Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky |

Igor stravinsky

…Ngazalwa ngesikhathi esingalungile. Ngokwesimo sengqondo nokuthambekela, njengo-Bach, nakuba ngokwezinga elihlukile, kufanele ngiphile ekusithekeni futhi ngidalele inkonzo emisiwe noNkulunkulu. Ngasinda emhlabeni engazalelwa kuwo… ngasinda… naphezu kokuxoshwa komshicileli, amafestivali omculo, ukukhangisa… I. Stravinsky

… UStravinsky ungumqambi waseRussia ngempela… Umoya waseRussia awunakonakala enhliziyweni yaleli thalente elikhulu ngempela, elinezici eziningi, elizalwa ezweni laseRussia futhi elihlobene kakhulu nalo… D. Shostakovich

Impilo yokudala ka-I. Stravinsky ingumlando ophilayo womculo wekhulu le-1959. Njengasesibukweni, kukhombisa izinqubo zokuthuthukiswa kobuciko besimanje, ngokubuza ngokufuna izindlela ezintsha. U-Stravinsky wazuza idumela njengomguquli onesibindi wesiko. Emculweni wakhe, kuvela izitayela eziningi, zihlangana njalo futhi ngezinye izikhathi kunzima ukuhlukanisa, lapho umqambi athola khona isiteketiso "indoda enobuso obuyinkulungwane" kubantu besikhathi sakhe. Ufana noMlingo ovela ku-ballet yakhe ethi "Petrushka": uhambisa ngokukhululekile izinhlobo, amafomu, izitayela esiteji sakhe sokudala, njengokungathi uzibeka ngaphansi kwemithetho yomdlalo wakhe. Ephikisa ngokuthi “umculo ungaziveza kuphela,” uStravinsky nokho walwela ukuphila “con Tempo” (okungukuthi, kanye nesikhathi). Ku-"Dialogues", eyanyatheliswa ngo-63-1945, ukhumbula imisindo yomgwaqo eSt. Futhi umqambi ukhulume nge-Symphony in Three Movements (XNUMX) njengomsebenzi oxhumene nokubonakala okuphathekayo kwempi, nezinkumbulo zonya lwama-Brownshirts eMunich, acishe waba yisisulu sakhe.

I-universalism kaStravinsky iyamangalisa. Izibonakalisa ngobubanzi bokusabalala kwezigigaba zesiko lomculo lomhlaba, ekusesheni okuhlukahlukene kobuciko, ekushubeni komdlalo - wopiyano kanye nombhidisi - umsebenzi, owathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-40. Izinga lokuxhumana kwakhe nabantu abavelele alikaze libonwe ngaphambili. N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Lyadov, A. Glazunov, V. Stasov, S. Diaghilev, abaculi be "World of Art", A. Matisse, P. Picasso, R. Rolland. T. Mann, A. Gide, C. Chaplin, K. Debussy, M. Ravel, A. Schoenberg, P. Hindemith, M. de Falla, G. Faure, E. Satie, abaqambi baseFrance beqembu eliyisiThupha - laba amagama amanye awo. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, uStravinsky wayephakathi kokunaka komphakathi, ezimpambanweni zezindlela zobuciko ezibaluleke kakhulu. I-geography yokuphila kwakhe ihlanganisa amazwe amaningi.

UStravinsky wachitha isikhathi sakhe sobuntwana eSt. Petersburg, lapho, ngokusho kwakhe, “kwakuthakazelisa ngokujabulisayo ukuphila.” Abazali abazange bafune ukumnika umsebenzi womculi, kodwa sonke isimo sasivumela ukuthuthukiswa komculo. Indlu yayihlale izwakala umculo (uyise womqambi uF. Stravinsky wayengumculi odumile waseMariinsky Theatre), kwakukhona umtapo wezincwadi omkhulu wobuciko nomculo. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, uStravinsky wayethanda umculo waseRussia. Esengumfanyana oneminyaka eyishumi ubudala, waba nenhlanhla yokubona uP. Tchaikovsky, amkhulekela, enikezela kuye eminyakeni eminingi kamuva i-opera ethi Mavra (1922) kanye ne-ballet ethi The Fairy's Kiss (1928). UStravinsky wabiza uM. Glinka "iqhawe lobungane bami". Wamazisa kakhulu uM. Mussorgsky, wambheka "uyiqiniso kunawo wonke" futhi wathi emibhalweni yakhe kukhona amathonya "Boris Godunov". Kwavela ubudlelwano bobungane namalungu ombuthano waseBelyaevsky, ikakhulukazi noRimsky-Korsakov noGlazunov.

Izithakazelo zokubhala zikaStravinsky zakha ekuqaleni. Isenzakalo sokuqala sangempela kuye kwakuyincwadi kaL. Tolstoy "Ubuntwana, ubusha, ubusha", A. Pushkin noF. Dostoevsky bahlala beyizithombe kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe.

Izifundo zomculo zaqala ngineminyaka engu-9. Kwakuyizifundo zepiyano. Nokho, uStravinsky waqala izifundo ezinzima zobungcweti ngemva kuka-1902, lapho esengumfundi esikhungweni sezomthetho saseSt. Petersburg University, eqala ukufunda noRimsky-Korsakov. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wasondelana no-S. Diaghilev, abaculi be-"World of Art", baya "Evenings of Modern Music", amakhonsathi omculo omusha, ahlelwe ngu-A. Siloti. Konke lokhu kwaba umfutho wokuvuthwa ngokushesha kwezobuciko. Ukuhlolwa kokuqamba kokuqala kukaStravinsky - iPiano Sonata (1904), iFaun kanye neShepherdess vocal and symphonic suite (1906), iSymphony in E flat major (1907), iFantastic Scherzo kanye neFireworks ye-orchestra (1908) imakwe ngethonya. wesikole i-Rimsky-Korsakov kanye ne-French Impressionists. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngesikhathi kudlalwa ama-ballet i-The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), i-Rite of Spring (1913), eyagunyazwa u-Diaghilev we-Russian Seasons, edlalwa eParis, kube nomdlalo omkhulu wokudala. uhlobo u-Stravinsky ku-He ayeluthanda ikakhulukazi kamuva ngoba, ngamazwi akhe, i-ballet “iwukuphela kohlobo lobuciko baseshashalazini olubeka imisebenzi yobuhle futhi lutho njengetshe legumbi.

I-triad ye-ballet ivula eyokuqala - "Russian" - inkathi yokudala, ebizwa ngokuthi hhayi indawo yokuhlala (kusukela ngo-1910, uStravinsky wahlala phesheya isikhathi eside, futhi ngo-1914 wazinza eSwitzerland), kodwa ngenxa yezici ze ukucabanga komculo okwavela ngaleso sikhathi, ngokujulile ngokwezwe lonke. U-Stravinsky waphendukela kumlando waseRussia, izingqimba zazo ezihlukene zaphikiswa ngendlela engavamile emculweni we-ballet ngayinye. I-Firebird ihlaba umxhwele ngokupha kwayo okujabulisayo kwemibala ye-orchestra, ukugqama okugqamile kwamagama womdanso oyindilinga wezinkondlo nemidanso evuthayo. Ku-"Petrushka", ebizwa ngu-A. Benois "umnyuzi we-ballet", izingoma zedolobha, ezidumile ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, umsindo, isithombe esinomsindo se-motley semikhosi ye-Shrovetide siyaphila, esiphikisana nomuntu oyedwa wokuhlupheka. Petrushka. Umkhuba wasendulo wobuqaba womhlatshelo wanquma okuqukethwe "kweNtwasahlobo Engcwele", ehlanganisa umfutho oyisisekelo wokuvuselela intwasahlobo, amandla amakhulu okubhubhisa nokudala. Umqambi, engena ekujuleni komlando wendabuko, uluvuselela kakhulu ulimi lomculo nemifanekiso kangangokuthi i-ballet yenza umbono webhomu eliqhumayo kubantu besikhathi sakhe. "I-lighthouse enkulu yekhulu lama-XX" yabiza umqambi wase-Italy u-A. Casella.

Phakathi nale minyaka, uStravinsky waqamba ngokujulile, evame ukusebenza emisebenzini eminingana ehluke ngokuphelele ngohlamvu nesitayela ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, lezi kwakuyizigcawu zaseRussia ezithi The Wedding (1914-23), ezazinanela ngandlela thize ethi The Rite of Spring, kanye ne-opera enezingoma ezimnandi ethi The Nightingale (1914). I-Tale mayelana neMpungushe, iQhude, Ikati kanye nezimvu, evuselela amasiko eshashalazi ye-buffoon (1917), iseduze neNdaba Yesosha (1918), lapho ama-melos aseRussia aseqala ukungathathi hlangothi, ukuwa. emkhakheni we-constructivism kanye nezakhi ze-jazz.

Ngo-1920 uStravinsky wathuthela eFrance kwathi ngo-1934 wathatha ubuzwe baseFrance. Bekuyinkathi yomsebenzi ocebe ngokwedlulele wokudala nokwenza. Esizukulwaneni esisha sabaqambi baseFrance, uStravinsky waba yisikhulu esiphezulu, "inkosi yomculo". Kodwa-ke, ukwehluleka kokungenela kwakhe i-French Academy of Fine Arts (1936), ubudlelwano bebhizinisi obuhlala buqina ne-United States, lapho anikeza khona amakhonsathi kabili ngempumelelo, kwathi ngo-1939 wethula izifundo ze-aesthetics e-Harvard University - konke lokhu kwamshukumisela ukuba athuthe ekuqaleni kwempi yezwe yesibili eMelika. Wazinza eHollywood (California) kwathi ngo-1945 wamukela ubuzwe baseMelika.

Ukuqala kwenkathi "yaseParis" kaStravinsky kwaqondana nokujika okubukhali kwe-neoclassicism, nakuba sisonke isithombe somsebenzi wakhe sasihluke kakhulu. Eqala nge-ballet Pulcinella (1920) emculweni kaG. Pergolesi, wadala uchungechunge lonke lwemisebenzi ngesitayela se-neoclassical: ama-ballets u-Apollo Musagete (1928), Amakhadi Okudlala (1936), u-Orpheus (1947); i-opera-oratorio Oedipus Rex (1927); i-melodrama Persephone (1938); i-opera ethi The Rake's Progress (1951); Octet for Winds (1923), Symphony of Psalms (1930), Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (1931) nezinye. I-neoclassicism kaStravinsky inomlingiswa wendawo yonke. Umqambi umodelisa izitayela zomculo ezahlukahlukene zenkathi ka-JB Lully, JS Bach, KV Gluck, ehlose ukusungula “ukubusa kokuhleleka phezu kwezinxushunxushu.” Lokhu kuyisici sikaStravinsky, owayehlale ehlukaniswa ngokulwela kwakhe isiyalo esiqinile sokudala, esasingavumeli ukuchichima ngokomzwelo. Yebo, futhi yona kanye inqubo yokuqamba umculo uStravinsky ayenziwanga ngokuthanda, kodwa "nsuku zonke, njalo, njengomuntu onesikhathi esisemthethweni."

Yilezi zimfanelo ezanquma ubungqayizivele besigaba esilandelayo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kokudala. Ngama-50-60s. umqambi ungena emculweni wenkathi yangaphambi kwe-Bach, aphendukele ezisekelweni zeBhayibheli, iziza zehlelo, futhi kusukela ngo-1953 uqala ukusebenzisa indlela yokuqamba i-dodecaphonic eyakhayo eyakhayo. Ihubo Elingcwele Lokuhlonipha UmPhostoli uMark (1955), i-ballet Agon (1957), Isikhumbuzo Seminyaka Engama-400 sika-Gesualdo di Venosa se-orchestra (1960), i-cantata-allegory ethi The Flood in the Spirit of the English mysteries of the 1962th century. (1966), i-Requiem (“Izingoma Zabafileyo”, XNUMX) - lena imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yalesi sikhathi.

Isitayela sikaStravinsky kubo siba sibi nakakhulu, singathathi hlangothi ngendlela eyakhayo, nakuba umqambi ngokwakhe ekhuluma ngokulondolozwa kwemvelaphi yesizwe emsebenzini wakhe: "Bengikhuluma isiRashiya impilo yami yonke, nginesitayela saseRussia. Mhlawumbe emculweni wami lokhu akubonakali ngokushesha, kodwa kungokwemvelo kuwo, kungokwemvelo yakho efihliwe. Enye yezingoma zokugcina zikaStravinsky yayiyi-canon esihlokweni sengoma yesiRashiya ethi "Not the Pine at the Gates Swayed", eyasetshenziswa ekuqaleni kwesiphetho se-ballet "Firebird".

Ngakho-ke, ekuqedeni ukuphila kwakhe nendlela yokudala, umqambi wabuyela emsuka, emculweni owafanekisela isikhathi esidlule saseRussia esikude, ukulangazelela okwakuhlala kukhona endaweni ethile ekujuleni kwenhliziyo, ngezinye izikhathi ukugqekeza ezitatimendeni, futhi ikakhulukazi ngemva kwalokho. Ukuvakasha kukaStravinsky eSoviet Union ekwindla ka-1962. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho asho khona la mazwi abalulekile: “Umuntu unendawo eyodwa azalelwa kuyo, izwe elilodwa – futhi indawo azalelwa kuyo iyisici esiyinhloko ekuphileni kwakhe.”

O. Averyanova

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