte, F. Torrefranca e-Italy; E. Blom, E. Dent eNgilandi; P. Lang, G. Rees e-USA, nabanye. Isazi somculo. izikole sezithuthukile eCzechoslovakia, Poland nakwamanye amazwe aseMpumalanga. EYurophu. Umsunguli we-Czech M. yesimanje ngu-O. Gostinskiy, abamlandelayo babengososayensi abavelele njengo-V. Gelfert, Z. Neyedly. Phezulu kwesikole sezazi zomculo zasePoland ngu-A. Khybinsky noZ. Jachymetsky. Umsebenzi walaba sosayensi wabeka isisekelo socwaningo olunzulu lwamasiko omculo kazwelonke. Inganekwane eqoqiwe yazuza ububanzi kulawa mazwe. Umsebenzi. Isazi sasePoland ethnographer u-OG Kolberg udale umsebenzi oyisikhumbuzo ochaza imibhede emikhulu. amasiko, izingoma, imidanso (“Lud, jego zwyczaje, sposüb zycia, mowa, podania, przyslowia, obrzedy, gusla, zabawy, piesni, muzyka i tance”, t. 1-33, 1865-90). Uphinde abe ngumnikazi weqoqo lemiqulu engama-23 lamabhanga asePoland. izingoma. Okuyisisekelo emculweni. I-Folkloristics yamaSlav aseNingizimu. abantu babenemisebenzi ye-FK Kukhach. U-A. Pann no-T. Brediceanu babeka isisekelo sokuhleleka. ukuqoqa nokucwaninga rum. umlando womculo. Ekuqaleni. Iqoqo lesayensi yekhulu lama-20 liyasetshenziswa. imisebenzi ka-B. Bartok, u-to-ry wathola izingqimba ezazingaziwa ngaphambili ze-Hung. futhi rum. nar. umculo, waba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwendlela yokusebenza. izisekelo zendabuko yomculo.

Yanda ngekhulu lama-20. umsebenzi wokushicilelwa kwezikhumbuzo zomculo. isiko. Inombolo enkulu yohlobo lwezincwadi (ukuhlelwa kwefeksi yemibhalo yesandla emidala, ukucacisa amarekhodi ngombhalo ongewona ongokwengqondo nangokwengqondo, ukuhlelwa nokucubungula, okwenziwa kucatshangelwa izidingo zokugcwaliseka kwesimanje) awenzanga nje kuphela ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa izinto eziningi ngendlela entsha, ngokuphelela okukhulu nokuthembeka okukhulu. izinkathi zomlando zokuthuthukiswa komculo, kodwa futhi kube nesandla ekubuyiselweni kwemisebenzi eminingi ekhohliwe ekhonsathini ne-opera repertoire. Ukwanda okukhona yonke indawo komlando womlando wesimanje umlaleli kuxhumene ngqo nempumelelo yomlando. M. kanye nemisebenzi yokushicilela ejulile endimeni yomculo.

Imisebenzi emikhulu yokuhlanganisa umlando womculo ekhulwini lama-20, njengomthetho, ibhalwe ngamathimba ososayensi. Lokhu kungenxa yokukhula okukhulu kwempahla, engakwazi ukufakwa umcwaningi oyedwa, kanye nobungcweti obukhulayo. Ngemva kokushicilelwa nguRiemann kwencwadi yakhe ethi Handbuch der Musikgeschichte (Bd 1, Tl 1-2, Bd 2, Tl 1-3, 1904-13) kanye nokushicilelwa koMlando Womculo (Histoire de la musique”, v. 1- 3, 1913-19) J. Combarier eZarub. isazi somculo. yayingekho imisebenzi yokuqala emikhulu emlandweni jikelele womculo owabhalwa umbhali oyedwa. Ngezindlela eziningi. imisebenzi edidiyelwe kule ndawo ithi "Umlando we-Oxford womculo" ("Umlando we-Oxford womculo", v. 1-6, 1 ed. 1901-1905), "Umhlahlandlela womlando womculo" (1924) ed. G. Adler, uchungechunge lwezincwadi ezingaphansi kwesihloko esivamile. “Umhlahlandlela Wezifundo Zomculo” (“Handbuch der Musikwissenschaft”), eshicilelwe u-ed. E. Buecken ngo-1927-34, "Umlando we-Norton womculo" ("Umlando we-Norton womculo"), eyanyatheliswa e-USA kusukela ngo-1940. Emisebenzini yomculo wekhulu lama-20. U-X. Mersman, G. Werner, P. Koller, X. Stuckenschmidt, W. Austin nabanye benza umzamo wokuqonda ngokomlando izinqubo zomculo. ukuthuthukiswa enkathini ethintana ngqo nesimanjemanje. Kodwa-ke, eminingi yale misebenzi ihlushwa ukuntula komlando wangempela, ukuchema okuthambekele ekukhetheni nasekumbozweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ukuvikela isikhundla sika-K.-l. izikhombisi-ndlela zokudala, ababhali bazo kwesinye isikhathi bakhipha ngokuphelele inani lezinto ezibalulekile neziyisici zezikhathi zanamuhla emkhakheni wabo wokubona. umculo. Umthelela obalulekile enanini lama-zarub. abacwaningi banikezwa imibono T. Adorno, okwathi encwadini Philosophy of New Music (Philosophie der neuen Musik, 1949) kanye neminye imisebenzi umemezela indlela yesikole esisha Viennese njengendlela kuphela yeqiniso ukuthuthukiswa iminyuziyamu. icala ekhulwini lama-20.

Ukuchichima kolwazi nezinto eziqoqwe kuzo zonke izindawo zaseMoscow kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuba kwakhiwe ama-encyclopedia anjalo amakhulu. amaqoqo, njenge-“Encyclopedia of Music of the Paris Conservatory” (“Encyclopédie de la musique et Dictionnaire du conservatoire”, pt. 1, v. 1-5, pt. 2, v. 1-6, 1913-31) ed. U-A. Lavignac no-L. de La Laurencie kanye "Umculo esikhathini esidlule nesimanje" ("Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart", Bd 1-14, 1949-68, okungeziwe kushicilelwe kusukela ngo-1970), ed. P. Blume.

Kanye impumelelo engenakuphikiswa ekuthuthukisweni ekhethekile. izinkinga zomlando womculo, ukunwetshwa kwezifundo zomthombo. isisekelo, ukutholwa kwezinto ezintsha, ezazingaziwa ngaphambili kwesimanje. zarub. indaba. M. ngobukhali obukhethekile baboniswa futhi nek-ry phika. ukuthambekela: ubuthakathaka bokujwayelekile, ukuntuleka kwemibono ebanzi yamasiko nomlando, ubudlelwano obusemthethweni nemithombo. Ingozi yokucwengwa, i-empiricism eyimpumputhe nengenamaphiko iphinde ikhonjiswe ngababona kude kakhulu abameleli baseNtshonalanga. M. Ngisho nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. V. Gurlitt uthe ukugeleza okukhulayo kwezincwadi ezintsha nezifundo zomthombo. imihlangano ayikwazi ukuvala “ubumpofu bamandla okucabanga okudala.” Ku-10th Congress of the Intern. I-Society of Musicology (1967) F. Blume iphakamise ngokucijile umbuzo wobuchwepheshe obudlulele kanye "neopsitivism" njengezimpawu ezisongelayo zesimanje. historic M., mayelana “nokwehlukaniswa okuqhubekayo komlando womculo emlandweni ovamile.” Ekuthuthukisweni kwezinkinga ze-methodological zomlando womculo ngemuva kwe-G. Adler, G. Krechmar, A. Schering, akukho miphumela emisha ephawulekayo ezuziwe. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezikhathi zesitayela ezamukelwa emisebenzini emikhulu ehlanganisiwe emlandweni womculo bh kuwuhlelo olusemthethweni lwangaphandle, olungabonisi konke ukuhlukahluka nobunkimbinkimbi bomlando womculo. inqubo. Ukuqoqwa kwamaqiniso kuvame ukuba isiphetho ngokwakho futhi akukho ngaphansi kwemisebenzi yesayensi ebanzi. ukuhleleka.

Isiqondiso esijwayelekile sokuthuthukiswa kwetiyori. M. ekhulwini lama-20. ebonakala ngokuthambekela kokunqoba inkolelo-mbono yamaRiemannian nokusondela ekudaleni okuphilayo. umkhuba wesimanje. Wadala eziningi imisebenzi ngokuvumelana, lapho main. izimiso zethiyori yokusebenza zihunyushwa kabanzi futhi ngokukhululekile, ukukhombisa izindlela ze-harmonics. Izinhlamvu zithatha amasampula omculo we-con. 19 - cela. Ikhulu lama-20 Omunye wemisebenzi eyisisekelo yalolu hlobo uthi “Treatise on Harmony” (“Traité d'harmonie”, t. 1-3, 1928-30) ka-C. Keklen.

Ingqophamlando entsha ekuthuthukisweni kwemicabango yethiyori ngomculo kwakuyimisebenzi ka-E. Kurt, phakathi kwayo okuyisisekelo se-Linear Counterpoint (Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts, 1917) kanye ne-Romantic Harmony kanye Nenhlekelele Yayo ku-Wagner's Tristan (Romantische Harmonik und ihre Krise Wagner's "Tristan", 1920). U-Kurt usuka ekuqondeni umculo njengokubonakaliswa kohlobo olukhethekile lwe-“psychic. amandla”, igcizelela uhlangothi lwayo oluguquguqukayo, lwenqubo. NguKurt owashaya into ebucayi kakhulu. igalelo ku-dogmatism kanye ne-metaphysical classicism. ithiyori yomculo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo subjective-idealistic. imvelo yemibono ka-Kurt imholela embonweni ongacacile futhi osemthethweni womnyakazo emculweni njengento ezimele futhi engazimele kokuqukethwe kwangempela okungokomfanekiso-ngokomzwelo.

Abaqambi abaningi abahamba phambili bekhulu lama-20 ababhali bemisebenzi yetiyori, lapho bengagcini nje ngokuchaza futhi baqinise ubuqambi. nezimiso zobuhle, kodwa ziqonde kakhudlwana. imibuzo yomculo. ubuchwepheshe. Ku-"The Doctrine of Harmony" ("Harmonielehre", 1911) ka-A. Schoenberg, ukubukeka okusha kubekwa phambili encazelweni yemibono kangwaqa kanye ne-dissonance, inzuzo yomgomo wesine wokwakha ama-chords phezu komgomo wesithathu uthi kufakazelwe, nakuba umbhali namanje engayishiyi inhlabathi yokuvumelana kwethoni lapha. Ukuqonda okusha, okunwetshiwe kwe-tonality kuchazwa ngu-P. Hindemith kokuthi “Instructions in Composition” (“Unterweisung in Tonsatz”, 1st, theory, part, 1937). Uchungechunge lwezinkulumo zika-A. Webrn, ezishicilelwe ngemva kokufa ngaphansi kwesihloko. "Izindlela zomculo omusha" ("Wege zur neuen Musik", 1960), iqukethe ithiyori kanye nobuhle. ukuqinisekiswa kwezimiso ze-dodecaphony kanye ne-serialism. Isitatimende sobuchwepheshe. izisekelo ze-dodecaphony zinikezelwe ezincwadini eziningi zokubola. izilimi (isebenza nguR. Leibovitz, H. Jelinek, H. Eimert nabanye).

Ngama-50-70s. eNtshonalanga Yurophu nase-Amer. M. indlela yalokhu okuthiwa. ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo. Umqondo wesakhiwo somsindo, ongasho noma yibuphi ubunye obuzinzile bezakhi, uthatha isikhundla seminyuziyamu kulesi simiso. ukuhlaziywa kwezigaba eziyinhloko zakudala. imfundiso amafomu. Ngokunjalo, diff. "Ubukhulu" besikhala somsindo nesikhathi (ubude, ubude, amandla, umbala womsindo) kunqunywa. "amapharamitha wesakhiwo". Lolu hlobo lokuhlaziya lunciphisa umbono wefomu lama-muses. umkhiqizo. kusethi yobudlelwano bobuningi, bezinombolo. Izimiso zokuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo zithuthukiswa nguCh. ar. amathiyori omculo. i-avant-garde esekelwe ku-serial kanye nezinye izinhlobo zomculo we-post-serial. Imizamo yokusebenzisa le ndlela emikhiqizweni esekelwe ezimisweni zokucabanga kwe-tonal ayizange inikeze imiphumela emihle. imiphumela. Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo kungasiza ekucaciseni imithetho ethile eyakhayo emculweni, kodwa isusa ngokuphelele incazelo ecacile yezakhi zobuciko. amafomu kanye nomlando othize kanye nesitayela. ukuxhumana.

Ngekhulu lama-20 izikole zomculo ziqala ukwakheka emazweni aseLat. eMelika, e-Asia nase-Afrika. Ukugxila kwabo ezindabeni zezwe. amasiko omculo. U-LE Correa di Azevedo ungumbhali wemisebenzi emikhulu ku-br. nar. kanye nophrof. umculo, ngo-1943 wakha iCentre for Folklore Research eNat. isikole somculo. Omunye wabameleli abavelele kakhulu be-Argent. M. – K. Vega, owashicilela amaqoqo abaluleke kakhulu amabhanke. imiculo esuselwe eyakho. amarekhodi. E-Japan, kusukela ku-con. Ikhulu le-19 inani lamaqoqo amaningi aphawulwe ngokwesayensi weNar. futhi zakudala. umculo, udale ucwaningo olukhulu. ilitha ngokuya nge-diff. izinkinga zomlando kanye nethiyori yaseJapan. umculo. Kusho. impumelelo ifinyelelwe. M. emkhakheni wokufunda i-nat. amasiko omculo. Phakathi kwabameleli bayo abavelele kukhona u-N. Menon. Ngama-50-60s. umsebenzi wokuvakasha ushubile. izazi zomculo; ukubaluleka okukhulu ekufundeni kweNar. ukuvakasha. umculo nomlando wawo. imisebenzi ka-AA Saigun nabanye babenesikhathi esidlule. Ikomidi Lomculo. Ucwaningo eMkhandlwini Wezobuciko, Izincwadi kanye Nesayensi Yezenhlalakahle. Abaculi abakhulu beza ngaphambili. ososayensi kwamanye amazwe aseNegro Africa: K. Nketiya (Ghana), A. Yuba (Nigeria).

E-Russia, uM. waqala ukwakheka ku-con. Ikhulu le-17 selivele likhona ngekhulu le-15. iziqondiso zocwaningo lokubhala ingwegwe, okuthiwa. Ama-ABC (bheka. Umculo we-ABC), abenevelu esetshenziswayo futhi awaqukethe ulwazi lwethiyori yomculo efanele. Kuphela emisebenzini yabasekeli bezingxenye ezicula i-IT Korenev (uMusikia, ama-60s wekhulu le-17) kanye no-NP Diletsky (uMusikia Grammar, ama-70s wekhulu le-17) kwaba umzamo wokwakha imfundiso evumelanayo nephelele yomculo. Ngekhulu le-18 lesiRashiya umcabango womculo ukhululiwe enkolweni. ukuncika futhi uthinta izinhlobonhlobo zezindaba ezihlobene nokwakheka nokuthuthukiswa kwezwe lezwe. isiko lomculo. Kodwa uM. akakakwazi ukuzimela kuleli khulu leminyaka. igatsha lesayensi ye-art-ve. Inombolo iqukethe. izitatimende mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi komculo nezinkondlo, mayelana nesimo seminyuziyamu. izinhlobo ziqukethwe ekukhiqizeni. abasunguli baseRussia bakhanyisa. classicism MV Lomonosov, AP Sumarokov. U-Lomonosov ungumnikazi womdwebo okhethekile "Incwadi mayelana nesenzo esikhiqizwa umculo enhliziyweni yomuntu." Emaphephandabeni anyatheliswa ngu-IA Krylov kanye nezincwadi zakhe. abahlanganyeli ku-con. Ikhulu le-18, i-normativity eqinile ye-classicist aesthetics iyagxekwa, umqondo wokuthi kungenzeka ukudala iRussia. nat. ama-opera asekelwe ekwakhiweni kwesintu. I-echo ephuzile ye-classicism kwakuyi-"Discourse on Lyric Poetry or an Ode" ka-GR Derzhavin (1811-15), lapho okucaciswe khona. izingxenye zinikezelwe ku-opera, izinhlobo zezingoma, i-cantata. Bonke abameleli abavelele baseRussia. lit-ry 18 leminyaka. - kusukela ku-VK Trediakovsky kuya ku-AN Radishchev - wabonisa isithakazelo esijulile ku-Nar. ingoma. Ngolwesine lokugcina. Ikhulu le-18 iqoqo lokuqala eliphrintiwe lesiRashiya. nar. izingoma ezinamanothi omculo wemiculo ka-VF Trutovsky, NA Lvov kanye no-I. Prach. Isihloko sika-NA Lvov esithi “On Russian Folk Singing”, esanyatheliswa njengesandulelo kwelesi-2 lala maqoqo, siphawule ukuqala kwesiRashiya. umlando womculo. Ngekhulu le-18 liyasebenza nasekuzalweni kobaba. umlando womculo. Umthombo obalulekile wolwazi mayelana nesiRashiya. impilo yomculo iqala. kanye ser. Ikhulu le-18 liyincwadi yemilando enemininingwane futhi enonembeza kaJ. Shtelin "Izindaba Ngomculo ERussia" (1770). Ngo-1778 yanyatheliswa ngesiFulentshi. lang. Incwadi ka-AM Beloselsky ethi “On Music in Italy”, eyabangela izimpendulo eziningi phesheya. E-Academy of Sciences and Arts, eminye imibuzo yethiyori yomculo ku-physics ne-acoustics yathuthukiswa. kanye nezici zezibalo. Umsebenzi ka-European L. Euler othi “Isipiliyoni Senkolelo-mbono Entsha Yomculo Obekwe Phambili Ngesisekelo Semithetho Engaguquki Yokuvumelana” (eyanyatheliswa ngo-1739) yaqashelwa. U-J. Sarti uhlongoze imfoloko entsha yokuhlela, eyavunywa i-Academy of Sciences and Arts ngo-1796 futhi ecishe iqondane ngokuphelele naleyo eyamukelwa ngo-1885 njengeyamazwe ngamazwe. ejwayelekile.

Ngekhulu le-19 ukuthuthukiswa komculo nesayensi. okwakucatshangwa ukuthi kwakuhlobene eduze nomzabalazo wezindlela ezithuthukile zamazwe obaba. icala lomculo, ukuvikelwa kanye nokuthethelelwa kokuqamba kwakhe. kanye nemibono yobuhle. Ngokuphathelene nalesi sikhathi, kunzima ukudweba umugqa ocacile phakathi kwe-M. nama-muses. ukugxeka. Izinkinga eziyisisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zethiyori. kanye nohlelo lobuhle lwabekwa futhi lwanqunywa emkhakheni wezobuntatheli, ngokuvamile ngokungqubuzana okubukhali kwemibono kanye nezingxabano. ukufinyela. Mayelana nokubukeka kwama-opera ka-MI Glinka kuma-30s nama-40s. ezihlokweni ze-VF Odoevsky, NA Melgunov, nabanye abagxeki, okokuqala ngqa, imibuzo mayelana nobuzwe bomculo, mayelana nokuhluka kwesici, iqala ukuxoxwa kabanzi. izici zesikole somculo saseRussia kanye nobudlelwano baso nezinye. izikole (isiNtaliyane, isiJalimane, isiFulentshi). Isayensi ejulile. Izihloko ze-VP Botkin "Umculo wesiNtaliyane nesiJalimane", "Ngokubaluleka Kobuhle Besikole Esisha Sepiyano" (enikezelwe ku-F. Chopin) zibaluleke kakhulu. Iminyango iyakhiwa. ama-monographs amakhulu. umsebenzi wocwaningo. njengokuthi: “A New Biography of Mozart” (1843) ka-AD Ulybyshev, “Beethoven and His Three Styles” (1852) ka-V. Lenz. Yomibili le misebenzi isithole ukuhlonishwa emazweni angaphandle.

Isiteji esisha ekuthuthukisweni kwesiRashiya. U-M. unqume imisebenzi ye-AN Serov, VV Stasov, GA Larosh, evezwe kuma-50s nama-60s. Ikhulu le-19 uSerov wethula okokuqala igama elithi musicology. Esihlokweni esithi "Music, Musical Science, Musical Pedagogics" (1864), ugxeka kakhulu inkolelo-ze yamazwe angaphandle. osolwazi abafuna ukusungula imithetho yomculo enganyakazi, “yaphakade”, futhi bathi isisekelo se-musicology njengesayensi kufanele kube isifundo somlando. inqubo yokuthuthukisa umculo. ulimi kanye nezinhlobo zomculo. ubuhlakani. Umbono ofanayo uvikelwa nguLaroche esihlokweni esithi “Indlela Yomlando Yokufundisa Ithiyori Yomculo” (1872-73), nakuba i-aesthetic conservatism. isikhundla sombhali samholela ekuchazeni uhlangothi olulodwa lomqondo womlando njengekhambi “lemibono eyiphutha” yezikhathi zanamuhla. Lokho uSerov noLaroche ababefana ngakho ukuthi babelwela ukucabangela iminyuziyamu. izenzakalo emlandweni obanzi womlando, usebenzisa ukufana okuhlukahlukene kokubili emkhakheni womculo kanye nemikhakha yobuciko ehlobene. ubuhlakani. Bobabili abagxeki banake ngokukhethekile umbuzo wemvelaphi nokuthuthukiswa kweRussia. izikole zomculo (“Mermaid”. I-Opera ka-AS Dargomyzhsky kaSerov, “Glinka nokubaluleka kwayo emlandweni womculo” kaLaroche, njll.). Emidwebeni yokuhlaziya "Isipiliyoni sokugxekwa kobuchwepheshe bomculo we-MI Glinka", "Thematism of the Overture" uLeonore "," i-Beethoven's Ninth Symphony "uSerov wayefuna ukukhomba okuqukethwe okungokomfanekiso komculo ngesisekelo sengqikithi. ukuhlaziywa. Stasov, owavela emaphephandabeni njengomuntu oshisekayo we-propagandist weRussia entsha. u-art-va, umlweli wemibono ethuthukisiwe yobuqiniso nobuzwe, ngesikhathi esifanayo wabeka isisekelo sendlela ehlelekile. ukuqoqa nokushicilela imibhalo ephathelene nesiRashiya. abaqambi, wayengumbhali wemibhalo yokuqala enemininingwane yomlando ka-MI Glinka, MP Mussorgsky, AP Borodin.

Ekudalweni kwemithombo. izisekelo zomlando wesiRashiya. umculo, ikakhulukazi wasekuqaleni, inkathi yangaphambi kwe-Glinka, umsebenzi we-HP Findeisen udlale indima ebalulekile. Izinto eziningi zamadokhumentari ezazingaziwa ngaphambili ngesiRashiya. umculo - kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi kuya ekhulwini le-19. - yanyatheliswa e-Russian Musical Newspaper, osn. Findeisen ngo-1894, kanye namaqoqo "Musical Antiquity", eyanyatheliswa ngaphansi ukuhlela kwakhe. ngo-1903-11. UFindeisen ungumnikazi wezincwadi zokuqala ezibanzi zezinhlamvu zikaGlinka, Dargomyzhsky nezinye zaseRussia. abaqambi. Inani lezinto ezibalulekile nezifundo ngesiRashiya. umculo washicilelwa kumagazini. “I-Musical Contemporary”, eshicilelwe ngaphansi kokuhlelwa kwe. U-AN Rimsky-Korsakov ngo-1915-17; uchwepheshe. omagazini balo magazini zinikezelwe Mussorgsky, Scriabin, Taneyev. Kusukela emisebenzini evamile ye-pre-revolutionary. iminyaka emlandweni womculo, ivolumu enkulu kunazo zonke "Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Komculo waseRussia" (ama-vols. 1-2, 1910-12) MM Ivanov, kodwa ukusabela. ukubandlulula izahlulelo zombhali kusho. Iziqu zehlisa ukubaluleka kweqiniso eliwusizo elitholakala kulo msebenzi. impahla. Imisebenzi ye-AS Famintsyn "Buffoons in Russia" (1889), "Gusli. Insimbi yomculo yabantu baseRussia" (1890), "iDomra nezinsimbi ezihlobene nabantu baseRussia" (1891), NI Privalova "Beep, insimbi yomculo yasendulo yaseRussia" (1904), "Izinsimbi zomculo zomculo zabantu baseRussia" (1908) , njll. .hlinzeka ngezinto ezibalulekile ekukhanyiseni umculo wezwe e-Dr. Russia. Ulwazi olusha lubikwa ezindabeni zika-SK Bulich ngesiRashiya. uk. umculo 18 nasekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-19 Phakathi kwemisebenzi ye-monographic mayelana nezakudala zesiRashiya. umculo uhlukaniswa ukuphelela kolwazi kanye nobuningi bemibhalo ebhaliwe ethi "The Life of PI Tchaikovsky" (vols. 1-3, 1900-02), eyabhalwa umfowabo womqambi u-MI Tchaikovsky. Ngawo-1900 yaba isihloko sesayensi. izifundo zomsebenzi wabaqambi besizukulwane esisha: AK Lyadov, SI Taneeva, AK Glazunov, AN Skryabin, SV Rakhmaninov, inani lemisebenzi ebucayi ye-biographical linikezelwe eCrimea. kanye nokuhlaziya imisebenzi ye-VG Karatygin, GP Prokofiev, AV Ossovsky, Yu. D. Engel, owaqala umsebenzi wakhe njengo-BV Asafiev.

Imboni ekhethekile yangaphambi koguquko. zomlando M. kukhona imisebenzi kwezinye Russian. umculo wesonto. Okuningi okucatshangelwayo okuthokozisayo kanye nokuqagela mayelana nalolu hlangothi lwama-baba. ifa lomculo lavezwa ngu-E. Bolkhovitinov ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-19 Ngama-40s. kukhona ukushicilelwa kwe-ND Gorchakov, VM Undolsky, IV Sakharov, equkethe izingcaphuno ezivela ku-theory. imibhalo kanye nezinye izincwadi eziphathelene nabahlabeleli. faka isicelo eRussia. VF Odoevsky ngeminyaka yama-60s. eshicilelwe eziningana. ucwaningo. imidwebo ngokusho kwezinye isiRashiya. umculo, lapho amabandla. ukucula kuqhathaniswa noNar. ingoma. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwasungulwa umsebenzi ojwayelekile ka-DV Razumovsky "Ukucula kweBandla eRussia" (izindaba 1-3, 1867-69). Ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwemibuzo Rus. esontweni u-SV Smolensky, II Voznesensky, VM Metallov, AV Preobrazhensky benza umnikelo obalulekile ekuculeni. Nokho, eminingi yale misebenzi, ibandla. ukucula kubhekwa njengedwa, ngokuhlukaniswa nezindlela ezijwayelekile zokuthuthukiswa kwesiRashiya. ubuciko. isiko, ngezinye izikhathi okuholela eziphethweni eziwuhlangothi olulodwa, ezingenabufakazi obanele ngokomlando.

Ukunakwa okukhulu kwakhokhelwa izibalo ezihamba phambili zesiRashiya. umculo wekhulu le-19 isifundo sezingoma zomdabu. Imicabango ebalulekile kwezobuciko. Imvelo yaseRussia. nar. izingoma, izici zesici somculo wayo. ishede, ukubaluleka kwayo ekudaleni umqambi kungokwamakhosi avelele ezizwe zobaba. umculo wakudala. U-VF Odoevsky waphawula ukuthi emisebenzini yakhe ku-Nar. kuningi okuphakanyiswe engomeni kaGlinka. Ezihlokweni zeStasov, Laroche kanye nabanye abameleli abavelele baseRussia. umculo imicabango ebucayi ihlangana iqukethe. uhambo lokuya endaweni yokusungula. Kuqoqwe ku-ser. Ikhulu le-19 leminyaka lokuqopha izingoma zezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokubonwa bukhoma kokuba khona kwayo kwakudinga ngokwesayensi. generalizations kanye systematizations. Isihloko se-Serov esithi "Ingoma yaseRussia njengesihloko sesayensi" (1869-71) yayiyisipiliyoni sokugxeka. ukuqonda nokuhlolwa kwayo yonke le nto ngencazelo. izikhundla zethiyori. Umbhali uzama ukuveza indilinga eyinhloko yemisebenzi nezindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwamamuse. inganekwane njengesayensi ekhethekile. iziyalo. Kodwa-ke, ukuveza inani lokubhekwa kokuhlaziya okulungile nokucatshangelwa kwe-methodological evamile. oda, uSerov wanamathela embonweni oyiphutha owawusakazeke ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi isisekelo sesiRashiya. Ingoma yezingoma zomdabu itholakala kwezinye isiGreki. uhlelo lokukhathazeka. Lo mbono, owaqala ngekhulu le-18. ngaphansi kwethonya lemibono ye-classicism, yathola ukubonakaliswa kwayo okwedlulele emisebenzini kaYu. K. Arnold ("Umbono Wesonto Lakudala LaseRussia Nokucula Kwabantu", 1880, njll.). Enye yezimpumelelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zobaba. kanye nomculo. folkloristics engxenyeni 2nd. Ikhulu le-19 kwaba ukuvulwa Russian nar. polyphony (Yu. N. Melgunov, HE Palchikov). U-HM Lopatin esingenisweni seqoqo, elishicilelwe nguye kanye no-VP Prokunin (1889), wembula imvelo ehlukile ye-Nar. izingoma ze-lyric. Ngama-60s. iqala ehlelekile. isifundo se-epic. isiko lengoma. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20. U-EE Lineva waqala ukusebenzisa i-Nar ukuqopha. izingoma zegilamafoni. Lokhu kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukusungula nokulungisa izici ezithile zomsindo wabo obukhoma, okunzima ukuwuzwa ngendlebe. Umculo-ethnographic. ikhomishini eMoscow. un-te, eyadalwa ngo-1902, yaba eyinhloko. isikhungo sokufunda nenkulumo-ze kaNar. izingoma ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20; kanye nabacwaningi bendabuko (AA Maslov, NA Yanchuk, nabanye), abaqambi abakhulu (Rimsky-Korsakov, Taneyev, Lyadov, Grechaninov) babamba iqhaza emsebenzini walo.

Nakuba ukugxila kakhulu Russian. izazi zomculo 19 nasekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20 kwakunemibuzo yezizwe zobaba. isiko lomculo, nokho, bafuna ukunquma isimo sabo sengqondo ngezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-zarub. umculo wamanje. Okuningi okubukhali nokuqondisisa. kuphawula ngomsebenzi waseNtshonalanga Yurophu. abaqambi, izici otd. umkhiqizo. ezitholakala ezihlokweni zikaSerov, Laroche, Tchaikovsky, nabanye abagxeki nababhali ngomculo. Emakhasini omagazini. phrinta izindatshana ezishicilelwe zemvelo edumile, idokhumentari yomlando wakho. izinto zokwakha, ukuhunyushwa kwemisebenzi yangaphandle. ababhali. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yasekuqaleni zizimele. ngokwesayensi izincwadi zika-HP Khristianovich "Izincwadi mayelana noChopin, Schubert noSchumann" (1876), RV Genika "Shuman nomsebenzi wakhe wepiyano" (1907), VV Paskhalov "Chopin and Polish Folk Music" (1916-17) zibaluleke kakhulu. ). Omunye wamaphayona omculo waseRussia u-AF Khristianovich uvele ezifundweni zaseMpumalanga, lapho umsebenzi we-bunk ungowakho. Umculo wase-Algeria, oshicilelwe phesheya (“Esquisse historique de la musique arabe aux temps anciens…”, 1863). Ukubuyekezwa okujwayelekile komlando womculo ka-PD Perepelitsyn, AS Razmadze, kanye no-LA Sakketi kungokwemvelo yokuhlanganisa. Ngo-1908, i-Musical Theoretical Library Society yasungulwa eMoscow, eyabeka omunye wemisebenzi yayo ukuthuthukisa imibuzo yomculo we-classic. amagugu kanye nokudalwa kwesayensi. amaqoqo ezincwadi zomlando kanye nethiyori yomculo. U-MV Ivanov-Boretsky kanye no-VA Bulychev baba negalelo elikhulu ekuqalisweni kwalo msebenzi.

I-Peru abaqambi abakhulu baseRussia bangabomsebenzi we-diff. umculo-thiyori. iziyalo: “Amanothi Ngezinsimbi” ka-Glinka aqoshwe ngaphansi kokubizela kwakhe u-Serov (ed. 1856), izincwadi zokufunda zokuvumelana zika-Tchaikovsky kanye no-Rimsky-Korsakov (1872 no-1885), “Izisekelo Zokucula” ka-Rimsky-Korsakov (umhleli 1913nberg bheka kweye-1909 MO1929 Steinberg). ). Le misebenzi yayibangelwa ikakhulukazi izidingo ze-pedagogical practice, kodwa futhi yakha izinhlinzeko ezithile eziyisisekelo zethiyori. nokuhleleka kobuhle. Umsebenzi wezibalo we-SI Taneyev "I-Mobile counterpoint yokubhala okuqinile" (ed. 1) ihlukaniswa ngokuvumelana nokuphelela komqondo. Ukwengezwa kuyo ishicilelwe ngemuva kokufa (3) "Ukufundisa ngeCanon". U-Taneyev uphinde waveza imicabango ejulile kanye namazwi emibuzweni yefomu, ukuguqulwa kwezwi, njll. Enye yezimpumelelo ezinesibindi neziyizimpumelelo zaseRussia. Imicabango yethiyori yomculo yangaphambi kokuguquguquka iminyaka kwakuyithiyori yesigqi semodal ye-BL Yavorsky, DOS. izinhlinzeko zazo ezavezwa nguye okokuqala emsebenzini othi "Isakhiwo Senkulumo Yomculo" (izingxenye 1908-XNUMX, XNUMX).

Ngokuvumelana. 19 - cela. Ikhulu lama-20 abantu abaningi baseRussia benza umsebenzi wokutadisha imvelo yabo. amasiko omculo, abacwaningi abathokozisayo nabanomqondo wangempela beza ngaphambili. Umsunguli we-Ukrainian M. kwakunguNV Lysenko, owadala imisebenzi ebalulekile ku-Nar. izinsimbi zomculo Ukraine, mayelana nezikhulumi Ukraine. nar. ubuciko - ama-kobzars nemisebenzi yawo. Ngo-1888, kwashicilelwa iphepha lethiyori. Umsebenzi ka-PP Sokalsky "I-Russian Folk Music Great Russian and Little Russian", lapho isithombe esingaguquki, nakuba sihlushwa i-schematism ethile, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zobuciko bezingoma zaseMpumalanga. inkazimulo. abantu. Ngawo-1900s imisebenzi yokuqala yomunye wabacwaningi abavelele bodumo ivela. umculo wezinganekwane FM Kolessa. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20. U-Komitas wabeka izisekelo ze-Arm. inganekwane yesayensi. U-DI Arakishvili, kanye neqoqo elibanzi lezinganekwane. umsebenzi oshicilelwe ngawo-1900. ucwaningo oluyisisekelo mayelana nempahla. nar. ingoma kanye nokuba khona kwayo. VD Korganov, owathola udumo nge-biography. usebenza kuMozart, Beethoven, Verdi, naye owathintwa emisebenzini yakhe kaDec. imibuzo yomculo. amasiko eCaucasus. U-A. Yuryan no-E. Melngaiilis babengabaqoqi nabacwaningi bokuqala be-Letts. nar. izingoma.

I-Musicology e-USSR. I-Socialist enkulu ka-Oct. uguquko lwadala izimo zokuthuthukiswa okubanzi kwesayensi. imisebenzi emkhakheni womculo phakathi kwabo bonke abantu base-USSR. Ngokokuqala ngqa ezweni lamaSoviet uM. wathola ukuqashelwa njengozimele. isiyalo. Ochwepheshe badalwa izikhungo zesayensi ezithuthukisa izinkinga zikaDec. izinhlobo zobuciko, okuhlanganisa nomculo. Ngo-1921 ePetrograd ngesisekelo sesayensi. umtapo wolwazi ngobuciko be-VP Zubov, obukhona kusukela ngo-1912, i-Russian Institute of the History of Art yasungulwa nomnyango womlando womculo (ngemuva kochungechunge lokuhlela kabusha yaguqulwa yaba umnyango wocwaningo lwesayensi we-Leningrad Institute of Ithiyetha, Umculo kanye ne-Cinematography) . Ngawo lowo nyaka, uMnyango Wezwe wasungulwa eMoscow. Isikhungo Sesayensi Yomculo (HYMN) kanye Nombuso. isikole sezobuciko. Isayensi (GAKhN). Isazi-mlando sobuciko sesimanje esikhulu kunazo zonke esisungulwe sohlobo oluyinkimbinkimbi - Ying t yomlando wezobuciko, H.-i. kuwena okukhethekile Kuneminyango yomculo ezindaweni eziningi zamariphabhulikhi eNyunyana. I-M. njengokukhethekile ifakiwe ohlelweni lomculo ophezulu. emfundweni, kuma-conservatories, kanye neminye iminyuziyamu. amanyuvesi kukhona iminyango theory kanye nomlando umculo, to-rye ucwaningo. sebenza ezindaweni ezihambisanayo.

Izibalo zaseSoviet, eziqala ngesisekelo se-Marxist-Leninist methodology, zidlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni kwenhlangano yezenhlalakahle. isiko lomculo, lisiza ukuxazulula izinkinga ezisebenzayo eziphuthumayo. imisebenzi ebekwe phambili yimpilo, ubamba iqhaza emsebenzini wobuhle. imfundo yabantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izazi zomculo wezikhova zithuthukisa izinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu eziyisisekelo zethiyori nomlando womculo, ukuzixazulula ngendlela entsha ekukhanyeni okuyinhloko. izinhlinzeko ze-dialectic. kanye nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo ngokomlando. Emisebenzini yama-20s kanye nama-30s. amaphutha anenhlamba ezenhlalo enziwa. ukuhleleka, okubangelwa incazelo eqonde kakhulu nenohlelo lokuxhumana kwesimangalo-va nenhlalonhle-yomnotho. isisekelo. Ukunqoba la maphutha nokuqinisa izikhundla zezikhova. M. ufake isandla emisebenzini ka-AV Lunacharsky njengomculi. umbhali. Egxeka “i-orthodoxy engenangqondo yangaphambi kwesikhathi” yabahlambalazi beMarxism, wanikeza emculweni wakhe nomlando. imidwebo nemidlalo iyizibonelo zokungena okucashile kungqikithi yezenhlalo yangoDisemba. izinto zomculo. Uhlelo olubanzi noluguquguqukayo lokuthuthukiswa kwezikhova. M. wabekwa phambili ngu-BV Asafiev embikweni othi "Modern Russian Musicology and Its Historical Tasks" (1925). Ekhuluma ngesidingo sokuhlanganisa izinkinga ezibanzi ze-methodological nocwaningo olujulile lwekhonkrithi, u-Asafiev wagcizelela ikakhulukazi ukuthi isayensi yomculo kufanele ibe nomuzwa wokuzwelana nezidingo zokuphila futhi ibe amandla akhiqizayo naqondisayo eminyuziyamu. imikhuba. Usosayensi onombono omkhulu, wacebisa ngemisebenzi yakhe yokubola. izindawo zomlando kanye nethiyori ye-M., ehamba phambili kwesinye sezikhova ezinkulu. isazi somculo. izikole. Unemisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile yesiRashiya. kanye nezarub. ifa lakudala nomculo wekhulu lama-20, ohlukaniswa ubusha bokubhekwa kanye nobuqili bobuhle. ukuhlaziywa. U-Asafiev waba ngowokuqala ukwembula ngokugcwele ukubaluleka komsebenzi kaTchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Stravinsky nabanye abaqambi. Ukunqoba ukuthambekela kwe-subjective-idealistic isici sakhe eminyakeni yakhe yokuqala. amaphutha, wafika ekudalweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo. ithiyori yephimbo, esiza ukuveza indlela ethile yokubonisa iqiniso emculweni. Lo mbono ungenye yezimpumelelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zethiyori yomculo kaMarxist. kanye nemicabango yobuhle.

Eminyakeni yama-20s. imiqondo eminingana yetiyetha eyayithi ingeyomhlaba wonke (ithiyori ye-metrotectonism ka-GE Konyus, ithiyori yezindlela eziyisisekelo eziningi nongwaqa ka-NA Garbuzov), nakuba ichaze izici ezithile kuphela zokufomayo nokuvumelanayo. amaphethini emculweni. Izingxoxo ngale mibono zibe nomthelela ekukhuleni kwezikhova. ithiyori M. Ingxoxo mayelana nethiyori yesigqi se-modal (1930) yazuza isikali esibanzi ngokukhethekile. Yagxeka izici eziphikisanayo, ezizimele zale mbono futhi yaveza izakhi zayo ezithelayo, ezingacebisa izikhova. isayensi yomculo. Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezikhova. ithiyori M. kwakuwukusungulwa kwezindlela ezintsha zokuhlaziya, okusiza ukuveza okuqukethwe kwemibono nengokomfanekiso eminyuziyamu. umkhiqizo. Imisebenzi ye-LA Mazel kanye no-VA Zukkerman yayibaluleke kakhulu kule ndawo. Ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zeMarxist-Leninist aesthetics, bahlakulela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi indlela. ukuhlaziya okuphelele, ukuhlola uhlobo lwama-muses. umkhiqizo. njengohlelo lwenhlangano yabo bonke luzoveza. kusho ukuthi zisebenza ukwenza lokho okuchaziwe. qukatha. inhloso. Umnikelo obalulekile ekuthuthukiseni le ndlela wenziwa futhi ngu-SS Skrebkov, VV Protopopov, I. Ya. U-Ryzhkin, no-VP Bobrovsky. Kanyekanye athuthukiswa amagatsha etiyetha. M. Umsebenzi ka-GL Catoire “Inkambo yethiyori yokuvumelana” (izingxenye 1-2, 1924-25), esekelwe ezimisweni zesikole esisebenzayo, inikeza incazelo entsha, yokuqala yezinye izici zayo. UMnyango. izinhlinzeko zalesi sikole zithuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe emisebenzini ka-IV Sposobina, SV Evseev nabanye. ukuthuthukiswa. Ithiyori yemisebenzi eguquguqukayo edalwe ngu-Yu. N. Tyulin unikeza isihluthulelo sokuqonda abaningi. ukuvumelana okusha. izenzakalo emculweni wekhulu lama-20. Imibuzo yemisebenzi yesimanje ye-SS Skrebkov, Yu. N. Kholopov nabanye ababhali nabo bazinikele ekuvumelaneni. Encwadini enkulu ye-LA Mazel "Izinkinga zokuvumelana kwe-classical" (1972), ehlanganisa i-theory. isici socwaningo ngomlando kanye nobuhle, ukuvela kwe-harmonics kuhlanganiswe kabanzi. ukucabanga kusukela ngekhulu le-18.

I-SS Bogatyrev yathuthukisa futhi yengeza izici ezithile zezimfundiso ze-SI Taneyev ku-counterpoint yeselula.

I-BV Protopopov idale uchungechunge lwemisebenzi yomlando we-polyphony. Imibuzo ye-polyphony ngoDisemba. izinhlangothi zimbozwe emisebenzini ka-AN Dmitriev, SV Evseev, SS Skrebkov.

Isiqondiso esikhethekile ezikhovaneni. M. yimisebenzi ka-NA Garbuzov kanye nesayensi yakhe. izikole ezimi onqenqemeni lwethiyori yomculo nama-acoustics. Ithiyori yezoni yemvelo yokuzwa eyakhiwe nguGarbuzov (bheka. Indawo) ibalulekile ekuxazululeni enye imfundiso yomculo. izinkinga. Lesi siqondiso siphinde sithintene nendawo yama-muses. i-psychology, eyethulwa ngezikhova. isayensi yomculo ngezifundo ze-EA Maltseva, BM Teplov, EV Nazaykinsky nabanye.

Ukuthuthukiswa komculo-mlando. isayensi kuma-20s. yayiyinkimbinkimbi futhi yabambezeleka yi-Rapmov-proletkult nihilistic. izitayela zefa. Ukugxekwa kwalokhu kuthambekela kwenqwaba yemibhalo nezinkulumo zeqembu yizikhulu zeqembu nohulumeni kwasiza izikhova. zomlando M. ukuchaza ngokucacile imisebenzi yabo kanye methodological. izimiso. Ngemva Oct. revolution okokuqala wazuza ebanzi futhi ehlelekile. umsebenzi wabalingiswa ocwaningweni lwama-baba. ifa. Imisebenzi ka-Asafiev "Symphonic Etudes" (1922), "Umculo WaseRussia kusukela Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1930" (18) kanye nomjikelezo wakhe we-monographic. izindatshana kanye nocwaningo ngomsebenzi wamakhosi avelele aseRussia. umculo wasendulo wawuchaza isiteji esisha kule ndawo, nakuba kungeyona yonke into kuwo eyayingenakuphikiswa futhi eminye imibono eyavezwa ngaleso sikhathi yabuye yalungiswa futhi yabuyekezwa kancane umlobi. Ezinyathelweni nasezandleni. Asafiev, uchungechunge lwezifundo lwenziwa ngesiRashiya. umculo wekhulu lama-1927, ofakwe kuSat. "Impilo yomculo neyomculo yaseRussia yakudala" (1928). Ngo-29-1922, kwanyatheliswa umsebenzi oyisisekelo ka-HP Findeisen othi “Izindatshana Eziphathelene Nomlando Womculo ERussia Kusukela Ezikhathini Zasendulo Kuya Ekupheleni Kwekhulu Le-1”. Ucwaningo oluningi olubalulekile kanye nedocumentary-biographical. Izinto zokwakha zashicilelwa emaqoqweni athi "Orpheus" (3, ehlelwe ngu-AV Ossovsky), "Musical Chronicle" (izindaba 1922-25, ehlelwe ngu-AN Rimsky-Korsakov, 1-4), "Umlando Womculo WaseRussia Ocwaningweni Nezinto Zokusebenza" (ama-vols. 1924-27, ehlelwe ngu-KA Kuznetsov, XNUMX-XNUMX). Diff. izinhlangothi zezifundo zomculo waseRussia u-VV Yakovlev, ezisekelwe ocwaningweni olunzulu lwemithombo eyinhloko, zizinikele emasikweni. Ngenxa yombhalo ocatshangelwayo futhi ocophelelayo umsebenzi owenziwa ngu-PA Lamm ukwazile ukubuyisela imibhalo yombhali wokuqala kaMussorgsky, eveza ukukhanya okusha ngomsebenzi walo mqambi.

Isifundo somlando waseRussia. umculo waqhubeka uqhutshwa kakhulu enkathini eyalandela. Ukukhuthazwa kwesayensi entsha. amandla abe nomthelela ekwandiseni indawo engaphambili yocwaningo, ehlanganisa ukubola. ama-epoch kanye nohlu oluhlukahlukene lwezigigaba zaseRussia. umculo wakudala. Kwadalwa ama-monographs amakhulu. isebenza kuma-classics wesiRashiya. umculo (BV Asafiev mayelana noGlinka, MS Pekelis mayelana noDargomyzhsky, NV Tumanina mayelana noTchaikovsky, AN Sohora mayelana noBorodino, GN Khubov mayelana noMussorgsky, AA Solovtsov mayelana neKorsakov, LA Barenboim mayelana no-AG Rubinstein, njll.), amaqoqo (ngamavolumu angu-2 mayelana neGlazunov. , ngama-vols angu-3. mayelana ne-Balakirev, njll.), izincwadi zokubhekisela ezinjengokuthi "imilando yokuphila nomsebenzi". Ukufuna izinto ezintsha ngesiRashiya kwaqhubeka. umculo wenkathi yangaphambi kwe-Glinka. Imisebenzi ye-BV Dobrokhotov, BS Steinpress, AS Rozanov nabanye yethulwa kwezesayensi. ukusetshenziswa kwamaqiniso amaningi ayengaziwa ngaphambili kube nomthelela ekubuyiselweni ekuphileni kwemikhiqizo ekhohliwe ngokungafanele. Imisebenzi eyisisekelo ye-TN Livanova "isiko lomculo laseRussia lekhulu le-1" (ama-vols. 2-1952, 53-3), AA Gozenpud "I-opera yaseRussia yekhulu lama-1969" (izincwadi ezingu-72, i-17-1). Imisebenzi ka-MV Brazhnikov, VM Belyaev, ND Uspensky iyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekutadisheni umculo obhaliwe. ifa laseRussia lasendulo. Muses. isiko lekhulu lesi-3 lathola ukusabalala okusha emisebenzini ka-TN Livanova, SS Skrebkov, VV Protopopov. Izindaba Imisebenzi ka-AD Alekseev no-VI Muzalevsky (umculo wepiyano), u-VA Vasina-Grossman no-OE Levasheva (izingoma zezwi lekamelo), u-AS Rabinovich (i-opera yenkathi yangaphambi kwe-Glinka) inikezelwe ezinhlotsheni , AA Gozenpud (umjikelezo wezincwadi mayelana nomculo we-operatic waseRashiya), i-IM Yampolsky (ubuciko be-violin), i-LS Ginzburg (ubuciko be-cello), i-LN Raaben (i-chamber instr. Ensemble), njll. Ukuthuthukiswa komculo obalulekile. futhi umcabango wobuhle eRussia uhlanganiswe emisebenzini kaYu. A. Kremlev “Umcabango wesiRashiya ngomculo” (imiqulu 1954-60, 1-1) kanye noTN Livanova “Ukugxekwa kwe-Opera eRussia” (umqu. 2; v. 2, uhlelo 3, ngokuhlanganyela ne-VV Protopopov). Kusho. kukhona izimpumelelo ekushicilelweni kwemibhalo kanye nemithombo ngesiRashiya. umculo. I-anthology ebanzi ethi The History of Russian Music in Musical Samples (vols. 4-1966, 73st ed., 1-1) yethula inani lemisebenzi eyaziwa kancane. Ngo-1 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-3 Kusukela ngo-1, sekushicilelwe uchungechunge oluthi "Izikhumbuzo Zobuciko Bomculo WaseRussia", umsebenzi walo ohlelekile. ukuthuthukiswa nokushicilelwa kwefa lombhalo wesandla waseRussia. umculo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube sekupheleni. Ucwaningo olukhulu lwekhulu lesi-1940. kanye nemibhalo. umsebenzi wandulela ukushicilelwa kwezemfundo. eqoqwe imisebenzi kaGlinka, Rimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky, Tchaikovsky (engxenyeni yomculo, ngaphandle kwemisebenzi eqoqwe kaMussorgsky, yonke iqediwe).

Ngenxa yezinto eziningi ezisanda kutholwa futhi ezenziwe zatholakala eziqoqwe ngokweqiniso. ulwazi, ukutadisha okujulile nokuhlaziya izenzakalo zokudala umlando rus. umculo uthole ukukhanya okusha. Inganekwane mayelana nesifundazwe kanye nokuhlehla kwayo emuva, okwavela ngesikhathi sangaphambi koguquko, yachithwa. isikhathi. Lezi mpumelelo zezikhova. zomlando M. wasebenza njengesisekelo imisebenzi collective emlandweni Russian. umculo, ed. MS Pekelis (vol. 1-2, 1940), NV Tumanina (vol. 1-3, 1957-60), AI Kandinsky (vol. 1, 1972), “History of Russian Music” Yu. V. Keldysh (izingxenye 1-3, 1947-54). Imisebenzi esohlwini yenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ku-pedagogical yasenyuvesi. zijwayeze njengezincwadi zokufunda noma uch. izinzuzo, kodwa ezinye zazo ziqukethe futhi ucwaningo. impahla.

Ngama-40s. kunemizamo yokuqala yokwethula izikhova ezidlule. umculo uyindlela yentuthuko emlandweni ophelele. umbono, hlaziya futhi ahlole zonke izimpumelelo zayo kanye nokushiyeka kwayo. Kweminye imisebenzi ngomlando wezikhova. umculo wathonywa umthelela omubi wokugomela. ukufakwa, okuholele endleleni yokuhlola engalungile, ehlanekezelwe. izenzakalo zokudala kanye nokululaza impumelelo isiyonke yezikhova. isiko lomculo. Ngokukhanya kwezinqumo zeNgqungquthela yama-20 ye-CPSU kanye nezembulekayo engxenyeni yesibili. Ukudala okubanzi kwama-2s. izingxoxo, lezi zinqumo eziyiphutha zabuyekezwa, kwafinyelelwa umbono onenhloso ngezinqubo zokwakheka nokuthuthukiswa kwezikhova. umculo njengobuciko be-socialist. iqiniso. Ngo-50-1956, I-History of Russian Soviet Music (ama-vols. 63-1) yanyatheliswa, eyakhiwe ithimba labasebenzi be-Institute of the History of Arts. Kwakuyincwadi yokuqala eyisisekelo yomlando wezikhova. umculo, obonakala ngobuningi, ububanzi bokuhlanganisa izinto kanye nokwethulwa okuphelele. Izinhlobo zezikhova zokuthuthukiswa. umculo Imisebenzi ye-VM Bogdanov-Berezovsky (i-opera), i-AN Sohor (ingoma), nabanye bazinikele ekudaleni. Inani elikhulu lemisebenzi ye-monographic libhaliwe. ucwaningo, olubucayi kanye ne-biographical. kanye nezindatshana zokuhlaziya umsebenzi wezikhova ezivelele. abaqambi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona imisebenzi IV Livanova mayelana Myaskovsky, GN Khubov mayelana Khachaturian, AN Sohor mayelana Sviridov nabanye.

Emazweni amaningi e-Union republic, kuye kwasungulwa amaqembu ochwepheshe bomculo, athuthukisa izindaba ezihlobene nocwaningo lwangoDisemba. nat. amasiko. Ngo-1922, indaba yomlando mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwe-Ukraine. umculo ka-NA Grinchenko. Ubuye abe nenani lama-monographs. izindatshana mayelana nabaqambi abadala base-Ukraine. Ngo-1925, kwanyatheliswa incwadi emfushane yomlando. impahla yendaba. umculo ka-DI Arakishvili. Izincwadi ezibanzi ngomlando we-nat. amasiko omculo we-USSR, ahlanganisa ukubola. izigaba zokubunjwa nokuthuthuka kwazo. Lokhu kwaba umphumela wocwaningo olunzulu. umsebenzi pl. ososayensi namaqembu esayensi. Izidalwa. iqhaza ekutadisheni umculo wabantu base-USSR, kokubili kweSoviet kanye ne-pre-revolutionary. izikhathi zethulwa ngu-LB Arkhimovich, NM Gordeychuk, VD Dovzhenko, A. Ya. Shreer-Tkachenko (Ukraine), VG Donadze, AG Tsulukidze, GZ Chkhikvadze, G Sh. Ordzhonikidze (Georgia), RA Atayan, G. Sh. Geodakyan, GG Tigranov, AI Shaverdyan (Armenia), EA Abasova, KA Kasimov (Azerbaijan), Ya. Yebo. Vitolin (Latvia), Yu. K. Gaudrimas (Lithuania), FM Karomatov, TS Vyzgo (Uzbekistan), AK Zhubanov, BG Erzakovich (Kazakhstan), njll. Ngemizamo yabaningi Iqembu lababhali, kuhlanganise nezazi zomculo ezivela kuwo wonke amariphabhulikhi eNyunyana, lakha umsebenzi obalulekile “ Umlando Womculo Wezizwe Zabantu base-USSR kusukela ngo-1917 "(ama-5 ama-vols., 1970-74), lapho umzamo wenziwa ukwethula ukuthuthukiswa kwamazwe ngamazwe. izikhova. umculo njengenqubo eyodwa eyinkimbinkimbi esekelwe ekukhuleni okuqinile nokujula kwezibopho phakathi kwe-art decomp. abantu bezwe.

Izikhova. M. waba nesandla ekuthuthukisweni kwemibuzo phesheya. umlando womculo. Kule ndawo kudlale indima ebalulekile ngokwesayensi. kanye nemisebenzi ye-pedagogical ye-MV Ivanov-Boretsky kanye no-KA Kuznetsov, ososayensi besiko elikhulu kanye ne-erudition, abadale abaningi. izikole zocwaningo. Kusuka ku-con. Kuvela izindatshana ezinhle kakhulu zama-20s ka-II Sollertinsky, lapho kudwetshwa khona izithombe ezigqamile zenani labantu baseNtshonalanga Yurophu. abaqambi - kusukela ku-classical. izingcweti zekhulu le-18 kuya ku-Mahler no-R. Strauss. Umculo ohlukahlukene womlando. izinkinga zabonakala emisebenzini ka-MS Druskin, VD Konen, TN Livanova, VE Ferman. Ubuciko bamazwe angaphandle amakhulu kunawo wonke. abaqambi abazinikele kwabaningi. ucwaningo lwe-monographic, phakathi kwe-to-rykh esikalini nesayensi. Imisebenzi ka-AA Alschwang ku-Beethoven, DV Zhitomirsky ku-Schumann, VD Konen ku-Monteverdi, Yu. A. Kremlev ku-Debussy, OE Levasheva ku-Grieg, kanye no-Ya. I. Milshtein ku-Liszt , IV Nestyev mayelana noBartok, Yu. N. Khokhlova mayelana Schubert, AA Khokhlovkina mayelana Berlioz. Isayensi enkulu Umcimbi kwaba ukushicilelwa kwe-sketchbook ka-Beethoven egcinwe e-Moscow, elungiswe ngu-NL Fishman futhi yanyatheliswa kanye nokuhlaziya kwakhe okuningiliziwe. ucwaningo. Intshisekelo ezinkingeni zomculo zekhulu lama-20 iyakhula, inani lamaqoqo, izifundo kanye nama-monographs anikezelwe kuwo, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi ye-MS Druskin, IV Nestyev, GM Schneerson, BM Yarustovsky. Ukunakwa okukhethekile izikhova. izazi zomculo zinikeza umculo. isiko lobudlela-ndawonye. amazwe. Imisebenzi emikhulu emlandweni womculo wesi-Czech nowesi-Polish idalwe ngu-IF Belza. U-IM Martynov, LV Polyakova, nabanye nabo basebenza kule ndawo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi ejwayelekile emlandweni wamazwe angaphandle. umculo uhlukaniswa nobubanzi bombono, inala kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezibonakalayo "Umlando Wesiko Lomculo" ka-RI Gruber (vol. 1, ingxenye 1-2, vol. 2, ingxenye 1-2, 1941-59), lapho umbhali ayefuna ukugqamisa inqubo yomhlaba wonke yokuthuthukiswa kwamamuse. amacala avela ezikhundleni zikaMarxist (incazelo eyalethwa ekhulwini le-16).

Emlandweni obanzi Izinto zisekelwe emisebenzini yethiyori ye-decomp. izinhlobo. Imibuzo yedramaturgy ye-opera ithuthukiswa ezincwadini nasezindabeni zika-VE Ferman, MS Druskin, BM Yarustovsky. Ezifundweni zika-VA Vasina-Grossman, kucatshangelwa izinkinga zobudlelwano phakathi komculo nezinkondlo. amazwi phezu impahla wok ekamelweni. ubuhlakani. Emsebenzini we-VD Konen "Ishashalazi ne-Symphony" (1968), ithonya lomculo we-operatic ekwakhiweni kwezimiso zomculo we-thematic andformative zomculo we-classic zilandelwa. ama-symphonies.

Ukuvela nokukhula kwezwe elisha. Izikole zomculo wabantu base-USSR zanquma isithakazelo esikhulu kumlando wezinganekwane njengomunye wemithombo yemvelaphi yabo nobungqabavu. Sebenza ekuqoqeni nokufunda amabhantshi. ubuqambi beqhwa buzuze ububanzi kuzo zonke izikhova. amariphabhulikhi. Kwaphakanyiswa izingqimba ezintsha zezinganekwane, amasiko atholwa okokuqala ngqa, ahlala cishe engaziwa kwaze kwaba ngu-Oct. i-revolution. A. AT. Zataevich, folklorist. umsebenzi we-to-rogo waqala ngeminyaka yama-20s., waba iphayona kuhlelo oluhlelekile. ukuqoqa nokuqopha isiKazakh. Umculo weNar. Imisebenzi ye-V. A. Uspensky futhi E. E. I-Romanovskaya yayibaluleke kakhulu ekutadisheni isi-Uzbek. futhi Turkmen. inganekwane. C. A. Malikyan, owanyathelisa ngo-1931 amarekhodi abaluleke kakhulu e-Arm. Izingoma ze-Nar ezenziwe ngu-Komitas ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20, yaqhubeka isebenza kule ndawo futhi yaqopha amarekhodi amasha angaphezu kwenkulungwane. Imiphumela enezithelo yanikezwa ngokuqoqwa kwezinganekwane. kanye nocwaningo. umsebenzi G. Z. Chkhikvadze eGeorgia, Ya. I-Churlyonite eLithuania, i-X. Tampere e-Estonia, B. G. Erzakovich eKazakhstan, G. FUTHI. Tsytovich e Belarus nabanye. Ezincwadini ezintsha ezibaluleke kakhulu Rus. i-folklore ihlanganisa iqoqo lesikhumbuzo lika-A. UM. Listopadov "Izingoma ze-Don Cossacks" (vol. 1-5, 1949-54). Ngokuhambisana nokuqoqwa kwezinto ezintsha, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka kwezesayensi yazo, ithiyori. ukuqonda. Ukugxila kwenganekwane yezikhova kuyimibuzo ehlobene nocwaningo lwezimpawu nemvelaphi ye-nat. izici ezingavamile zomculo wezizwe, ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezimweni ezithile zezenhlalo nezansuku zonke, ukwakheka kwezakhi zama-muses. ulimi. Umlando udlala indima ebalulekile kulokhu. kanye nesazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu. Izici. Njengenye yezinto ezimaphakathi nezibaluleke kakhulu, inkinga yokusebenzisana kwe-decomp. nat. amasiko. Emisebenzini ka-A. D. I-Kastalsky "Izici zesistimu yomculo we-folk-Russian" (1923) kanye "Nezisekelo ze-polyphony yabantu" (ishicilelwe ngemva kokufa, ed. AT. UM. Belyaeva, 1948) wafingqa imiphumela yokubona kwakhe isikhathi eside kuma-harmonics. izenzakalo ezivela ku-polygonal. ubuthi. ukusebenza kwezingoma ze-Russian Nar ngenxa yezindlela zayo ezingavamile zokuhola izwi. Ngehhashi. I-folklore yeqhwa yaseRussia yama-20s yathuthukiswa endleleni yokuhlukana. ukufunda izitayela zesifunda. Lesi siqondiso sivezwe emisebenzini ka-E. AT. UGippius noZ. AT. Ewald, esikhathini esizayo kuqhutshekwa noF. A. Rubtsova A. AT. Rudneva nabanye. Isihloko socwaningo olukhethekile ingoma esebenzayo, enikelwe ocwaningweni luka-E. AT. Gippius, L. L. Christiansen nabanye. Yakha umsebenzi wesimanje. izikhova. umlando wendabuko - isiRashiya (T. AT. Popov), Belarusian (L. C. Mukharinskaya) nabanye. I-Ukraine evelele. isazi somculo-folklorist u-K. AT. Kvitka emuva kuma-20s. beka phambili bese ufakazela indlela yokuqhathanisa. ukufunda ngendabuko. abantu. Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komlando. izinkinga ezihlobene nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo zezingoma nezinhlobo zomculo. ukucabanga. Ngokulandela i-Kvitka, isetshenziswa ngempumelelo emisebenzini ye-V. L. Goshovsky e-Ukraine, F. A. Rubtsov ku-RSFSR. Inani elikhulu lesayensi lihlanganisa ithiyori. imisebenzi W. Gadzhibekov "Izisekelo Zomculo Wesintu Wase-Azerbaijani" (1945), X. C. Kushnarev "Imibuzo yomlando kanye nethiyori yomculo wase-Armenia we-monodic" (1958). Emisebenzini eminingi ka-V. UM. U-Belyaev ukhanyiswa nguNar. i-creativity misc. amazwe aseSoviet Union, athuthukiswe ithiyori jikelele. izinkinga zomculo. inganekwane; waba neqhaza elibalulekile kakhulu esifundweni somculo. amasiko Wed. Asia. Omunye wabacwaningi abavelele bomculo wabantu base-Asia Ephakathi (isahl. hlela. Kyrgyz) nguV. C. U-Vinogradov, ongumnikazi wemisebenzi eminingi emculweni we-zarub. abantu base-Asia nase-Afrika. Uchwepheshe. imisebenzi inikelwe kuNar. amathuluzi e-ice, izikhova ezifunda i-to-rye. abacwaningi abasondelene nabasunguli. futhi enze. umkhuba, nesiko elivamile kanye nendlela yokuphila yezizwe ezahlukene. Ukunotha nokuhlukahluka komculo. ikhithi yamathuluzi yamazwe ngamazwe. amazwe aseSoviet abonakala emsebenzini oyisisekelo othi "Atlas of Musical Instruments of the Peoples of the USSR" (1963), owadalwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwesikhova esivelele kakhulu. uchwepheshe emkhakheni wezinsimbi K.

Emkhakheni wethiyori nomlando wokudlala umculo. imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu iyimisebenzi ye-BA Struve (izinsimbi ezikhotheme) kanye noGM Kogan (fp.). Diff. izindaba zomculo. Imisebenzi ka-AD Alekseev, LA Barenboim, LS Ginzburg, Ya. I. Milshtein, AA Nikolaev, LN Raaben, SI Savshinsky, IM Yampolsky nabanye. Ithiyori ebalulekile. izihlinzeko zivezwe emisebenzini yabadlali abavelele abavelele u-AB Goldenweiser, GG Neuhaus, SE Feinberg, abafingqa umsebenzi wabo wokudala. kanye nesipiliyoni sokufundisa.

Ukubaluleka okukhulu e-USSR kufakwe emsebenzini emkhakheni womculo. i-bibliography (bheka i-Music Bibliography) kanye ne-lexicography. Ku-pre-revolutionary ERussia, imisebenzi enjalo yayingeminingi futhi yadalwa ngabantu ngabanye (NM Lisovsky, HP Findeisen). Ngemva kuka-Okthoba inguquko mus.-bibliographic. umsebenzi uba ngohlelo. umlingiswa, ethembele emalini yezincwadi ezinkulu nokugcinwa komculo namaqoqo ezingobo zomlando. Kuma-20s nama-30s. imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile endimeni yomculo. i-bibliography yadalwa ngu-ZF Savyolova, AN Rimsky-Korsakov, nabanye. Kodwa lo msebenzi wathuthukiswa kabanzi ikakhulukazi kusukela kuma-50s. Kwakukhona imisebenzi eyisisekelo njengethi “Musical Bibliography of the Russian Periodical Press of the 1960th Century” ka-TN Livanova (eshicilelwe ngohlelo oluhlukene kusukela ngo-1), i-biobibliographic. isichazamazwi "Ubani owabhala ngomculo" ka-GB Bernandt kanye ne-IM Yampolsky (ama-vols. 2-1971, 74-XNUMX). Kusho. iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwezikhova. Umculo Ama-Bibliographies nama-lexicographies inikelwe ngu-HH Grigorovich, AN Dolzhansky, GB Koltypina, SL Uspenskaya, BS Steinpress, nabanye.

Ngama-60-70s. ukunaka pl. izikhova. izazi zomculo zakhangwa isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu. izinkinga, kwavela imisebenzi eminingi ezindabeni zomculo. isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu (AN Sohora nezinye), izivivinyo zenziwa emkhakheni wesayensi yezenhlalo ethile. ucwaningo.

Isayensi yeMarxist-Leninist. umqondo womculo uthuthuka ngempumelelo kuwo wonke ama-socialist. amazwe. Izazi zomculo zala mazwe zenze imisebenzi ebalulekile ngoDisemba. imibuzo yethiyori nomlando womculo, umculo. ubuhle. Phakathi kwabameleli abavelele be-M. socialist. amazwe - B. Sabolci, J. Maroti, J. Uyfalushshi (Hungary), Z. Lissa, Y. Khominsky (Poland), A. Sykhra, J. Ratsek (Czechoslovakia), V. Cosma, O. Cosma (Romania), E. Mayer, G. Knepler (GDR), V. Krystev, S. Stoyanov, D. Hristov (Bulgaria), J. Andrejs, S. Djurich-Kline, D. Cvetko (Yugoslavia) nabanye. iqhaza ekuxhumaneni okuseduze njalo kwezazi zomculo zezenhlalakahle. amazwe, ukushintshana okuvamile kwesipiliyoni, izingqungquthela ezihlanganyelwe kanye nama-symposia mayelana nethiyori yezihloko. imibuzo.

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Yu.V. I-Keldysh