UJacques Offenbach |
UJacques Offenbach
I. Sollertinsky wabhala: “U-Offenbach wayengomunye wabaqambi abanekhono kakhulu bekhulu lesi-6—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izwakala kakhulu. “Usebenze kuphela ohlotsheni oluhluke ngokuphelele kunoSchumann noma uMendelssohn, uWagner noma uBrahms. Ubeyingcweti yomculo we-feuilletonist, i-buff satirist, i-improviser…” Udale ama-opera ayi-100, inqwaba yezingoma zothando nama-vocal ensembles, kodwa uhlobo oluyinhloko lomsebenzi wakhe i-operetta (cishe i-XNUMX). Phakathi kwama-operetta ka-Offenbach, i-Orpheus Esihogweni, i-La Belle Helena, i-Life in Paris, i-The Duchess of Gerolstein, i-Pericola, namanye agqama ngokubaluleka kwawo. ibe i-operetta of witticism yezenhlalo, evame ukuyiguqula ibe yindaba-mlonyeni yempilo yoMbuso Wesibili wangaleso sikhathi, igxeka ukugxeka nokonakala komphakathi, "kudansa ngokushisa kwentaba-mlilo", ngesikhathi somnyakazo osheshayo ongalawuleki obheke enhlekeleleni yaseSedan. . “… Ngenxa yobubanzi be-satirical scope, ububanzi bokumangala nokumangalelayo,” u-I. Sollertinsky waphawula, “u-Offenbach ushiya izikhundla zabaqambi be-operetta - u-Herve, uLecoq, u-Johann Strauss, u-Lehar - futhi usondela ku-phalanx yama-satirist amakhulu - u-Aristophanes , Rabelais, Swift , Voltaire, Daumier, njll. Umculo ka-Offenbach, ongaqedwa ngomculo wokuphana nobuhlakani obunesigqi, omakwa ngokuvela komuntu ngamunye, uncike ikakhulukazi kumlando wasemadolobheni wesiFulentshi, umkhuba wabaculi baseParis, nemidanso eyayidumile ngaleso sikhathi, ikakhulukazi i-gallop. kanye ne-quadrille. Uthathe amasiko obuciko amangalisayo: ubuhlakani kanye nokukhalipha kuka-G. Rossini, umoya ovuthayo ka-KM Weber, ingoma ka-A. Boildieu no-F. Herold, isigqi esimnandi sika-F. Aubert. Umqambi uthuthukise ngokuqondile impumelelo yomuntu wakubo kanye nesimanje - omunye wabadali be-French classical operetta F. Hervé. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, mayelana nokukhanya nomusa, i-Offenbach iphinda i-WA Mozart; kwakungekhona ngaphandle kwesizathu ukuthi wabizwa ngokuthi “Mozart of the Champs Elysees”.
J. Offenbach wazalelwa emkhayeni womfundisi wasesinagogeni. Njengoba enamakhono akhethekile omculo, lapho eneminyaka engu-7 wayesekwazi ukudlala i-violin ngosizo lukayise, lapho eneminyaka engu-10 wafunda ukudlala i-cello ngokuzimela, futhi lapho eneminyaka engu-12 waqala ukwenza amakhonsathi njengomdlali we-celloso. kanye nomqambi. Ngo-1833, ngemva kokuthuthela eParis - idolobha elaba ikhaya lakhe lesibili, lapho ahlala khona cishe impilo yakhe yonke - umculi osemusha wangena e-Conservatory ekilasini likaF. Halevi. Eminyakeni yokuqala ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu e-conservatory, wasebenza njenge-cellist ku-orchestra ye-Opera Comique yaseshashalazini, edlalwa ezindaweni zokuzijabulisa nama-salon, futhi wabhala yaseshashalazini nomculo we-pop. Ngokunamandla enikeza amakhonsathi eParis, wabuye wavakashela isikhathi eside eLondon (1844) naseCologne (1840 no-1843), lapho kwelinye lamakhonsathi uF. Liszt wahamba naye ekuhlonipheni ikhono lomdlali osemusha. Kusukela ngo-1850 kuya ku-1855 u-Offenbach wasebenza njengomqambi wezisebenzi kanye nombhidisi e-Theatre Francais, ehlanganisa umculo wezinhlekelele zika-P. Corneille no-J. Racine.
Ngo-1855, u-Offenbach wavula i-thiyetha yakhe, i-Bouffes Parisiens, lapho engazange asebenze njengomqambi kuphela, kodwa futhi njengosomabhizinisi, umqondisi wesiteji, umqhubi, umbhali we-librettists. Njengabantu besikhathi sakhe, abadwebi bopopayi baseFrance abadumile u-O. Daumier kanye no-P. Gavarni, usomahlaya u-E. Labiche, u-Offenbach ugcwalisa ukudlala kwakhe ngobuhlakani obucashile futhi obucashile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngokubhuqa. Umqambi uhehe ababhali abangama-congenial-librettists u-A. Melyak no-L. Halevi, ababhali abakanye naye beqiniso bemidlalo yakhe. Futhi ithiyetha encane, enesizotha ku-Champs Elysees kancane kancane iba indawo yokuhlangana eyintandokazi yomphakathi waseParis. Impumelelo yokuqala enkulu yawinwa yi-operetta ethi "Orpheus in Hell", eyadlalwa ngo-1858 futhi yamelana nemidlalo engama-288 ilandelana. Le midlalo ehlekisayo yasendulo yezemfundo, lapho onkulunkulu behla besuka eNtabeni i-Olympus futhi badansa i-cancan ephithizelayo, yayiqukethe ukubhekisela okucacile kwesakhiwo somphakathi wesimanje kanye nezinye zesimanjemanje. Eminye imisebenzi yomculo neyesiteji - noma ngabe ibhalwe kusiphi isihloko (yasendulo nemifanekiso yezinganekwane ezidumile, iNkathi Ephakathi kanye ne-Peruvian exoticism, izehlakalo zomlando waseFrance wekhulu lesi-XNUMX nempilo yabantu ababephila ngaleso sikhathi) - ngokungaguquki kukhombisa izinto zesimanjemanje. ngokhiye we-parodic, wamahlaya noma wezwi.
Okulandelayo "Orpheus" kufakwa "Genevieve of Brabant" (1859), "Fortunio's Song" (1861), "Beautiful Elena" (1864), "Bluebeard" (1866), "Paris Life" (1866), "Duchess of Gerolstein". ” (1867), “Perichole” (1868), “Abaphangi” (1869). Udumo luka-Offenbach lusabalele ngaphandle kwaseFrance. Ama-operetta akhe adlalwa phesheya, ikakhulukazi eVienna naseSt. Ngo-1861, wazisusa ebuholini bemidlalo yaseshashalazini ukuze akwazi ukuqhubeka nokuvakasha. Indumezulu yodumo lwakhe iParis World Exhibition yango-1867, lapho kwenziwa khona “Parisian Life”, eyahlanganisa amakhosi asePortugal, Sweden, Norway, Viceroy of Egypt, Prince of Wales kanye neRussia Tsar Alexander II Izitebele zethiyetha yaseBouffes Parisiens. Impi yaseFranco-Prussia yaphazamisa umsebenzi okhaliphile we-Offenbach. Ama-operetta akhe asuka esiteji. Ngo-1875, waphoqeleka ukuba azitshele ukuthi ulahlekelwe yimali. Ngo-1876, ukuze ondle umkhaya wakhe ngokwezimali, waya e-United States, lapho aqhuba khona amakhonsathi asengadini. Ngonyaka we-Second World Exhibition (1878), i-Offenbach isicishe yalibaleka. Impumelelo yama-operetta akhe amabili akamuva uMadame Favard (1878) kanye neNdodakazi kaTambour Major (1879) ngandlela thize iyasikhanyisa isimo, kodwa inkazimulo ka-Offenbach ekugcineni isisithwe ama-operetta omqambi osemncane ongumFulentshi uCh. Lecoq. Ehlaselwe yisifo senhliziyo, u-Offenbach usebenza emsebenzini awubheka njengomsebenzi wempilo yakhe yonke - i-opera enamazwi amahlaya ethi The Tales of Hoffmann. Ibonisa itimu yothando yokungafinyeleli kokuhle, imvelo ekhohlisayo yobukhona basemhlabeni. Kodwa umqambi akazange aphile ukuze abone umboniso wayo wokuqala; yaqedwa futhi yahlelwa ngu-E. Guiraud ngo-1881.
I. Nemirovskaya
Njengoba nje uMeyerbeer athatha isikhundla esiphambili empilweni yomculo yaseParis ngesikhathi sobukhosi bonxiwankulu bukaLouis Philippe, kanjalo no-Offenbach wazuza ukuqashelwa okubanzi kakhulu phakathi noMbuso Wesibili. Emsebenzini nasekubonakaleni komuntu ngamunye kokubili abaculi abakhulu, izici ezibalulekile zeqiniso zabonakala; baba imilomo yesikhathi sabo, kokubili izici zayo ezinhle nezingezinhle. Futhi uma u-Meyerbeer ebhekwa ngokufanelekile njengomdali wohlobo lwe-opera "enkulu" yesiFulentshi, khona-ke i-Offenbach iyinhlangano yakudala yesiFulentshi, noma kunalokho, i-operetta yaseParis.
Yiziphi izici zayo eziyisici?
I-operetta yaseParis iwumkhiqizo woMbuso Wesibili. Lesi yisibuko sokuphila kwakhe komphakathi, okwakuvame ukunikeza isithombe esicacile sezilonda zesimanje kanye nemikhuba emibi. I-operetta ikhule kusukela ekuhlanganiseni kwasetiyetha noma izibuyekezo zohlobo lwe-revue eziphendule ezindabeni zezihloko zosuku. Umkhuba wemibuthano yobuciko, ukuthuthukiswa okuhlakaniphile nokukhaliphile kwama-goguette, kanye nesiko lama-chansonniers, lezi zingcweti ezinethalente zezinganekwane zasemadolobheni, zithele umfudlana onikeza ukuphila kule midlalo. Lokho i-opera yamahlaya ehlulekile ukukwenza, okungukuthi, ukugcwalisa umdlalo ngokuqukethwe kwesimanje kanye nesistimu yesimanje yokuphimisela komculo, kwenziwa i-operetta.
Kungaba iphutha, nokho, ukweqisa ukubaluleka kwayo okuveza umphakathi. Ukungakhathali ngomlingiswa, ukubhuqa ngephimbo kanye nokuqukethwe okungenangqondo - lezi kwakuyizici eziyinhloko zalolu hlobo lwethiyetha olujabulisayo. Ababhali bomdlalo we-operetta basebenzise iziqephu ze-anecdotal, ezivame ukutholwa emibhalweni yamaphephandaba e-tabloid, futhi balwela, okokuqala, ukudala izimo ezihlekisayo, umbhalo wombhalo ohlakaniphile. Umculo udlale indima engaphansi (lona umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwe-operetta yaseParisian kanye ne-Viennese): ama-couplets amnandi, anesigqi esibabayo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zomdanso zazigcwele, “ezazigqinsiwe” ezinezingxoxo ze-prose. Konke lokhu kwehlisa ukubaluleka kwemibono, ubuciko kanye nomculo empeleni wemidlalo ye-operetta.
Noma kunjalo, ezandleni zomculi omkhulu (futhi lowo, ngokungangabazeki, kwakungu-Offenbach!) i-operetta yayigcwele izici zokubhuqa, izihloko ezibucayi, futhi umculo wayo wazuza ukubaluleka okuphawulekayo okuphawulekayo, ugxiliswa, ngokungafani nekhomikhi noma "grand" i-opera, enamaphimbo ansuku zonke afinyeleleka kalula. Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi u-Bizet noDelibes, okungukuthi, abaculi bentando yeningi kakhulu besizukulwane esilandelayo, ababa yingcweti yendawo yokugcina impahla. yesimanje inkulumo yomculo, iqale ukuvela ohlotsheni lwe-operetta. Futhi uma uGounod waba ngowokuqala ukuthola la maphimbo amasha ("Faust" yaqedwa ngonyaka wokukhiqiza "Orpheus esihogweni"), khona-ke u-Offenbach wawahlanganisa ngokugcwele emsebenzini wakhe.
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UJacques Offenbach (igama lakhe langempela kwakungu-Ebersht) wazalwa ngo-June 20, 1819 e-Cologne (eJalimane) emndenini worabi ozinikele; kusukela ebuntwaneni, wabonisa isithakazelo emculweni, ekhethekile njengomdlali we-cellist. Ngo-1833 u-Offenbach wathuthela eParis. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, njengoba kwakunjalo ngoMeyerbeer, iFrance iba ikhaya lakhe lesibili. Ngemva kokuphothula e-conservatory, wangenela i-orchestra yaseshashalazini njengomdlali we-cellist. U-Offenbach wayeneminyaka engamashumi amabili lapho enza i-debut yakhe njengomqambi, okuyinto, nokho, ayizange iphumelele. Wabe esephinde waphendukela ku-cello - wenza amakhonsathi eParis, emadolobheni aseJalimane, eLondon, ngaphandle kokudebeselela umsebenzi womqambi endleleni. Kodwa-ke, cishe yonke into ayibhala ngaphambi kweminyaka yama-50s ilahlekile.
Phakathi neminyaka engu-1850-1855, u-Offenbach wayengumqhubi wemidlalo yeshashalazi eyaziwa kakhulu ethi "Comedie Frangaise", wabhala umculo omningi wokudlalwa futhi waheha abaculi abadumile nabaqalayo ukuthi basebenzisane (phakathi kwabokuqala - uMeyerbeer, phakathi kwesibili. – Gounod). Imizamo yakhe ephindaphindiwe yokuthola ikhomishini yokubhala i-opera ayizange iphumelele. I-Offenbach iphendukela ohlotsheni oluhlukile lomsebenzi.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-50s, umqambi uFlorimond Herve, omunye wabasunguli bohlobo lwe-operetta, uye wazuza ukuthandwa ngemifanekiso yakhe emincane ehlakaniphile yesenzo esisodwa. Wakhanga uDelibes no-Offenbach ekudaleni kwabo. Lesi sakamuva ngokushesha saphumelela ukusibekela inkazimulo kaHervé. (Ngokusho kwamazwi angokomfanekiso omunye umbhali ongumFulentshi, u-Aubert wema phambi kweminyango ye-operetta. U-Herve wayivula kancane, wangena u-Offenbach ... amakhulu ama-operetta, angcono kakhulu phakathi kwawo yi-“Mademoiselle Nitouche” (1825)).
Ngo-1855, u-Offenbach wavula ishashalazi yakhe, ebizwa ngokuthi "ama-Paris Buffs": lapha, ekamelweni elinyinyekile, wenza ama-buffoonades ajabule kanye nabefundisi abahle ngomculo wakhe, owawudlalwa abadlali ababili noma abathathu. Owayephila ngesikhathi sabadwebi bopopayi baseFrance abadumile u-Honore Daumier no-Paul Gavarni, usomahlaya u-Eugene Labiche, u-Offenbach ugcwele imidlalo enobuhlakani obucashile, amahlaya ahlekisayo. Uhehe ababhali abanomqondo ofanayo, futhi uma umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi ngomqondo ophelele wegama wayengumbhali ohlangene wama-opera kaMeyerbeer, khona-ke kumuntu kaHenri Meilhac noLudovic Halévy - maduze nje ababhali be-freetto “Carmen” - U-Offenbach uthole abahlanganyeli bakhe abazinikele bezincwadi.
1858 - U-Offenbach useneminyaka engaphansi kwamashumi amane - uphawula inguquko ebalulekile esiphethweni sakhe. Lona unyaka wokuboniswa kokuqala kwe-operetta yokuqala enkulu ka-Offenbach, i-Orpheus in Hell, egijime imidlalo engamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalombili ilandelana. (Ngo-1878, ukusebenza kwe-900 kwenzeka eParis!). Lokhu kulandelwa, uma siqamba imisebenzi edume kakhulu, "Geneviève of Brabant" (1859), "Beautiful Helena" (1864), "Bluebeard" (1866), "Paris Life" (1866), "The Duchess of Gerolstein" (1867), "Pericola" (1868), "Abaphangi" (1869). Iminyaka emihlanu yokugcina yoMbuso Wesibili kwaba iminyaka yenkazimulo engahlukanisiwe ye-Offenbach, futhi umvuthwandaba wayo wawungo-1857: maphakathi nemikhosi ebabazekayo eyanikezelwa ekuvulweni koMbukiso Womhlaba, kwakukhona imidlalo ye-"Paris Life".
I-Offenbach enokushuba okukhulu kokudala. Akayena nje umbhali womculo wama-operettas akhe, kodwa futhi ungumbhali-ndawonye wombhalo wombhalo, umqondisi wesiteji, umqhubi, kanye nosomabhizinisi weqembu. Ezizwa ngokujulile imininingwane ethile yaseshashalazini, uqedela amaphuzu lapho ezivivinya: afinyeze lokho okubonakala sengathi kukhishiwe, andisa, ahlele kabusha izinombolo. Lo msebenzi wokuqina uhlanganiswa nohambo oluvamile lokuya emazweni angaphandle, lapho i-Offenbach ikhona yonke indawo ehambisana nodumo oluphezulu.
Ukuwa koMbuso Wesibili kwawuqeda kungazelelwe umsebenzi okhaliphile ka-Offenbach. Ama-operetta akhe asuka esiteji. Ngo-1875, waphoqeleka ukuba azitshele ukuthi ulahlekelwe yimali. Umbuso ulahlekile, i-entreprise yaseshashalazini iyachithwa, imali engenayo yombhali isetshenziselwa ukumboza izikweletu. Ukuze ondle umndeni wakhe, u-Offenbach waya e-United States, lapho ngo-1876 aqhuba khona amakhonsathi asengadini. Futhi nakuba enza uhlelo olusha, olunezenzo ezintathu lwePericola (1874), Madame Favard (1878), Indodakazi kaTambour major (1879) - imisebenzi engeyona nje ephansi ngezimfanelo zabo zobuciko kunangaphambili, kodwa ngisho nangaphezulu. , vula izici ezintsha, ezinezingoma zethalente elikhulu lomqambi - uzuza impumelelo emaphakathi kuphela. (Ngalesi sikhathi, udumo luka-Offenbach lwase lugubuzelwe nguCharles Lecoq (1832-1918), omsebenzi wakhe isiqalo esimnandi sibekelwa phambili umonakalo wokucasuka nokuzijabulisa okujabulisayo esikhundleni se-cancan engavinjelwe. Imisebenzi yakhe edume kakhulu iNdodakazi kaMadame Ango ( 1872) kanye noGirofle-Girofle (1874) i-operetta kaRobert Plunkett ethi The Bells of Corneville (1877) nayo yayidume kakhulu.)
U-Offenbach uhlaselwe yisifo senhliziyo esibi. Kodwa njengoba elindele ukufa kwakhe osekuseduze, usebenza ngomdlandla emsebenzini wakhe wakamuva - i-opera yamahlaya ethi Tales (ehumushweni elinembe kakhudlwana, “izindaba”) kaHoffmann. Kwakungadingeki ukuba aye ku-premiere: ngaphandle kokuqeda amaphuzu, wafa ngo-Okthoba 4, 1880.
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U-Offenbach ungumbhali wemisebenzi yomculo neyeshashalazi engaphezu kwekhulu. Indawo enkulu efeni lakhe igcwele ama-interludes, ama-farces, ama-miniature performances-ukubuyekezwa. Kodwa-ke, inani lama-operetta anezenzo ezimbili noma ezintathu likhona emashumini.
Amacebo ama-operetta akhe ahlukene: nazi ezakudala (“Orpheus in Hell”, “Beautiful Elena”), nemifanekiso yezinganekwane ezidumile (“Bluebeard”), kanye neNkathi Ephakathi (“Genevieve of Brabant”), kanye nePeruvian. i-exoticism (“Pericola”), kanye nezehlakalo zangempela ezivela emlandweni waseFrance wekhulu lesi-XNUMX (“Madame Favard”), kanye nempilo yabantu ababephila ngesikhathi (“impilo yaseParis”), njll. Kodwa konke lokhu kuhlukahluka kwangaphandle kuhlanganiswe yindikimba enkulu – isithombe mores yesimanje.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kudala, amacebo akudala noma amasha, akhuluma ngezwe nezenzakalo eziqanjiwe, noma mayelana namaqiniso angempela, abantu besikhathi sika-Offenbach benza yonke indawo futhi yonke indawo, behlaselwe ukugula okufanayo - ukonakala kokuziphatha, inkohlakalo. Ukuveza ukukhohlakala okuvamile okunjalo, i-Offenbach ayigodli imibala futhi ngezinye izikhathi izuza ukubhuqa, eveza izilonda zesimiso sonxiwankulu. Nokho, akunjalo kuyo yonke imisebenzi ka-Offenbach. Eziningi zazo zizinikele ekujabuliseni, ezikhathini ezivusa inkanuko, izikhathi “ze-cancan”, futhi ukubhuqa okunonya kuvame ukuthathelwa indawo yingqondo engenalutho. Ingxube enjalo yokubalulekile komphakathi ne-boulevard-anecdotal, i-satirical ne-frivolous iwukungqubuzana okuyinhloko kokudlala kwetiyetha ka-Offenbach.
Kungakho, ngefa elikhulu le-Offenbach, imisebenzi embalwa kuphela esindile kumdlalo weshashalazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibhalo yabo yemibhalo, naphezu kobuhlakani babo kanye nokucija kwabo, iye yashabalala kakhulu, njengoba ukubhekisela emaqinisweni ayizihloko nezehlakalo eziqukethwe kuzo sekuphelelwe yisikhathi. (Ngenxa yalokhu, ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zomculo, imibhalo ye-Operettas ka-Offenbach iqhutshwa ngokuphawulekayo, ngezinye izikhathi ukucutshungulwa okukhulu.). Kodwa umculo awukagugi. Ithalente lika-Offenbach elivelele limbeke phambili ezingcweti zengoma nomdanso olulula nolufinyeleleka kalula.
Umthombo oyinhloko womculo we-Offenbach yindabuko yasemadolobheni yesiFulentshi. Futhi yize abaqambi abaningi be-comic opera yekhulu lesi-XNUMX bephendukele kulo mthombo, akekho ngaphambi kwakhe owakwazi ukuveza izici zengoma kazwelonke yansuku zonke nomdanso ngokuphelela nangokuphelele kobuciko.
Nokho, lokhu akugcini nje ngokufaneleka kwakhe. I-Offenbach ayigcinanga nje ngokudala izici zomlando wasemadolobheni - futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukwenza kwabaculi baseParis - kodwa futhi yabacebisa ngolwazi lwakudala lobuciko obuchwepheshile. Ukukhanya nomusa kaMozart, ubuhlakani nokukhalipha kukaRossini, umoya ovuthayo kaWeber, ingoma kaBoildieu noHerold, isigqi esithakazelisayo, esiphundu sika-Aubert - konke lokhu nokunye okuningi kufakwe emculweni ka-Offenbach. Nokho, iphawulwa ngobuntu obukhulu.
I-Melody nesigqi yizici ezichazayo zomculo ka-Offenbach. Ukupha kwakhe okumnandi akupheli, futhi ukuqamba kwakhe okunesigqi kuhluke kakhulu. Osayizi abaphilayo abalinganayo bezingoma ze-peppy couplet bathathelwa indawo yizithombe zomdanso ezimnandi ngo-6/8, umugqa wamachashazi omashayo - ngokunyakaziswa okulinganiselwe kwama-barcarolles, ama-boleros ase-Spanish ashisayo nama-fandangos - ngokunyakaza okubushelelezi, okulula kwe-waltz, njll. Iqhaza lemidanso eyayidumile ngaleso sikhathi - i-quadrilles ne-gallop (bona izibonelo 173 a BCDE ). Ngesisekelo sazo, i-Offenbach yakha ama-refrains amavesi - ama-choral refrains, amandla okuthuthukiswa kwawo okungokwemvelo. Lezi zingoma zokugcina ezishisayo zibonisa ukuthi i-Offenbach isebenzise kanjani ulwazi lwe-comic opera.
Ukukhanya, ukuhlakanipha, umusa kanye nokuguquguquka - lezi zimfanelo zomculo ka-Offenbach zibonakala ekudlaleni kwakhe izinsimbi. Uhlanganisa ubulula nokucaca komsindo we-orchestra nesici esikhanyayo nokuthinta okucashile kombala okuhambisana nesithombe sephimbo.
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Ngaphandle kokufana okuphawuliwe, kunomehluko othile kuma-operetta ka-Offenbach. Izinhlobo ezintathu zazo zingachazwa (sishiya eceleni zonke ezinye izinhlobo zomlingiswa omncane): lawa ama-operetta-parodies, amahlaya okuziphatha kanye nama-operettas amahlaya. Izibonelo zalezi zinhlobo zingasebenza ngokulandelana njenge: "Beautiful Helena", "Parisian Life" kanye "nePerichole".
Ebhekisela kumacebo asendulo, u-Offenbach wawabhuqa ngokubhuqa: isibonelo, umculi wenganekwane u-Orpheus wabonakala njengothisha womculo onothando, u-Eurydice omsulwa njengenkosikazi enganangqondo ye-demimonde, kuyilapho onkulunkulu abanamandla onke base-Olympus bephenduke baba abadala abangenakuzisiza nabazinikele. Ngokulula okufanayo, iziqephu zezinganekwane ze-Offenbach "zimise kabusha" kanye nemifanekiso edumile yamanoveli othando namadrama ngendlela yesimanje. Ngakho wembula endala izindaba efanele okuqukethwe, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye kudlalwa amasu etiyetha ajwayelekile kanye nesitayela semidlalo ye-opera, ehlekisa ngendlela ejwayeleke ngayo.
Amahlaya okuziphatha asebenzisa iziza zangempela, lapho ubudlelwano bonxiwankulu besimanje badalulwa ngokuqondile nangokucacile, obuboniswa ngendlela ehlanekezelayo (“The Duchess: Gerolsteinskaya”), noma ngomoya wokubuyekeza kabusha (“Paris Life”).
Ekugcineni, emisebenzini eminingana ka-Offenbach, eqala ngeNgoma kaFortunio (1861), ukusakazwa kwamagama kwagqama kakhulu - basula umugqa owahlukanisa i-operetta ku-opera yamahlaya. Futhi inhlekisa evamile yashiya umqambi: emfanekisweni wothando nosizi lukaPericola noma uJustine Favard, wadlulisela ubuqotho bangempela bemizwa, ubuqotho. Lokhu kusakazwa kwakhula kwaba namandla futhi kwaqina eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kuka-Offenbach futhi kwaqedwa kokuthi The Tales of Hoffmann. Itimu yothando mayelana nokungafinyeleleki kokuhle, mayelana nokukhohlisa kobukhona basemhlabeni ivezwe lapha ngendlela yamahhala-rhapsody - isenzo ngasinye se-opera sinesakhiwo saso, sidala "isithombe sesimo sengqondo" esithile ngokusho kohlaka oluveziwe. isenzo.
Iminyaka eminingi, u-Offenbach wayekhathazekile ngalo mbono. Emuva ngo-1851, umdlalo wemidlalo emihlanu weThe Tales of Hoffmann waboniswa enkundleni yemidlalo yaseParis. Ngokwesisekelo sezindaba eziningi ezimfushane zomlobi wezothando waseJalimane, ababhali bomdlalo, uJules Barbier noMichel Carré, benza uHoffmann ngokwakhe iqhawe lezigigaba ezintathu zothando; ababambiqhaza babo unodoli ongenamphefumulo i-Olympia, umculi ogulela ukufa u-Antonia, u-Juliet ongumqili. I-adventure ngayinye iphetha ngenhlekelele enkulu: endleleni eya enjabulweni, umeluleki ongaqondakali uLindorf uhlala esukuma, eshintsha ukubukeka kwakhe. Futhi isithombe sesithandwa siphunyuka imbongi siyashintsha… (Isisekelo sezehlakalo yindaba emfushane ka-ETA Hoffmann “Don Juan”, lapho umbhali elandisa ngokuhlangana kwakhe nomculi odumile. Ezinye izithombe zibolekwe eziningana zezinye izindaba ezimfushane (“Imbiza Yegolide” , “Sandman”, “Advisor “, njll.).)
U-Offenbach, owayezama ukubhala i-comic opera impilo yakhe yonke, wayethathekile ngesakhiwo salo mdlalo, lapho idrama yansuku zonke kanye nenganekwane yayihlangene ngendlela engavamile. Kodwa eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu kuphela kamuva, lapho ukusakaza kwezingoma emsebenzini wakhe kwaqina, wakwazi ukufeza iphupho lakhe, futhi noma kunjalo hhayi ngokuphelele: ukufa kwamvimbela ukuba aqedele umsebenzi - i-clavier Ernest Guiraud yadlala. Kusukela lapho - i-premiere yenzeka ngo-1881 - I-Tales of Hoffmann ingene ngokuqinile ku-repertoire yemidlalo yeshashalazi yomhlaba, kanye nezinombolo zomculo ezihamba phambili (kuhlanganise ne-barcarolle edumile - bheka isibonelo 173 в) yaziwa kabanzi. (Eminyakeni eyalandela, le drama yamahlaya kuphela ka-Offenbach yaba nezibuyekezo ezihlukahlukene: umbhalo we-prose wafushaniswa, owathathelwa indawo amazwi aphindwayo, izinombolo ngazinye zahlelwa kabusha, ngisho nezenzo (inombolo yazo yancishiswa isuka kweyisihlanu iye kwezintathu). Uhlelo oluvame kakhulu kwaba M. Gregor (1905).
Ubuhle bobuciko bomculo ka-Offenbach buqinisekise ukuduma kwakhe kwesikhathi eside, okungaguquki - uzwakala etiyetha nasekudlaleni kwekhonsathi.
Umpetha omangalisayo wohlobo lwamahlaya, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye engumculi ocashile, u-Offenbach ungomunye wabaqambi abadumile baseFrance engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
M. Druskin
- Uhlu lwama-operetta amakhulu ka-Offenbach →
