Phumula |

kusukela ku-Greek pausis - ukuqedwa, ukuyeka; lat. i-silentium noma i-pausa, isiNtaliyane. ikhefu, ukuthula kwesiFulentshi noma misa isikhashana, eng. ukuthula noma ukuphumula

Ukuphumula komsindo wezwi elilodwa, amaningana noma wonke ama-Muses ahlala isikhathi esithile. isebenza, kanye nophawu lomculo olubonisa lokhu kuphumula komsindo. Ku-instr. ekuqanjweni, kuma-ensembles, kumakhwaya nasezigcawini ze-opera enkulu, ukuhlukana okujwayelekile komsindo kubizwa ngokuthi ikhefu elijwayelekile.

Umqondo we-P. usuvele umelwe emculweni wasendulo. ithiyori, eyayithatha yonke imigqa yezinkondlo engalungile njengefushaniswa ngokumiswa okwesikhashana; P. yaboniswa uphawu ^ (nezimpawu ezengeziwe zokumisa isikhashana eside); P., ukwephula imitha ethile, zaziwa futhi. Ku-non-mental (bheka i-Nevma) kanye ne-choral notation, kwakungekho zimpawu ze-P., Nokho, esigabeni esithile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-choral notation, imiphetho yezingxenye zomculo zaqala ukuboniswa ngomugqa ohlukanisayo. Ngokufika kwe-polyphony, lesi sici saba uphawu lokuma okufushane kobude obunganqunyelwe. Ukuqokwa kokumisa isikhashana okuhlukaniswa ubude besikhathi kwalethwa nakho ukuphawula kokuya esikhathini. Ngisho nangenkathi yayo yokuqala (ikhulu le-12 kuya kwele-13), kuzo zonke izikhathi ezisetshenziswayo zomculo, izimpawu ezihambisanayo ze-P. zethulwa: i-pausa longa perfecta (izingxenye ezintathu), i-pausa longa imperfecta (izingxenye ezimbili), i-pausa brevis ne-semipausa. , elilingana ne-semibrevis; uhlaka lwezinye lwazo lube nezinguquko.

Ngokusungulwa kwamanothi amancane - i-minima, i-semiminima, i-fusa ne-semifusa - izimpawu ze-P., ezilingana nobude bazo, zibolekwe ohlelweni lwe-tablature.

Ngekhulu le-16 uhlelo lokuphawula lokumisa isikhashana luthathe ngale ndlela elandelayo:

Ukumiswa kwe-mensural notation

Ku-P. yesimanje isetshenziswa ekubhaleni komculo: okuphelele, uhhafu, ikota, isishiyagalombili, ishumi nesithupha, amashumi amathathu nesibili, amashumi ayisithupha nane, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile - i-breve, elingana ubude namanothi amabili aphelele. Ukwandisa ubude besikhathi se-P. ngo-1/2, 1/2 + 1/4, 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8, njll., kanye nokwandisa ubude benothi, kusetshenziswa amachashazi. . Ukumisa isikhashana esilinganisweni sonke, kungakhathaliseki usayizi wako, kuboniswa uphawu P., elilingana nenothi eliphelele. I-P. ku-2-4 izilinganiso iboniswa kusetshenziswa izimpawu ezibolekwe ku- mensural notation, P., ezilingana nenani elikhulu lezilinganiso, ngokulandelana kwalezi zimpawu noma ngosizo lwezimpawu ezikhethekile zokumisa isikhashana okunwetshiwe ezinezinombolo ezibhalwe ngaphezulu kwazo. elihambisana nenani lezilinganiso zokumisa isikhashana.

Ukumiswa kwenothi yesimanje

Uma ekuqaleni u-P. wayesho ngokuyinhloko ukuphimisa kwe-melodic. amazwi, kancane kancane aqala ukusetshenziswa ngaphakathi komculo. ukwakheka, iba yi-express ebalulekile. kusho. Njengoba u-X. Riemann abonisa, ukumiswa okunjalo akunawo “uziro”, kodwa kunencazelo “embi”, okuthinta kakhulu ukuvezwa kweminyuziyamu yangaphambilini neyalandelayo. izakhiwo. Uveza ngezibonelo. ukuphumula kungasebenza njengezibonelo eziningi zasendulo. umculo, isb. “Itimu yesiphetho” kusukela engxenyeni yokuqala ye-symphony ka-Beethoven yesi-1, lapho u-P. ejulisa khona okumangalisayo. uhlobo lomculo, noma ingoma yothando lukaTchaikovsky ethi “Phakathi Kwebhola Elinomsindo”, lapho umthunzi wokuphefumula okunyakazayo uhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kokumisa isikhashana. Bheka i-Mensural notation, Isigqi.

Kwesinye isiRashiya. ithiyori yomculo ngesikhathi soguquko ukusuka ku-hook notation kuya ku-square notation, bekunesistimu yayo yokuqoka ukumiswa: i-edna - yonke, i-eu (noma i-es) - uhhafu, izigxobo (izigxobo) - ikota, i-sep noma i-sema - yesishiyagalombili; umngane - izilinganiso ezimbili; okwesithathu - izilinganiso ezintathu, i-chvarta - izilinganiso ezine, njll.

References: Diletsky H., Umculi Wohlelo Lolimi, (St. Petersburg), ngo-1910.

VA Vakhromeev