I-Sitar: incazelo yensimbi, ukwakheka, umsindo, umlando, ukusetshenziswa

Isiko lomculo laseYurophu liyanqikaza ukwamukela i-Asian, kodwa insimbi yomculo yaseNdiya i-Sitar, ishiya imingcele yezwe lakubo, isithandwa kakhulu eNgilandi, eJalimane, eSweden nakwamanye amazwe. Igama layo livela ekuhlanganisweni kwamagama esiTurkic "se" kanye "netiyela", okusho ukuthi "izintambo ezintathu". Umsindo walo mmeleli wezintambo uyimfihlakalo futhi uyathakatha. Futhi insimbi yomculo yaseNdiya yakhazinyuliswa ngu-Ravi Shankar, umdlali we-virtuoso sitar no-guru womculo kazwelonke, owayengahlanganisa iminyaka eyikhulu namuhla.

Yini i-sitar

Insimbi ingeyeqembu lezintambo ezikhishiwe, idivayisi yayo ifana ne-lute futhi ifana nokude nesiginci. Ekuqaleni yayisetshenziselwa ukudlala umculo we-Indian classical, kodwa namuhla ububanzi bayo bukhulu. I-Sitar ingazwakala emisebenzini ye-rock, isetshenziswa emaqenjini ezinhlanga nezabantu.

E-India, uphathwa ngenhlonipho enkulu nenhlonipho. Kukholelwa ukuthi ukuze ukwazi ngokugcwele ithuluzi, udinga ukuphila izimpilo ezine. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezintambo kanye nama-resonators e-gourd ayingqayizivele, umsindo we-sitar uqhathaniswe nowe-orchestra. Umsindo uyi-hypnotic, oyingqayizivele ngama-peals, abaculi be-rock abadlala ohlotsheni lwe-"psychedelic rock" bathandana.

Idivayisi yethuluzi

Ukwakhiwa kwe-sitar kulula kakhulu ekuboneni kuqala. Iqukethe ama-resonator amabili amathanga - amakhulu namancane, axhunywe ibhodi leminwe elide elingenalutho. Inezintambo eziyisikhombisa eziyinhloko ze-bourdon, ezimbili zazo ziyi-chikari. Banomthwalo wemfanelo wokudlala amavesi anesigqi, kanti amanye angomaculo.

Ukwengeza, ezinye izintambo ezingu-11 noma ezingu-13 zeluliwe ngaphansi kwamantongomane. I-resonator encane ephezulu ikhulisa umsindo wezintambo ze-bass. Intamo yenziwe ngokhuni lwe-tun. Amantongomane adonselwa entanyeni ngezintambo, izikhonkwane eziningi zinesibopho sokwakheka kwensimbi.

Umlando

I-sitar ibukeka njengelute, eyaduma ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Kepha emuva ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, kwavela elinye ithuluzi - i-rudra-veena, ethathwa njengokhokho okude we-sitar. Emakhulwini eminyaka edlule, kube nezinguquko ezakhayo, futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, umculi waseNdiya u-Amir Khusro wasungula insimbi efana nesetor yeTajik, kodwa enkulu. Wakha i-resonator evela ethangeni, ethole ukuthi "umzimba" onjalo ovumela ukuba akhiphe umsindo ocacile futhi ojulile. Kukhuliswe i-Khusro kanye nenani lezintambo. I-setor yayinezintathu kuphela zazo.

Dlala indlela

Badlala insimbi ngenkathi behlezi, bebeka i-resonator emadolweni abo. Intamo ibanjwe ngesandla sobunxele, izintambo entanyeni ziboshwe ngeminwe. Iminwe yesandla sokudla ikhiqiza ukunyakaza okuhlwithiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, "i-mizrab" ifakwe emunweni wenkomba - umlamuleli okhethekile wokukhipha umsindo.

Ukuze udale ama-intonations akhethekile, umunwe omncane ufakwe ku-Play ku-sitar, adlalwa ngezintambo ze-bourdon. Amanye ama-sitarists akhulisa ngamabomu isipikili kulo munwe ukuze enze umsindo ube namanzi. Intamo inezintambo ezimbalwa ezingasetshenziswa nhlobo ngesikhathi sokudlala. Bakha umphumela we-echo, benze ingoma izwakale, igcizelela umsindo oyinhloko.

Abadlali Abadumile

URavi Shankar uzohlala engumdlali we-sitar ongenakuqhathaniswa emlandweni womculo wamaNdiya amakhulu eminyaka. Akazange nje abe yi- popularizer yensimbi phakathi kwezilaleli zaseNtshonalanga, kodwa futhi wadlulisela amakhono akhe kubafundi abanamakhono. Kwaphela isikhathi eside waba umngane isigingci edume "The Beatles" George Harrison. Ku-albhamu ethi "Revolver" imisindo yesici sale nsimbi yaseNdiya izwakala ngokucacile.

U-Ravi Shankar udlulisele ikhono lokusebenzisa kahle i-sitar endodakazini yakhe u-Annushka. Kusukela eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, wakwazi ukudlala ithuluzi, wenza i-ragas yendabuko yaseNdiya, futhi lapho eneminyaka engu-17 wayesevele ekhiphe iqoqo lakhe lezingoma. Intombazane ihlale izama izinhlobo ezahlukene. Ngakho umphumela wokuhlanganisa umculo Indian kanye flamenco kwaba albhamu yakhe "Trelveller".

Omunye wama-sitarist adume kakhulu eYurophu nguShima Mukherjee. Uhlala futhi usebenza eNgilandi, njalo unikeza amakhonsathi ahlangene no-saxophonist u-Courtney Pine. Emaqenjini omculo asebenzisa i-sitar, iqembu le-ethno-jazz elithi "Mukta" ligqama kahle. Kukho konke okurekhodiwe kweqembu, insimbi yomculo ye-Indian idlalwa iyodwa.

Abanye abaculi abavela emazweni ahlukene nabo babambe iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni nasekukhuliseni udumo lomculo wamaNdiya. Izici zomsindo we-sitar zisetshenziswa emisebenzini yamaqembu aseJapane, eCanada, eBrithani.