Acoustics, umculo |

(kusuka ku-Greek. axoystixos – auditory) – isayensi ecwaninga imigomo yemithetho yemvelo yomculo mayelana nokubona nokusebenza kwawo. A.m. ihlola izigigaba ezinjengobude, umsindo omkhulu, i-timbre, nobude besikhathi somculo. imisindo, ungwaqa kanye ne-dissonance, umculo. amasistimu nokwakha. Ufundela umculo. ukuzwa, ukufunda umculo. amathuluzi kanye nabantu. amavoti. Enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko zika-A. m. ukucaciswa kokuthi kanjani ngokomzimba. kanye ne-psychophysiological. amaphethini omculo abonakala kulowo othize. imithetho yaleli cala futhi ithinte ukuziphendukela kwayo. Ngo-A.m. idatha nezindlela zemvelo ezijwayelekile zisetshenziswa kabanzi. i-acoustics, efunda izinqubo zemvelaphi nokusakazwa komsindo. Ixhumene kakhulu ne-architectural acoustics, ne-psychology of perception, i-physiology yokuzwa nezwi (i-physiological acoustics). A.m. isetshenziselwa ukuchaza inani lezigigaba emkhakheni wokuvumelana, izinsimbi, i-orchestration, njll.

Njengengxenye yomculo. Ithiyori ka-A.m. yavela ezimfundisweni zezazi zefilosofi nabaculi basendulo. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, izibalo izisekelo zomculo izinhlelo, izikhawu kanye tunings zaziwa ngo dr. Greece (isikole sasePythagorean), cf. Asia (Ibn Sina), China (Lu Bu-wei) namanye amazwe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-A.m. ihlotshaniswa namagama kaJ. Tsarlino (Italy), M. Mersenne, J. Sauveur, J. Rameau (France), L. Euler (Russia), E. Chladni, G. Ohm (Germany), nabanye abaningi. abanye abaculi nososayensi. Isikhathi eside, into eyinhloko yomculo. I-Acoustics yayiwubudlelwane bezinombolo phakathi kwamafrikhwensi emisindo emculweni. izikhawu, tunings kanye nezinhlelo. Izigaba zikaDkt. zavela kamuva futhi zalungiswa umkhuba wokwenza iminyuziyamu. amathuluzi, ucwaningo lokufundisa. Ngakho-ke, amaphethini wokwakhiwa kwama-muses. izinsimbi zaziseshwa ngamandla yizingcweti, abaculi kanye nothisha babenentshisekelo kuma-acoustics ezwi eliculayo.

Kusho. isigaba ekuthuthukisweni kuka-A. m. ihlotshaniswa negama lomJalimane ovelele. isazi sesayensi yemvelo kanye nesazi sokusebenza komzimba uG. Helmholtz. Encwadini ethi “The Doctrine of Sensations Auditory Sensations as the physiological basis of theory of music” (“Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik”, 1863), uHelmholtz waveza imiphumela yokuqaphela kwakhe nokuhlola kwakhe umculo. . imisindo kanye nombono wabo. Kulolu cwaningo, umqondo wokuqala ophelele we-physiology of pitch hearing wanikezwa, owaziwa ngaphansi kwegama. ithiyori ye-resonance yokuzwa. Uchaza umbono wephimbo njengomphumela wokuthakazelisa okucushwe ukuwohloka. imvamisa yemicu yesitho sikaCorti. U-Helmholtz uchaze izenzakalo ze-dissonance kanye ne-consonance by beats. Ithiyori ye-Acoustic Helmholtz igcine inani layo, nakuba ezinye izihlinzeko zayo zingahambisani nesimanje. imibono mayelana nendlela yokuzwa.

Umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni i-psychophysiology kanye nama-acoustics wokuzwa wenziwa ekupheleni kwe-19 - ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20 u-K. Stumpf no-W. Köhler (eJalimane). Ucwaningo lwalaba sosayensi lwandise i-A. m. njengesayensi. isiyalo; yayihlanganisa imfundiso yezindlela zokucabangela (inzwa kanye nombono) ukubola. izici eziyinhloso zokudlidliza komsindo.

Ngekhulu lama-20, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-A. m. ibonakala ngokunwetshwa okwengeziwe kobubanzi bocwaningo, ukufakwa kwezigaba ezihlobene nezici zenhloso zokubola. amathuluzi omculo. Kwabangelwa ukukhuphuka kwamaMuses. i-prom-sti, isifiso sokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa komculo. amathuluzi aqinile ithiyori. isisekelo. Ekhulwini lama-20, indlela yokuhlaziya umculo yathuthukiswa. Imisindo esekelwe ekukhethweni kwamathoni ayingxenye evela ku-spectrum yomsindo eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nesilinganiso sawo. umfutho. Indlela yokuhlola. ucwaningo, olusekelwe ezindleleni ze-electroacoustic. izilinganiso, zithole ukubaluleka okukhulu kuma-acoustics omculo. amathuluzi.

Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bomsakazo nomsindo wokuqopha nakho kube nesandla ekwandiseni ucwaningo ngomculo we-acoustical. Okugxilwe kukho kule ndawo yizinkinga zama-acoustics emsakazweni nasezitudiyo zokuqopha, ukwenziwa kabusha komculo orekhodiwe, nokubuyiselwa kwezinsimbi zegilamafoni ezindala. amarekhodi. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu yimisebenzi ehlobene nokuthuthukiswa komsindo oqoshiwe we-stereophonic kanye nomculo osakazwayo we-stereophonic emsakazweni.

Isigaba esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-A. m yesimanje. ihlotshaniswa nocwaningo lwezikhova. isazi somculo kanye nososayensi we-acoustics u-NA Garbuzov. Emisebenzini yakhe, kwavezwa nezindlela. okungenani, ukuqonda okusha kwaso kanye isihloko sika-A. m. yakha njengengxenye yesimanje. ithiyori yomculo. U-Garbuzov wakha inkolelo-mbono ehambisanayo yombono wokuzwa, esikhungweni seswem. indawo ithathwe umqondo wendawo yomculo. ukuzwa (bona Indawo). Ukuthuthukiswa komqondo wezoni kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zokuchaza nokuhlaziya izithunzi zokusebenza ngephimbo, amandla, itempo nesigqi. Esifundweni sobuciko bomculo nokubona, esifundweni somculo. umkhiqizo. kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthembela emininingwaneni eyinhloso echaza iminyuziyamu. umsindo, art. ukubulawa. Lokhu kungenzeka kubalulekile ekuxazululeni izinkinga eziningi zomculo zesikhathi sethu, isibonelo. ukucacisa ubudlelwano bephimbo nemodi emculweni onomsindo wangempela. ukukhiqizwa, ukuhlobana kwemidlalo nokuhlanganisa izingxenye zobuciko. konke, okuwukuzwakala, ukukhipha, ukukhiqizwa.

Uma ngaphambili A. i-m yehliswa yaba hl. ar. ezincazelweni zezibalo ezivela emculweni. umkhuba wezinhlelo zenhlangano - ama-frets, izikhawu, ama-tunings, bese kuthi ngokuzayo kugcizelelwe esifundweni ngezindlela eziqondile zemithetho yokwenza ubuciko nomculo. ukuqonda.

Enye yezingxenye zesimanje A. m. amaculo omculi. ivoti. Kunemibono emibili echaza indlela yokulawula imvamisa yokudlidliza kwezintambo zezwi - zakudala. i-myoelastic. i-theory kanye neurochronax. umbono owabekwa phambili usosayensi ongumFulentshi uR. Yusson.

LS Termen, AA Volodin nabanye benza acoustics kagesi izinsimbi zomculo e-USSR. Ngokusekelwe endleleni yokuhlanganisa i-spectra yomsindo, i-Volodin yathuthukisa inkolelo-mbono ye-pitch perception, ngokusho ukuthi iphimbo elitholwa ngumuntu linqunywa yi-harmonic yayo eyinkimbinkimbi. spectrum, hhayi nje imvamisa oscillation of the main. amathoni. Lo mbono ungenye yezimpumelelo ezinkulu zososayensi baseSoviet emkhakheni wezinsimbi zomculo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsimbi zomculo zikagesi kuphinde kwenyusa intshisekelo yabacwaningi be-acoustic emibuzweni yokushuna, isimo sengqondo, kanye nethuba lokulawula iphimbo lamahhala.

Njengengxenye yethiyori yomculo, u-A. m. angeke kuthathwe njengesiyalo esikwazi ukunikeza incazelo ephelele yalezo zikhumbuzo. izenzakalo, ezifana nemodi, isikali, ukuvumelana, ungwaqa, i-dissonance, njll. Kodwa-ke, izindlela ze-acoustics nedatha etholwe ngosizo lwayo ivumela izazi zomculo ukuthi zinqume ngokunembile eyodwa noma enye yesayensi. umbuzo. Imithetho ye-Acoustic yomculo phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kwama-muses emakhulwini eminyaka. amasiko asetshenziswa njalo ukwakha uhlelo olubalulekile emphakathini lwamamuse. ulimi olunemithetho ethile engaphansi kobuciko.-yobuhle. izimiso.

Izikhova. ochwepheshe be-A.m. wanqoba umbono obheke ohlangothini olulodwa mayelana nemvelo yomculo, isici sososayensi besikhathi esidlule, i-to-rye yenza ihaba ngokubaluleka komzimba. izici zomsindo. Amasampula okusetshenziswa kwedatha A. m. emculweni. amathiyori awumsebenzi wezikhova. izazi zomculo u-Yu. N. Tyulin (“Ukufundisa mayelana nokuvumelana”), LA Mazel (“Ngomculo”, njll.), SS Skrebkov (“Indlela yokuhumusha ithoni?”). Umqondo wemvelo yendawo yokuzwa ubonakala ekuwohlokeni. isazi somculo. isebenza futhi, ikakhulukazi, ocwaningweni olukhethekile, ozinikele ekwenzeni iphimbo (imisebenzi ka-OE Sakhaltuyeva, Yu. N. Rags, NK Pereverzev nabanye).

Phakathi kwemisebenzi, i-to-rye yakhelwe ukuxazulula yesimanje. I-A.m., – isizathu esinenhloso sezimo ezintsha zemodi nephimbo emsebenzini wesimanje. abaqambi, becacisa indima ye-acoustic yenhloso. izici ohlelweni lokwakhiwa kwama-muses. ulimi (ukuphakama komsindo, i-timbre, ashukumisayo, indawo, njll.), ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwethiyori yokuzwa, izwi, umculo. umbono, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zocwaningo zokwenza ubuciko kanye nombono womculo, izindlela ezisekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-electroacoustic. imishini yokuqopha kanye nobuchwepheshe.

References: Rabinovich A. V., Izifundo ezimfushane zama-acoustics omculo, M., 1930; Ama-acoustic omculo, Sat. Ubuciko. u-ed. N. A. Garbuzova, M.-L., 1948, M., 1954; Garbuzov H. A., Indawo yemvelo ye-pitch hearing, M.-L., 1948; eyakhe, iZone nature yetempo nesigqi, M., 1950; yakhe, Intrazonal iphimbo ukuzwa nezindlela zokuyithuthukisa, M.-L., 1951; yakhe, i-Zonal nature of dynamic hearing, M., 1955; eyakhe, iZone nature of timbre hearing, M., 1956; Rimsky-Korsakov A. V., Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-acoustics omculo e-USSR, Izv. I-Acad. isayensi ye-USSR. Physical series, 1949, vol. XIII, No. 6; Ukususwa П. P., Yutsevich E. E., Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Sound-altitude ye-free melodic system, K., 1956; amadlangala Yu. N., I-Intonation of a melody ngokuphathelene nezinye izici zayo, kokuthi: Izinqubo zoMnyango Wethiyori Yomculo we-Moscow State Conservatory. AP KANYE. Tchaikovsky, no. 1, M., 1960, p. 338-355; Sakhaltueva O. E., Kwamanye amaphethini ephimbo ngokuhlobene nefomu, amandla kanye nemodi, ibid., p. 356-378; USherman N. S., Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu ye-temperament efanayo, M., 1964; Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zocwaningo lwe-acoustic ku-musicology, Sat. Art., M., 1964; Ilabhorethri ye-Musical Acoustics, Sat. izihloko ed. E. AT. Nazaikinsky, M., 1966; Pereverzev N. K., Izinkinga zephimbo lomculo, M., 1966; Volodin A. A., Indima ye-harmonic spectrum ekubonweni kwephimbo ne-timbre yomsindo, kokuthi: Ubuciko Bomculo Nesayensi, vol. 1, M., 1970; wakhe, I-Electric Synthesis of Musical Sounds njengesisekelo sokufunda ngombono wabo, "Izinkinga Zengqondo", i-1971, No 6; yakhe, On the Perception of Transient Processes of Musical Sounds, ibid., 1972, No 4; Nazaikinskiy S. V., On the psychology of musical perception, M., 1972; Helmholtz H. von, Theory of the tonal sensations as a physiological basis for theory of music, Braunschweig, 1863, Hildesheim, 1968, в рус. nge. - Imfundiso yokuzwa kokuzwa, njengesisekelo somzimba wethiyori yomculo, iSt. Petersburg, ngo-1875; Stumpf, C., Tonpsychologie, Bd 1-2, Lpz., 1883-90; Riemann H., Die Akustik, Lpz., 1891; ngesiRashiya пер., M., 1898; Helmholtz H. von, Izifundo ngezimiso zezibalo ze-acoustics, в кн.: Izifundo ze-theoretical physics, vol. 3, Lpz., 1879; ku рус. nge. - СПБ, 1896; Kцhler W., uphenyo lwe-Acoustic, imiqulu. 1-3, "Journal of Psychology", LIV, 1909, LVIII, 1910, LXIV, 1913; Riemann H., Ikhathekizimu ye-Acoustics (Musicology), Lpz., 1891, 1921; Schumann A., The Acoustics, Breslau, (1925); Trendelenburg F., Isingeniso ku-acoustics, В., 1939, В.-(а. ngo.), 1958; Wood A., Acoustics, L., 1947; его же, I-physics yomculo, L., 1962; UBartholomew W. T., Acoustics of music, N. Y., 1951; Lоbachowski S., Drobner M., Musical Acoustics, Krakow, 1953; UCulver Сh., Izingoma zomculo, N. Y., 1956; I-Acoustique musicale, eyakhiwe nguF. Canac, в кн.: I-International Colloquia Yesikhungo Sikazwelonke Socwaningo Lwesayensi…, LXXXIV, P., 1959; Drobner M., Instrumentoznawstwo i akustyka. Incwadi yezikole zomculo zamabanga aphezulu, Kr., 1963; Reinecke H. P., Iminikelo yokuhlola ku-psychology yokulalela umculo, uchungechunge lokushicilela lwe-Musicological Institute of the University of Hamburg, Hamb., 1964; U-Taylor S., Umsindo nomculo: indatshana engeyona eyezibalo mayelana nomthethosisekelo obonakalayo wemisindo yomculo nokuvumelana, okuhlanganisa nokutholwa okuyinhloko kwe-acoustical kukaprofesa Helmholtz, L., 1873, ukuphrinta kabusha, N.

EV Nazaikinskiy