UCarl Orff |

UCarl Orff

Umsebenzi ka-Orff, othola imihlaba emisha esikweni lesikhathi esedlule, ungafaniswa nomsebenzi wembongi-umhumushi osindisa amanani esiko ekukhohlweni, ekuhunyushweni okuyiphutha, ekungabonini kahle, awavuse ebuthongweni obunzima. O. Leontieva

Ngokumelene nengemuva lempilo yomculo yekhulu lama-XX. ubuciko be-K. Orff buhlaba umxhwele ekuqaleni. Ingoma entsha ngayinye yomqambi yaba indaba yempikiswano nezingxoxo. Abagxeki, njengomthetho, bammangalela ngokungagunci nesiko lomculo waseJalimane ovela ku-R. Wagner ukuya esikoleni sika-A. Schoenberg. Kodwa-ke, ukuqashelwa okuqotho nasemhlabeni wonke komculo ka-Orff kuphenduke ingxabano engcono kakhulu enkulumweni phakathi komqambi nomgxeki. Izincwadi ezimayelana nomqambi ziyancisha ngedatha ye-biographical. U-Orff ngokwakhe wayekholelwa ukuthi izimo nemininingwane yokuphila kwakhe kwakungeke kube nesithakazelo kubacwaningi, futhi izimfanelo zomuntu zombhali womculo azizange zisize ukuqonda imisebenzi yakhe nhlobo.

U-Orff wazalelwa emndenini wezikhulu zaseBavaria, lapho umculo uhlala uhambisana nokuphila ekhaya. Ongowokuzalwa eMunich, u-Orff wafunda khona e-Academy of Musical Art. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingana bazinikele ekwenzeni imisebenzi - okokuqala enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini iKammerspiele eMunich, futhi kamuva ezinkundleni zeshashalazi zaseMannheim naseDarmstadt. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, imisebenzi yokuqala yomqambi ibonakala, kodwa kakade igcwele umoya wokuhlola wokudala, isifiso sokuhlanganisa ubuciko obuhlukahlukene obuhlukahlukene ngaphansi komculo. U-Orff akakutholi umbhalo wakhe wesandla ngokushesha. Njengabaqambi abaningi abasebasha, udlula iminyaka yokusesha nezinto azithandayo: uphawu lwemibhalo olwalusemfashinini ngaleso sikhathi, imisebenzi kaC. Monteverdi, G. Schutz, JS Bach, umhlaba omangalisayo womculo welute wekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Umqambi ubonisa ilukuluku elingapheli mayelana ngokoqobo nazo zonke izici zempilo yesimanje yobuciko. Izinto azithandayo zihlanganisa amathiyetha edrama nezitudiyo ze-ballet, impilo yomculo eyahlukene, inganekwane yasendulo yaseBavaria nezinsimbi zesizwe zabantu base-Asia nase-Afrika.

I-premiere yesiteji uCarmina Burana (1937), kamuva eyaba yingxenye yokuqala ye-Triumphs triptych, yaletha impumelelo yangempela ye-Orff nokuqashelwa. Lokhu kuqanjwa kwekhwaya, abacula ngabodwana, abadansi kanye ne-orchestra kwakusekelwe emavesini engoma avela eqoqweni lamagama ezinhlamvu zansuku zonke zesiJalimane zekhulu le-1942. Ukuqala ngale cantata, u-Orff ngokuqhubekayo uthuthukisa uhlobo olusha lokwenziwa lwesenzo sesiteji somculo, okuhlanganisa izici ze-oratorio, i-opera ne-ballet, idrama yaseshashalazini kanye nemfihlakalo yenkathi ephakathi, amakhonsathi e-carnival yasemgwaqweni kanye namahlaya ase-Italian of masks. Yile ndlela izingxenye ezilandelayo ze-triptych "Catulli Carmine" (1950) kanye ne "Triumph of Aphrodite" (51-XNUMX) zixazululwa.

Uhlobo lwesiteji lwe-cantata lwaba yisiteji endleleni yomqambi ekwakheni i-operas Luna (ngokusekelwe ezinganekwaneni zeBrothers Grimm, 1937-38) kanye ne-Good Girl (1941-42, ukubhuqa ngombuso wobushiqela we "Third Reich". ”), ezintsha ngendlela yazo yasetiyetha nolimi lomculo. . Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, u-Orff, njengeningi lamaciko aseJalimane, wahoxa ekuhlanganyeleni empilweni yezenhlalo namasiko yezwe. I-opera Bernauerin (1943-45) yaba uhlobo lokusabela ezenzakalweni ezibuhlungu zempi. Iziqongo zomculo nomqambi omangalisayo zihlanganisa: “Antigone” (1947-49), “Oedipus Rex” (1957-59), “Prometheus” (1963-65), ukwakha uhlobo lwe-trilogy yasendulo, kanye nethi “The Imfihlakalo Yokuphela Kwesikhathi ”(1972). Ukuqamba kokugcina kuka-Orff kwaba “Imidlalo” yomfundi, ikhwaya ekhulumayo kanye nokudlalwa kwamavesi ka-B. Brecht (1975).

Izwe elikhethekile elingokomfanekiso lomculo ka-Orff, ukukhanga kwakhe ezindabeni zasendulo, zezinganekwane, zakudala - konke lokhu kwakungeyona nje ukubonakaliswa kobuciko nobuhle bezikhathi zangaleso sikhathi. Inhlangano “yokubuyela kokhokho” ifakazela, okokuqala nje, emibonweni yomqambi enobuntu obuphakeme. U-Orff ubheke umgomo wakhe njengokwakha ithiyetha yendawo yonke eqondakala kuwo wonke umuntu kuwo wonke amazwe. “Ngakho-ke,” kugcizelela umqambi, “futhi ngakhetha izingqikithi zaphakade, eziqondakalayo kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba …

Izingoma zomqambi zomculo nezesiteji zakha ngobunye bazo i-“Orff Theatre” - into yokuqala esikweni lomculo lekhulu lesi-XNUMX. U-E. Doflein wabhala: “Lena inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini. - "Iveza ngendlela ekhethekile ubunye bomlando wemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseYurophu - kusukela kumaGreki, kusukela kuTerence, kusukela emdlalweni we-baroque kuze kufike ku-opera yesimanje." U-Orff wasondela esixazululo somsebenzi ngamunye ngendlela yasekuqaleni, engazihloniphi ngohlobo noma amasiko esitayela. Inkululeko emangalisayo yokudala ye-Orff ngokuyinhloko ingenxa yesilinganiso sethalente lakhe kanye nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lesu lokuqamba. Emculweni wezingoma zakhe, umqambi ufinyelela ukugqama kokugcina, okubonakala ngendlela elula kakhulu. Futhi ukucwaninga okuseduze kuphela kwezikolo zakhe kuveza indlela engavamile, eyinkimbinkimbi, ecwengisisiwe futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iphelele ubuchwepheshe balokhu kulula.

U-Orff ube negalelo elikhulu emkhakheni wezemfundo yezingane zomculo. Kakade lapho esemncane, lapho esungula isikole sokuzivocavoca, umculo nokudansa eMunich, u-Orff wayexakwe umqondo wokudala uhlelo lokufundisa. Indlela yakhe yokudala isekelwe ekuthuthukisweni, ekwenzeni umculo wamahhala wezingane, kuhlanganiswe nezici zepulasitiki, i-choreography, nemidlalo yaseshashalazini. “Noma ngabe ingane iba ngubani esikhathini esizayo,” kusho u-Orff, “umsebenzi wothisha ukuwufundisa ubuciko, ukucabanga okusungulayo ... Idalwe ngu-Orff ngo-1962, i-Institute of Musical Education e-Salzburg isibe isikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke samazwe ngamazwe sokuqeqesha othisha bomculo ezikhungweni zasenkulisa nasezikoleni zamabanga aphezulu.

Izimpumelelo ezivelele zika-Orff emkhakheni wobuciko bomculo zizuze ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke. Wakhethwa njengelungu le-Bavarian Academy of Arts (1950), i-Academy yase-Santa Cecilia e-Rome (1957) kanye nezinye izinhlangano zomculo ezigunyaziwe emhlabeni. Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe (1975-81), umqambi wayematasa elungiselela uhlelo olunemiqulu eyisishiyagalombili lwezinto zokwakha olusuka enqolobaneni yakhe.

I. Vetlitsyna