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IsiGreki λύρα, lat. i-lyra

1) Umculo wezintambo wamaGreki wasendulo. ithuluzi. Umzimba uyisicaba, uyindilinga; ekuqaleni lenziwe ngegobolondo lofudu futhi lahlinzekwa ngolwelwesi lwesikhumba senkunzi, kamuva lwenziwa ngokhuni ngokuphelele. Ezinhlangothini zomzimba kukhona ama-racks amabili agobile (enziwe ngezimpondo ze-antelope noma ukhuni) ane-crossbar, lapho izintambo ezingu-7-11 zifakwe khona. Ukushuna esikalini esinezinyathelo ezi-5. Lapho idlala, u-L. ngeminwe yesandla sokunxele bashaya ingoma, ekupheleni kwestanza badlale i-plectrum ehambisana nezintambo. Umdlalo ku-L. ubuhambisana nokusebenza komkhiqizo. i-epic kanye ne-lyric. izinkondlo (ukuvela kwegama elithi "lyrics" lihlotshaniswa no-L.). Ngokuphambene ne-Dionysian aulos, uL. kwakuyinsimbi ye-Apollonian. I-kithara (kitara) yayiyisiteji esengeziwe ekuthuthukisweni kwe-L.. NgoLwesithathu. ikhulunyaka nangemva kwe-antique. L. akazange ahlangane.

I-2) U-L onentambo eyodwa ekhotheme Okukhulunywe ngayo ezincwadini kusukela ku-8th-9th century, izithombe zokugcina zisuka ekhulwini le-13. Umzimba umise okwepheya, unezimbobo ezimbili ezimise okwecwebe.

3) I-Kolesnaya L. - insimbi enezintambo. Umzimba wenziwe ngokhuni, ujulile, isikebhe- noma umumo wesishiyagalombili onegobolondo, ogcina ngekhanda, ngokuvamile ngokuba negobolondo. Ngaphakathi kwecala, isondo elihlikihlwe nge-resin noma i-rosin liyaqiniswa, lijikelezwe ngesibambo. Ngembobo ebhodini lomsindo, iphumela ngaphandle, ithinta izintambo, izenze zizwakale njengoba ijikeleza. Inombolo yezintambo ihlukile, phakathi kwazo, i-melodic, idlula ebhokisini elinomshini wokushintsha iphimbo. Ngekhulu le-12 ama-tangents ajikelezayo asetshenziswa ukuze kufinyezwe intambo, kusukela ngekhulu le-13. - Phusha. Ububanzi - ekuqaleni kwe-diatonic. i-gamma kuvolumu ye-octave, kusukela ngekhulu le-18. - chromatic. ngenani lama-octave ama-2. Kwesokudla nakwesokunxele kwe-melodic. kunezintambo ezimbili ezihambisana ne-bourdon, ngokuvamile ezishunwa ngokwesihlanu noma kwesine. Ngaphansi kwesihloko sesondo le-oganistrum u-L. wayesabalele ku-cf. ikhulu leminyaka. Ngekhulu le-10 behluka ngobukhulu obukhulu; kwesinye isikhathi ibidlalwa abadlali ababili. Ngaphansi kwe-decomp. Igama elinamasondo L. lalisetshenziswa abaningi. abantu baseYurophu kanye nesifunda sase-USSR. Kuye kwaziwa eRussia kusukela ngekhulu le-17. Yayidlalwa abaculi abajikelezayo nabadlula ngendlela (e-Ukraine ibizwa ngokuthi i-rela, ryla; eBelarus – lera). Ezikhovini Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-lyre ethuthukisiwe yadalwa ngekhibhodi ye-bayan nezintambo ezingu-9, ezinezintambo ku-fretboard (uhlobo lwe-flat domra), kanye nomndeni wamahabhu (i-soprano, i-tenor, i-baritone) yakhiwa. Isetshenziswa kuma-orchestra kazwelonke.

4) Insimbi yomculo enezintambo eyasungulwa e-Italy ngekhulu le-16 nele-17. Ngokubukeka (amakhona omzimba, ibhodi lomsindo eliphansi le-convex, ikhanda lisesimweni se-curl), lifana ne-violin. Kwakukhona u-L. da braccio (soprano), i-lirone da braccio (alto), L. da gamba (baritone), i-lirone perfetta (i-bass). U-Lira kanye ne-lirone da braccio ngayinye yayinezintambo zokudlala ezingu-5 (kanye neyodwa noma ezimbili ze-bourdon), L. da gamba (ebizwa nangokuthi i-lirone, i-lira imperfetta) 9-13, i-lirone perfetta (amanye amagama - archiviolat L., L. perfetta ) phezulu ku-10-14.

5) Isiginci-L. – uhlobo lwesiginci esinomzimba ofana namanye amaGreki. L. Lapho edlala, wayemi mpo (emilenzeni noma endizeni esekelayo). Kwesokudla nakwesobunxele entanyeni kukhona "izimpondo", okungaba ukuqhubeka komzimba noma umhlobiso wokuhlobisa. Isiginci-L esakhiwe eFrance ngekhulu le-18. Yasakazwa emazweni aseNtshonalanga. EYurophu naseRussia kuze kufike kuma-30s. Ikhulu le-19

6) I-Cavalry L. - i-metallophone: isethi yensimbi. amapuleti alengiswa ensimbi. ifreyimu, enomumo we-L., ihlotshiswe nge-ponytail. Badlala insimbi. i-mallet. I-Cavalry L. yayihloselwe amabhendi ethusi abagibeli bamahhashi.

7) Imininingwane yepiyano - ifreyimu yokhuni, ngokuvamile ngesimo se-antique. L. Isetshenziselwa ukunamathisela i-pedal.

8) Ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso - uphawu noma uphawu lwesudi. Isetshenziswa e-Soviet Army ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamasosha nezinduna zeqembu lomculo.

References: Isiko lomculo wezwe lasendulo. NgoMgqibelo. Art., L., 1937; I-Struve B., Inqubo yokwakhiwa kwama-viols nama-violin, M., 1959; Modr A., ​​Izinsimbi zomculo, trans. kusukela ku-Czech., M., 1959.

GI Blagodatov