Into ephilayo

Into ephilayo, i-pedal (i-German Orgelpunkt, i-French pedale inferieure, i-Italian pedale d'armonia, i-English pedal point), - umsindo oqhubekayo ku-bass, lapho amanye amazwi enyakaza ngokukhululekile, ngezinye izikhathi angena ekungqubuzaneni okusebenzayo ne-bass (kuze kube yilapho isuka ngamathoni akude); i-harmonic ukuvumelana kwe-O. p. futhi amanye amazwi abuyiselwa ngesikhathi sokunqanyulwa kwawo noma ngaphambi nje kwalokho. Ukuchazwa kwe-O. p. ihambisana ne-harmonic. ukushuba, okunqunywa umehluko wokusebenza phakathi komsindo oqhubekayo namanye amazwi. O. p. kuthuthukisa umsindo we-harmonics. mpo, okuholela ekusebenzeni okuningi.

Ama-OP asetshenziswa kakhulu asemsindweni we-tonic (i-I degree yemodi) kanye ne-dominant (V degree). O. p. kuwukukhuliswa komsebenzi ohambisanayo we-modal, ukunwetshwa kwawo hhayi ku-chord eyodwa, kodwa ku-harmonic ebanzi. ukwakhiwa. Ngakho-ke, inencazelo ehlanganisayo, ebambe ndawonye izici ezihlukahlukene zokuthuthukiswa kwamazwi aphezulu. O. p. ku-tonic kuletha emculweni umuzwa wokuzinza, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ne-static; ithola ukusebenza kwayo okukhulu kowamanqamu, kanye nezigaba zokuqala zomculo. imisebenzi (isibonelo, isigaba sokugcina endaweni yokufa kukaBoris kusukela ku-opera "Boris Godunov", ukuqala kwekhorasi 1 "kuMathewu Passion" kaJS Bach). I-OP ku-dominant ihlanganisa ukusekela kwebhesi okungasebenzi okusebenzayo nongwaqa abangazinzile emazwini aphezulu, kude ne-tonic, okuvela ukuthi ingaphansi komsebenzi ovelele we-bass. Inikeza umculo umlingiswa olindelwe kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuvamile kungaphambi kokuphindaphinda (ikakhulukazi ku-sonata allegro - isibonelo, ngiyingxenye ye-sonata yesi-8 ku-c-moll yepiyano ka-Beethoven), futhi ngaphambi kwe-coda; ezitholakala ezithulweni.

O. p. akunakwenzeka kuphela kuma-bass, kodwa nakwamanye amazwi (ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi umsindo oqhubekayo) - phezulu (i-French pédale supérieure, i-Italian pédale, i-English inverted pedal, isibonelo, ingxenye ye-III ye-quartet yesi-3 ye-Tchaikovsky) naphakathi (isiFulentshi i-pédale intérieure noma i-médiaire, i-Italian pédale, i-pedal yangaphakathi yesiNgisi, isibonelo, umdlalo othi "The Gallows" ovela kumjikelezo wepiyano "Night Gaspard" ka-Ravel). Amasampuli ka-double O. p. ziyaziwa - ngesikhathi esifanayo. kumsindo we-tonic kanye nemisindo ephezulu. U-O. ofanayo wento, ku-Krom tonic uyabusa. isici somsebenzi womculo. umlando wabantu abahlukene (“i-bagpipe fives”), ibuye isetshenziswe ku-prof. umculo, ikakhulukazi lapho ulingisa nar. ukudlala umculo (isibonelo, ingxenye yesihlanu ye-symphony yesi-6 kaBeethoven); okuphindwe kabili O. p. – emisindweni ye-dominant (ephansi) kanye ne-tonic (enguqukweni eya ekugcineni kwe-symphony yesi-5 ka-Beethoven). Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nama-OP kwezinye izinyathelo (isibonelo, esinyathelweni sesithathu somncane - ku-trio kusukela ku-II ingxenye ye-symphony yesi-6 kaTchaikovsky; umsindo oqhubekayo wesinyathelo sesine - kupiyano "Serenade" ka-Rachmaninov). Umthelela we-O. p. ibuye igcinwe ezimeni lapho umsindo owakhayo unganwebeki, kodwa uyaphindwa (isibonelo, isigcawu IV esivela ku-opera i-Sadko ka-Rimsky-Korsakov) noma lapho imiculo emifushane iphindaphindwa. izibalo (bheka i-Ostinato).

Njengobuciko. Isenzakalo sika-O. sento sisekelwe ku-nar. umculo (ohambisana nokucula ngokudlala amapayipi nezinye izinsimbi ezifanayo. Umsuka wegama elithi “O. ​​p.” uhlotshaniswa nomkhuba wakuqala we-polyphony, i-organum. U-Guido d'Arezzo (wekhulu le-11) ochazwe kokuthi “Micrologus de disciplina artis musicae” (1025-26) i-organum “entantayo” enamazwi amabili nokunyakaza okungaqondile kwamazwi (“i-Organum suspensum”):

UFranco waseCologne (ngekhulu le-13), ekhuluma (encwadini ethi "Ars cantus mensurabilis") mayelana ne-organum, futhi usebenzisa igama elithi "OP" - "organicus punctus". Ngokuthi “iphuzu” lapha kubhekiselwa kusigaba se-organum, lapho umsindo oqhubekayo we-cantus uphikiswa ngumlolozelo. umdwebo wezwi eliphezulu ("iphuzu" libizwa nangokuthi umsindo onjalo ngokwawo). Kamuva, i-OP yaqala ukuqondwa njengomsindo we-pedal omude wesitho, osetshenziswa kakhulu emculweni wezitho ngokuhambisana nobuchwepheshe. amandla ensimbi (igama lesiFulentshi elithi point d'orgue ezincwadini zomculo zesiFulentshi lisho i-cadenza ethuthukisiwe yomuntu ocula yedwa, noma, ngokuvamile, i-fermata). Nge-polyphonic Ezinhlotsheni zeNkathi Ephakathi kanye ne-Renaissance, izenzakalo ze-OP zivame ukubangelwa indlela ye-cantus firmus (ngu-G. de Machaux, u-Josquin Despres, nabanye), imisindo eyanikezwa isikhathi eside.

Emakhulwini 17-19. O. p. etholwe (ikakhulukazi ku-classic. amafomu omculo) ashukumisayo. izakhiwo ziye zaba yizici ezinamandla zentuthuko. Ngekhulu le-19 O. p. yaqala ukusetshenziswa njenge-coloristic, uhlobo-characteristic. kusho (isibonelo, "Lullaby", "Inqaba Endala" ka-Chopin evela ku-"Izithombe Embukisweni" ka-Mussorgsky, II isenzo esivela ku-opera "Prince Igor", "Ingoma Yesivakashi SaseNdiya" esivela ku-opera "Sadko"). Ngekhulu lama-20 ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa i-O. p. (kanye no-ostinato) kuvele. Inani eliphakeme kakhulu lama-O.P. ingaba nezwi (isibonelo, i-coda II ye-symphony yesi-8 kaShostakovich) noma i-consonance eyinkimbinkimbi. O. p. ingathatha uhlamvu lwesizinda (ngokwesibonelo, isingeniso se-The Rite of Spring) kanye namafomu ombhalo angajwayelekile (ngokwesibonelo, isandulela sokuphindaphinda engxenyeni yesine yophiyano lwesi-2 lwe-sonata ka-Prokofiev – imisindo eyi-15 enezwi elibukhali eis as isandulela sethoni eholayo kukhiye we-d-moll).

References: bona ku-Art. Ukuvumelana.

Yu. N. Kholopov