Madrigal |

French madrigal, ital. madrigale, Old Italian. madriale, mandriale, kusukela Late Lat. i-matricale (kusuka ku-lat. mater – umama)

Ingoma ngolimi lwendabuko (lukamama) - umculo wezwe kanye nenkondlo. Uhlobo lwe-Renaissance. Imvelaphi kaM. ibuyela emuva kuNar. izinkondlo, kumNtaliyane wakudala. ingoma yomalusi we-monophonic. Kuphrof. Izinkondlo zikaM. zavela ekhulwini le-14, okungukuthi, enkathini yeNkathi Yokuvuselela Kwasekuqaleni. Kusukela ezinhlotsheni eziqinile zezinkondlo zangaleso sikhathi (ama-sonnet, ama-sextines, njll.) yayihlukaniswa ngenkululeko yesakhiwo (inani elihlukile lemigqa, imvumelwano, njll.). Ngokuvamile yayinezigaba ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezinemigqa emi-3, elandelwa isiphetho semigqa emi-2 (coppia). M. wabhala izimbongi ezinkulu ze-Early Renaissance F. Petrarch kanye no-J. Boccaccio. Kusukela ekhulwini le-14 umculo wezinkondlo ngokuvamile usho imisebenzi eyakhelwe iminyuziyamu ngokukhethekile. incarnation. Enye yezimbongi zokuqala ezaqamba umculo njengemibhalo yomculo kwakunguF. Sacchetti. Phakathi kwababhali abahamba phambili bomculo. M. Ikhulu le-14 G. da Firenze, G. da Bologna, F. Landino. I-M yabo iyaphimisela (ngezinye izikhathi ngokubamba iqhaza kwezinsimbi) ukukhiqizwa kwezwi elingu-2-3. on love-lyric, comic-household, mythological. nezinye izindikimba, emculweni wabo ivesi kanye nezwi eliphikisayo kugqame (embhalweni wesiphetho); ebonakala ngengcebo ye-melismatic. imihlobiso ngezwi eliphezulu. I-M. canonical nayo yasungulwa. izindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezihlobene ne-kachcha. Ngekhulu le-15 M. uphoqeleka ukuba aphume umkhuba womqambi abaningi. izinhlobo ze-frottola - ital. ipholigoni yezwe. izingoma. Ngama-30s. Ikhulu le-16, okungukuthi, ngenkathi ye-High Renaissance, i-M. iphinde ibonakale, isakazeka ngokushesha eYurophu. amazwe futhi kuze kube yilapho kufika i-opera ihlala ibaluleke kakhulu. uhlobo prof. umculo wezwe.

UM. waba umculi. ifomu elingadlulisa ngokuguquguqukayo izithunzi zezinkondlo. umbhalo; ngakho-ke, wayehambisana kakhulu nobuciko obusha. izidingo kune-frottola nokuqina kwayo kwesakhiwo. Ukuvela komculo we-M. ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu yokuphazamiseka kwakhuthazwa ukuvuselelwa kwezinkondlo ze-lyric. Amafomu ekhulu le-14 ("petrarchism"). Abavelele kakhulu "kumaPetrarchists," uP. Bembo, wagcizelela futhi wazisa i-M. njengefomu lamahhala. Lesi sici sokuqamba - ukungabi khona kwama-canons esakhiwo esiqinile - kuba isici esivelele kakhulu seminyuziyamu emisha. uhlobo. Igama elithi "M". ngekhulu le-16 empeleni, yayingahlotshaniswa kakhulu nefomu elithile, kodwa nobuciko. isimiso sokukhuluma ngokukhululeka kwemicabango nemizwa. Ngakho-ke, uM. wakwazi ukubona izifiso ezinkulu kakhulu zenkathi yakhe, waba "iphuzu lokusetshenziswa kwamandla amaningi asebenzayo" (BV Asafiev). Indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekudalweni kwesiNtaliyane. M. Ikhulu le-16 eka-A. Willart kanye no-F. Verdelot, uFlemings ngemvelaphi. Phakathi kwababhali be-M. - Italian. abaqambi uC. de Pope, H. Vicentino, V. Galilei, L. Marenzio, C. Gesualdo di Venosa, nabanye. U-Palestrina uphinde wakhuluma ngokuphindaphindiwe noM.. Izibonelo zokugcina ezivelele zalolu hlobo, zisaxhumene ngokuqondile namasiko ekhulu le-16, zingezakwaC. Monteverdi. ENgilandi, ama-madrigalists amakhulu kwakunguW. Bird, T. Morley, T. Wilks, J. Wilby, eJalimane - HL Hasler, G. Schutz, IG Shein.

M. ekhulwini le-16. - 4-, 5-izwi lok. uNdunankulu we-eseyi. uhlamvu lwe-lyric; ngokwesitayela, ihluke ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ku-M. 14th century. Imibhalo M. 16th century. wakhonza i-lyric ethandwayo. isebenza ngo-F. Petrarch, G. Boccaccio, J. Sannazaro, B. Guarini, kamuva - T. Tasso, G. Marino, kanye nezigaba ezivela kumadrama. izinkondlo zika T. Tasso kanye L. Ariosto.

Ngama-30-50s. Ikhulu le-16 lihlukaniswe ngokwehlukana. Izikole zaseMoscow: Venetian (A. Willart), Roman (K. Festa), Florentine (J. Arkadelt). M. yalesi sikhathi kuveza ukuqanjwa okuhlukile kanye nesitayela. ukuxhumana ne-lyric encane yangaphambili. izinhlobo - i-frottola ne-motet. I-M. yemvelaphi ye-motet (Villart) ibonakala ngefomu lokudlula, ipholyphonic enamazwi angu-5. ishede, ukuthembela ohlelweni lwesonto. ukukhathazeka. Ku-M., ngemvelaphi ehlotshaniswa ne-frottola, kukhona i-homophonic-harmonic enamazwi angu-4. ishede, vala yesimanjemanje. izindlela ezinkulu noma ezincane, kanye namafomu e-couplet ne-reprise (J. Gero, FB Kortechcha, K. Festa). I-M. yenkathi yokuqala idluliselwa ku-Ch. ar. imizwa yokucabanga ngomoya ophansi, akukho umehluko ogqamile emculweni wabo. Isikhathi esilandelayo ekuthuthukisweni komculo, esimelelwe imisebenzi ka-O. Lasso, A. Gabrieli, nabanye abaqambi (ama-50s-80s wekhulu le-16), sihlukaniswa nokusesha okujulile kwezinkulumo ezintsha. izimali. Izinhlobo ezintsha zetimu ziyakhiwa, isigqi esisha siyathuthuka. ubuchwepheshe (“i-note negre”), umfutho okwaba ukuthuthukiswa kokuqanjwa komculo. Ubuhle bokulungisiswa kutholwa yi-dissonance, okuthi encwadini yesitayela esiqinile yayingenalo uhlamvu oluzimele. amanani. “Ukutholwa” okubaluleke kakhulu kwalesi sikhathi i-chromatism, evuselelwe ngenxa yocwaningo lwesinye isiGreki. inkolelo-mbono. Ukuthethelelwa kwayo kwanikezwa encwadini ka-N. Vicentino ethi “Umculo Wasendulo Ojwayelane Nomkhuba Wesimanje” (“L'antica musica ridotta alla moderna prattica”, 1555), ophinde unikeze “isampula yokuqanjwa kwe-chromatic. ukukhathazeka.” Abaqambi ababaluleke kakhulu abasebenzisa kakhulu ama-chromatisms ezingomeni zabo zomculo kwakungu-C. de Pope futhi, kamuva, u-C. Gesualdo di Venosa. Amasiko e-madrigal chromaticism ayezinzile ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, futhi ithonya lawo litholakala kuma-opera ka-C. Monteverdi, G. Caccini, kanye noM. da Galliano. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-chromatism kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwemodi kanye nezindlela zayo zokuguquguquka kanye nokwakhiwa kwesisho esisha. imikhakha yephimbo. Ngokuhambisana ne-chromatism, esinye isiGreki siyafundwa. i-theory ye-anharmonism, okuholela ekusebenzeni. sesha isimo sengqondo esilinganayo. Esinye sezibonelo ezithakazelisa kakhulu zokuqwashisa ngesimo sengqondo esifanayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16. – madrigal L. Marenzio “O, nina enibubulayo…” (“On voi che sospirate”, 1580).

Inkathi yesithathu (ngasekupheleni kwe-16th-ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17) "inkathi yegolide" yohlobo lwezibalo, ehlotshaniswa namagama ka-L. Marenzio, C. Gesualdo di Venosa, kanye no-C. Monteverdi. I-M. yale pore igcwele izinkulumo ezikhanyayo. qhathanisa, khombisa ngokuningiliziwe ukuthuthuka kobunkondlo. imicabango. Kukhona ukuthambekela okucacile ohlotsheni lomculo. uphawu: ikhefu phakathi kwegama lihunyushwa ngokuthi "ukububula", i-chromatism kanye ne-dissonance kuhlotshaniswa nomqondo wokulila u1611bu1611b, isigqi esisheshayo. ukunyakaza kanye melodic bushelelezi. ukudweba – ngezinyembezi, umoya, njll. Isibonelo esijwayelekile salolo phawu i-madrigal ka-Gesualdo ethi “Baza, oh, ukububula kwami” (“Itene oh, miei sospiri”, XNUMX). Ku-madrigal edumile kaGesualdo ethi “Ngiyafa, ngeshwa” (“Moro lasso”, XNUMX), i-diatonic ne-chromatic ifanekisela ukuphila nokufa.

Ngokuvumelana. Ikhulu le-16 M. isondela idrama. kanye ne-conc. izinhlobo zesikhathi sakhe. Kuvela amahlaya kaMadrigal, ngokusobala ahloselwe esiteji. incarnation. Kukhona isiko lokwenza i-M. ohlelweni lwezwi elilodwa kanye nezinsimbi ezihambisana nayo. I-Montoverdi, eqala encwadini yesi-5 yamadrigals (1605), isebenzisa uDisemba. amathuluzi ahambisanayo, wethula instr. iziqephu (“ama-symphonies”), kunciphisa inani lamazwi libe ngu-2, 3 ngisho nezwi elilodwa eline-basso continuo. Ukwenziwa okujwayelekile kwamathrendi ase-Italian esitayela. Ikhulu le-16 leminyaka le-M. kwakuyizincwadi zesi-7 nesesi-8 zama-madrigals kaMonteverdi (“Ikhonsathi”, 1619, kanye ne-“Militant and Love Madrigals”, 1638), okuhlanganisa nezinhlobonhlobo zama-woks. amafomu - kusuka kuma-couplet canzonet kuya kumadrama amakhulu. izigcawu ezihambisana ne-orchestra. Imiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu yenkathi ye-madrigal ukugunyazwa kwe-homophonic warehouse, ukuvela kwezisekelo ze-harmonic esebenzayo. isistimu ye-modal, ubuhle. ukuqinisekiswa kwe-monody, ukwethulwa kwe-chromatism, ukukhululwa ngesibindi kwe-dissonance kwakubaluleke kakhulu emculweni wamakhulu eminyaka alandela, ikakhulukazi, balungiselela ukuvela kwe-opera. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17-18. M. ekulungisweni kwayo okuhlukahlukene ithuthuka emsebenzini ka-A. Lotti, JKM Clari, B. Marcello. Ekhulwini lama-20 uM. uphinde wangena kumqambi (P. Hindemith, IF Stravinsky, B. Martin, njll.) futhi ikakhulukazi ekusebenzeni kwekhonsathi. umkhuba (amaqoqo amaningi omculo wokuqala eCzechoslovakia, eRomania, e-Austria, ePoland, njll., e-USSR - i-Madrigal Ensemble; e-Great Britain kukhona iMadrigal Society - I-Madrigal Society).

References: Livanova T., Umlando womculo waseNtshonalanga Yurophu kuze kube ngu-1789, M.-L., 1940, p. 111, 155-60; Gruber R., Umlando Wamasiko omculo, vol. 2, ingxenye 1, M., 1953, p. 124-145; Konen V., Claudio Monteverdi, M., 1971; I-Dubravskaya T., i-Italian madrigal yekhulu lesi-2, kokuthi: Imibuzo yefomu lomculo, no. 1972, M., XNUMX.

TH Dubravska