Nesizotha Petrovich Mussorgsky |

I-Mossorgsky enesizotha

Ukuphila, noma kuphi lapho kuthinta khona; iqiniso, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inosawoti kangakanani, inesibindi, inkulumo eqotho kubantu ... - lena imvubelo yami, yilokhu engikufunayo futhi yilokhu engingesaba ukukugeja. Kusukela encwadini evela ku-M. Mussorgsky eya ku-V. Stasov yango-August 7, 1875

Yeka umhlaba omkhulu, ocebile wobuciko, uma umuntu ethathwa njengomgomo! Kusukela encwadini evela ku-M. Mussorgsky eya ku-A. Golenishchev-Kutuzov yango-August 17, 1875

UModest Petrovich Mussorgsky ungomunye wabasunguli abanesibindi kakhulu bekhulu lesi-XNUMX, umqambi ohlakaniphile owayengaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe futhi waba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko bomculo baseRussia nabaseYurophu. Waphila enkathini yokukhuphuka okuphakeme okungokomoya, izinguquko ezijulile emphakathini; kwakuyisikhathi lapho ukuphila komphakathi waseRussia kwaba nengxenye ngenkuthalo ekuvusweni kokuzazi kwezwe phakathi kwamaciko, lapho kwavela khona imisebenzi ngokulandelana, okuvela kuyo. ukuphefumula okusha, ubusha futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, iqiniso langempela elimangalisayo nezinkondlo zempilo yangempela yaseRussia (I. Repin).

Phakathi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe, uMussorgsky wayethembekile kakhulu emibonweni yentando yeningi, engayekethisi ekukhonzeni iqiniso lokuphila, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usawoti kangakanani, futhi ethatheka kakhulu ngemibono enesibindi kangangokuthi ngisho nabangane abacabanga njengaye babevame ukudideka ngenxa yesimo sakhe sobuciko esinamandla futhi babengasivumeli ngaso sonke isikhathi. U-Mussorgsky wachitha iminyaka yakhe yobuntwana endaweni yomnikazi womhlaba esimweni sempilo yabampofu futhi wabhala kamuva Inothi le-autobiographical, yini ngempela Ukujwayelana nomoya wempilo yabantu baseRussia kwaba umfutho omkhulu wokuthuthukiswa komculo… Futhi hhayi kuphela improvisations. UMfoweth’ uFilaret kamuva wakhumbula: Ebusheni nasebusheni futhi esekhulile (Mussorgsky. – OA) njalo wayephatha yonke into abantu kanye nomlimi ngothando olukhethekile, kubhekwa umlimi waseRussia njengomuntu wangempela.

Ikhono lomculo lomfana latholwa kusenesikhathi. Ngonyaka wesikhombisa, efunda ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukanina, wayesedlala izingoma ezilula zikaF. Liszt ophiyano. Kodwa-ke, akekho emndenini owacabanga ngokujulile ngekusasa lakhe lomculo. Ngokwesiko lomndeni, ngo-1849 wayiswa eSt. Lokhu kwaba i-casemate kanokusho, lapho babefundela khona i-ballet yezempi, kanye nokulandela isekhula edume kabi kufanele ulalele, futhi uhlale uzicabangela wena, akhishwe ngazo zonke izindlela ubuwula obusuka ekhandaokukhuthazayo emva kwezigcawu ukuzilibazisa okungenangqondo. Ukuvuthwa okungokomoya kukaMussorgsky kulesi simo kwakuphikisana kakhulu. Waphumelela ngesayensi yezempi, okuyinto wahlonishwa ngokunakwa ngokukhethekile ... ngumbusi; ubengumhlanganyeli owamukelekile emaphathini lapho ayedlala khona ama-polkas nama-quadrille ubusuku bonke. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, isifiso sangaphakathi sentuthuko engathi sína samshukumisela ukuba atadishe izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, umlando, izincwadi, ubuciko, afunde izifundo zepiyano kuthisha odumile u-A. Gerke, aye emidlalweni ye-opera, naphezu kokungajabuli kweziphathimandla zezempi.

Ngo-1856, ngemva kokuphothula eSikoleni, uMussorgsky wabhaliswa njengesikhulu se-Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment. Ngaphambi kwakhe kwavula ithemba lomsebenzi wezempi okhaliphile. Nokho, ukujwayelana ebusika 1856/57 A. Dargomyzhsky, Ts. UCui, M. Balakirev wavula ezinye izindlela, futhi kwafika ukuguquka okungokomoya okuvuthwa kancane kancane. Umqambi ngokwakhe wabhala ngakho: Ukusondelana ... ngendilinga yabaculi abanamakhono, izingxoxo eziqhubekayo nobudlelwano obuqinile nendilinga ebanzi yososayensi nababhali baseRussia, ukuthi uyini uVlad. ULamansky, uTurgenev, uKostomarov, uGrigorovich, uKavelin, uPisemsky, uShevchenko nabanye, bajabulisa ikakhulukazi umsebenzi wobuchopho bomqambi osemusha futhi wanikeza isiqondiso esiqinile sesayensi..

Ngo-May 1, 1858, uMussorgsky wafaka incwadi yokwesula. Naphezu kokuncenga abangane nomndeni, wahlukana nenkonzo yezempi ukuze kungabikho lutho oluzomphazamisa ekuphishekeleni kwakhe umculo. UMussorgsky ukhungathekile isifiso esibi, esingenakuvinjelwa sokwazi konke. Ufunda umlando wokuthuthukiswa kobuciko bomculo, ubuyisela imisebenzi eminingi kaL. Beethoven, R. Schumann, F. Schubert, F. Liszt, G. Berlioz ezandleni ze-4 noBalakirev, ufunda okuningi, ucabanga. Konke lokhu kwakuhambisana nokuwohloka, izinkinga zezinzwa, kodwa ekunqobeni okubuhlungu kokungabaza, amandla okudala aqiniswa, kwasungulwa ubuntu bokuqala bobuciko, futhi kwakhiwa isikhundla sokubuka umhlaba. UMussorgsky uya ngokuya ekhangwa impilo yabantu abavamile. Zingaki izinhlangothi ezintsha, ezingakathintwa ubuciko, ezigcwele imvelo yaseRussia, o, zingaki! ubhala kwenye yezincwadi zakhe.

Umsebenzi wokudala we-Mussorgsky waqala ngesivunguvungu. Waqhubeka umsebenzi sikhungathekile, umsebenzi ngamunye wavula ama-horizons amasha, ngisho noma ungazange ulethwe ekupheleni. Ngakho ama-opera ahlala engaqediwe I-Oedipus rex и salambo, lapho okokuqala umqambi ezama ukuhlanganisa i-interweaving eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yeziphetho zabantu kanye nobuntu obunamandla obunamandla. I-opera engaqediwe idlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini kaMussorgsky. Umshado (Isenzo 1, 1868), lapho, ngaphansi kwethonya le-opera kaDargomyzhsky itshe isivakashi wasebenzisa umbhalo ocishe ungashintshiwe womdlalo ka-N. Gogol, ezibekela umsebenzi wokukhiqiza kabusha umculo. inkulumo yomuntu kuwo wonke amajika ayo acashile. Ehlatshwe umxhwele umbono wesoftware, uMussorgsky udala, njengabafowabo ku isandla esinamandla, inqwaba yemisebenzi yama-symphonic, phakathi kwayo - Ubusuku eNtabeni iBald (1867). Kodwa ukutholwa kobuciko okugqama kakhulu kwenziwa ngeminyaka yama-60s. emculweni wezwi. Izingoma zavela, lapho ngokokuqala ngqa emculweni igalari yezinhlobo zabantu, abantu ukuthotshiswa nokuthukwa: Kalistrat, Gopak, Svetik Savishna, Lullaby to Eremushka, Orphan, Ukukha amakhowe. Ikhono likaMussorgsky lokudala kabusha ngokufanelekile nangokunembile imvelo ephilayo emculweni liyamangalisa (Ngizoqaphela abantu abathile, bese kuthi, ngesinye isikhathi, ngibhale), ukukhiqiza kabusha inkulumo enesici esicacile, ukwenza isakhiwo sibonakale esiteji. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, izingoma zigcwele amandla anjalo obubele kumuntu ompofu kangangokuthi kuzo zonke zazo iqiniso elijwayelekile likhuphuka lifinyelele ezingeni le-generalization edabukisayo, ku-pathos yokumangalela emphakathini. Akukona nje ukuthi ingoma Isazi sobufundisi yahlolwa!

Ingqikithi yomsebenzi kaMussorgsky ngeminyaka yama-60s. yaba i-opera Boris Godunov (ngesiqephu sedrama ka-A. Pushkin). UMussorgsky waqala ukuyibhala ngo-1868 kwathi ehlobo lika-1870 wethula uhlelo lokuqala (ngaphandle kwesenzo sasePoland) kumqondisi wemidlalo yaseshashalazini, eyenqaba i-opera, okusolwa ukuthi ngenxa yokuntuleka kwengxenye yesifazane kanye nobunzima bokuphindaphinda. . Ngemva kokubuyekezwa (omunye wemiphumela okwakuyindawo edumile eduze neKromy), ngo-1873, ngosizo lomculi u-Yu. I-Platonova, izigcawu ezi-3 ezivela ku-opera zadlalwa, kwathi ngoFebhuwari 8, 1874, yonke i-opera (nakuba yayinamanxeba amakhulu). Umphakathi ocabanga ngentando yeningi wamukele umsebenzi omusha ka-Mussorgsky ngesasasa langempela. Kodwa-ke, isiphetho esengeziwe se-opera sasinzima, ngoba lo msebenzi wabhubhisa kakhulu imibono evamile mayelana nokusebenza kwe-opera. Konke lapha kwakukusha: umqondo ojulile wenhlalo wokungavumelani kwezithakazelo zabantu namandla obukhosi, nokujula kokudalulwa kwezifiso nabalingiswa, kanye yinkimbinkimbi yengqondo yesithombe senkosi ebulala izingane. Ulimi lomculo lwaba olungavamile, u-Mussorgsky ngokwakhe abhala ngalo: Ngokusebenza ngolimi lwesintu, ngafinyelela emculweni owadalwa yilolu limi, ngafinyelela ekufanekisweni kokuphindaphinda emculweni..

I-Opera Boris Godunov - isibonelo sokuqala sedrama yomculo wesintu, lapho abantu baseRussia bavele njengamandla athonya ngokuqinile inkambo yomlando. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abantu baboniswa ngezindlela eziningi: ubuningi, egqugquzelwe umbono ofanayo, kanye negalari yezinhlamvu zesintu ezimibalabala ezigqama ubuqiniso bempilo yabo. Itulo elingokomlando lanikeza uMussorgsky ithuba lokulandelela ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo kamoya yabantu, qonda esikhathini samanje, ukubeka izinkinga eziningi - zokuziphatha, ezingokwengqondo, zezenhlalakahle. Umqambi ubonisa ukubhujiswa okudabukisayo kokunyakaza okudumile kanye nesidingo sakho somlando. Waqhamuka nombono omkhulu we-opera trilogy enikezelwe isiphetho sabantu baseRussia ezindaweni ezibucayi, eziguqukayo emlandweni. Ngenkathi sisasebenza Boris Godunov uqhamuke umqondo I-Khovanshchina futhi ngokushesha waqala ukuqoqa izinto zokwakha I-Pugachev. Konke lokhu kwenziwa ngokubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo kuka-V. Stasov, okwathi ngawo-70s. wasondelana noMussorgsky futhi wayengomunye wabambalwa ababekuqonda ngempela ukungathi sína kwezinhloso zokudala zomqambi. Nginikezela kuwe sonke isikhathi sempilo yami lapho kuzokwakhiwa iKhovanshchina ... uyiqalisile, - UMussorgsky wabhalela u-Stasov ngoJulayi 15, 1872.

Sebenza kwi I-Khovanshchina kuqhubeke kanzima - uMussorgsky waphendukela ezintweni ezingaphezulu kakhulu kobubanzi bomdlalo we-opera. Nokho, wabhala ngokujulile (Umsebenzi uqhubeka ngokugcwele!), nakuba kube neziphazamiso ezinde ngenxa yezizathu eziningi. Ngalesi sikhathi, uMussorgsky wayenesikhathi esinzima ngokuwa Umbuthano weBalakirev, ukupholisa ubuhlobo noCui noRimsky-Korsakov, ukuhamba kukaBalakirev emisebenzini yomculo neyomphakathi. Inkonzo esemthethweni (kusukela ngo-1868, uMussorgsky wayeyisikhulu eMnyangweni Wezamahlathi woMnyango Wezezakhiwo Zombuso) washiya amahora asebusuku nasebusuku kuphela ukuze aqambe umculo, futhi lokhu kwaholela ekusebenzeni ngokweqile nokucindezeleka okuqhubeka isikhathi eside. Nokho, naphezu kwakho konke, amandla okudala omqambi ngalesi sikhathi ahlaba umxhwele ngamandla ayo kanye nokunotha kwemibono yobuciko. Kanye nosizi I-Khovanshchina kusukela ngo-1875 uMussorgsky ubesebenza ku-opera yamahlaya I-Sorochinsky Fair (ngokukaGogol). Lokhu kuhle njengokusindisa amandla okudalaU-Mussorgsky wabhala. - Amapudovik amabili: "Boris" kanye "Khovanshchina" eduze angachoboza... Ehlobo lika-1874, wakha omunye wemisebenzi evelele yezincwadi zepiyano - umjikelezo. Izithombe ezivela embukisweniezinikezelwe ku-Stasov, uMussorgsky abonga kakhulu ngokubamba iqhaza nokusekela kwakhe: Akekho umuntu oshisa ngaphezu kwakho ongifudumeze ngazo zonke izindlela ... akekho owangibonisa indlela ngokucacile...

Umqondo uwukubhala umjikelezo Izithombe ezivela embukisweni kwavela ngaphansi kombono wombukiso wangemva kokufa komdwebi u-V. Hartmann ngo-February 1874. Wayengumngane omkhulu kaMussorgsky, futhi ukufa kwakhe kungazelelwe kwamethusa kakhulu umqambi. Umsebenzi waqhubeka ngokushesha, ngokujulile: Imisindo nemicabango kulenga emoyeni, ngigwinye futhi ngidla ngokweqile, ngingakwazi ngisho nokunwaya ephepheni.. Futhi ngokuhambisana, imijikelezo yezwi emi-3 ivela ngokulandelana: i-nursery (1872, ezinkondlo zakhe), Ngaphandle kwelanga (1874) kanye Izingoma nemidanso yokufa (1875-77 - kokubili esiteshini A. Golenishchev-Kutuzov). Ziba umphumela wawo wonke ubuciko be-chamber-vocal bomqambi.

Egula kakhulu, ehlushwa kakhulu ukuswela, isizungu, nokungabonwa, uMussorgsky ugcizelela ngenkani ukuthi uyolwa kuze kufike ethonsini lokugcina legazi. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, ehlobo lika-1879, kanye nomculi D. Leonova, wenza uhambo olukhulu lwekhonsathi eningizimu yeRussia nase-Ukraine, wenza umculo weGlinka, ama-kuchists, Schubert, Chopin, Liszt, Schumann, izingcaphuno ze-opera yakhe I-Sorochinsky Fair futhi ubhala amagama abalulekile: Impilo ifuna umsebenzi omusha womculo, umsebenzi obanzi womculo… ogwini olusha kuyilapho ubuciko obungenamkhawulo!

Isiphetho sanquma ngenye indlela. Impilo kaMussorgsky yawohloka kakhulu. Ngo-February 1881 kwaba nesifo sohlangothi. U-Mussorgsky wafakwa esibhedlela sezempi saseNikolaevsky, lapho ashona khona ngaphandle kokuba nesikhathi sokuqeda I-Khovanshchina и I-Sorochyn fair.

Yonke ingobo yomlando yomqambi ngemva kokufa kwakhe yafika eRimsky-Korsakov. Waqeda I-Khovanshchina, yenze uhlelo olusha Boris Godunov futhi bazuze ukukhiqizwa kwabo esiteji se-opera yasebukhosini. Kubonakala kimi ukuthi igama lami ngisho ne-Modest Petrovich, hhayi u-Nikolai AndreevichU-Rimsky-Korsakov wabhalela umngane wakhe. I-Sorochyn fair igcwaliswe ngu-A. Lyadov.

Isiphetho somqambi siyamangalisa, isiphetho sefa lakhe lokudala sinzima, kodwa inkazimulo kaMussorgsky ayinakufa, ngoba umculo wakhe wawuwumuzwa nomcabango ngabantu baseRussia abathandayo kakhulu - ingoma ngaye… (B. Asafiev).

O. Averyanova

Indodana ka Landlord. Njengoba eseqale umsebenzi wezempi, uyaqhubeka nokufunda umculo eSt. Petersburg, izifundo zokuqala azithola eKarevo, futhi uba umdlali wopiyano omuhle kakhulu nomculi omuhle. Uxhumana Dargomyzhsky futhi Balakirev; wathatha umhlalaphansi ngo-1858; ukukhululwa kwabalimi ngo-1861 kubonakala enhlalakahleni yakhe yezezimali. Ngo-1863, ngesikhathi ekhonza eMnyangweni Wehlathi, waba ilungu le-Mighty Handful. Ngo-1868, wangena enkonzweni yoMnyango Wezangaphakathi, ngemva kokuchitha iminyaka emithathu endaweni yomfowabo eMinkino ngenjongo yokuthuthukisa impilo yakhe. Phakathi kuka-1869 no-1874 wasebenza ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene ze-Boris Godunov. Njengoba ecekele phansi impilo yakhe ebivele ibuthakathaka ngenxa yokuba umlutha wotshwala okubuhlungu, uqamba njalo. Uhlala nabangane abahlukahlukene, ngo-1874 - no-Count Golenishchev-Kutuzov (umbhali wezinkondlo ezibekwe uMussorgsky emculweni, isibonelo, emjikelezweni othi "Izingoma Nemidanso Yokufa"). Ngo-1879 wenza uhambo oluyimpumelelo kakhulu kanye nomculi uDaria Leonova.

Iminyaka lapho kwavela khona umqondo "Boris Godunov" nalapho le opera yadalwa ibalulekile isiko Russian. Ngalesi sikhathi, ababhali abanjengoDostoevsky noTolstoy basebenza, futhi abancane, njengoChekhov, abakwaWanderers bagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqukethwe ngaphezu kwefomu kubuciko babo obungokoqobo, obuhlanganisa ubumpofu babantu, ukudakwa kwabapristi, nonya amaphoyisa. U-Vereshchagin wadala izithombe eziyiqiniso ezinikezelwe eMpini YaseRussia-YaseJapane, futhi ku-Apotheosis of War wanikezela ipiramidi yama-skulls kubo bonke abanqobi besikhathi esidlule, samanje nesizayo; umdwebi omkhulu wesithombe u-Repin uphinde waphendukela ekudwebeni kwezwe nomlando. Mayelana nomculo, into evelele kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi kwakuyi-"Mighty Handful", eyayihlose ukwandisa ukubaluleka kwesikole sikazwelonke, kusetshenziswa izinganekwane zendabuko ukudala isithombe sothando sesikhathi esidlule. Emqondweni kaMussorgsky, isikole sikazwelonke sabonakala njengento yasendulo, eyasendulo ngempela, enganyakazi, kuhlanganise nezindinganiso zabantu zaphakade, cishe izinto ezingcwele ezingatholakala enkolweni yama-Orthodox, ekuculeni izingoma zomdabu, futhi ekugcineni, ngolimi olusagcina amandla. i-sonority yemithombo ekude. Nansi eminye yemicabango yakhe, eyavezwa phakathi kuka-1872 no-1880 ezincwadini eziya ku-Stasov: “Akusona isikhathi sokuqala ukukha umhlabathi omnyama, kodwa awufuni ukukha ukuze uvundiswe, kodwa ukha izinto zokusetshenziswa, hhayi ukujwayelana nabantu; kodwa ukomela ubudlelwano ... Amandla eChernozem azozibonakalisa lapho uze ukhethe okuphansi ... “; “Umfanekiso wobuciko wobuhle oyedwa, ngokwencazelo yawo ebonakalayo, ubungane obungenanhlonipho yinkathi yobuciko yengane. Izici ezinhle kakhulu zemvelo womuntu kanye uquqaba lwabantu, ukukha okucasulayo kulawa mazwe angaziwa futhi awanqobe - lokhu kuwubizo lwangempela lomdwebi. Umsebenzi womqambi wawulokhu ushukumisela umphefumulo wakhe ozwela kakhulu, ohlubukayo ukuba alwele okusha, okutholakele, okwaholela ekushintsheni okuqhubekayo kokudala nokwehla, okwakuhambisana nokuphazamiseka emsebenzini noma ukusabalala kwayo ezindaweni eziningi kakhulu. UMussorgsky ubhalela u-Stasov: “Ngezinga elinjalo ngiba nesandla esiqinile kimina, ngokucabangela nje, futhi lapho ngiba lukhuni, kulapho ngiya ngiba ngongayekiyo. <...> Awukho umoya wezinto ezincane; Nokho, ukwakheka kwemidlalo emincane kuwukuphumula lapho ucabanga ngezidalwa ezinkulu. Futhi kimina, ukucabanga ngezidalwa ezinkulu kuba iholidi … ngakho yonke into ingihambela kahle – ukuxegelwa yisimilo.

Ngaphezu kwama-opera amabili amakhulu, u-Mussorgsky waqala futhi waqeda eminye imisebenzi yaseshashalazini, ingasaphathwa imijikelezo emnandi yomculo (umfanekiso omuhle wenkulumo yokuxoxisana) kanye nezithombe ezintsha ezidumile e-Exhibition, nazo ezifakazela ithalente lakhe elikhulu njengomdlali. umdlali wopiyano. I-harmonizer enesibindi, umbhali wokulingiswa okukhaliphile kwezingoma zomdabu, kokubili okucula yedwa kanye nekhwaya, onesiphiwo somqondo ongavamile womculo wasesiteji, ethula njalo umbono wethiyetha ekude nezinhlelo zokuzijabulisa ezivamile, kusukela ezinhlelweni ezithandekayo ukuya eYurophu. i-melodrama (ikakhulukazi uthando), umqambi wanikeza uhlobo lomlando, amandla, ukucaca okuqoshiwe, ukuvutha komlilo kanye nokujula nokucaca okubonakalayo kangangokuthi noma yikuphi ukusikisela kwenkulumo kuyanyamalala ngokuphelele futhi kusele kuphela izithombe ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Akekho, onjengaye, owahlakulela i-epic yezwe lonke, yaseRussia kuphela eshashalazini yomculo waze wenqaba noma yikuphi ukulingisa okuvulekile kwaseNtshonalanga. Kodwa ekujuleni kolimi lwe-pan-Slavic, wakwazi ukuthola ukuhambisana nokuhlupheka nenjabulo yawo wonke umuntu, owaveza ngezindlela eziphelele futhi ezihlala zesimanje.

G. Marchesi (ihunyushwe ngu-E. Greceanii)