Izinhlobonhlobo zePolyphonic |

Izinguquko ze-Polyphonic - uhlobo lomculo olusekelwe ekwenzeni okuphindaphindiwe kwetimu enezinguquko zemvelo ephikisanayo. AP a. kungaba umculo ozimele. umkhiqizo. (isihloko esithi-rogo kwesinye isikhathi sinquma ifomu, isibonelo. "Ukuhlukahluka KweCanonical Engomeni KaKhisimusi" ka-I. C. Bach) noma ingxenye yomjikelezo omkhulu. umkhiqizo. (I-Largo evela ku-fp. quintet g-moll op. 30 Taneyev), isiqephu se-cantata, i-opera (ikhorasi "Indlovukazi Emangalisayo Yasezulwini" evela ku-opera "Inganekwane Yedolobha Elingabonakali LaseKitezh kanye Nentombi Fevronia" kaRimsky-Korsakov); ngokuvamile P. a. – ingxenye enkulu, kuhlanganisa. okungezona i-polyphonic, amafomu (ukuqala kwesigaba esimaphakathi sokunyakaza kwe-2 ye-symphony ye-5 ye-Myaskovsky); ngezinye izikhathi afakwe ku-non-polyphonic. umjikelezo wokuhlukahluka (“i-Symphonic etudes” ka-Schumann). K P. a. zonke izici ezijwayelekile zohlobo lokuhlukahluka ziyasebenza (ukubunjwa, ukuhlukaniswa kube okuqinile nokukhululekile, njll.); leli gama lisabalele. hlela. kumculo wezikhova. AP a. ehambisana nomqondo we-polyphony. ukushintshashintsha, okusho ukuthi ukuphikisana. ukubuyekezwa kwetimu, isigaba sefomu, ingxenye yomjikelezo (isb, ukuqala kokuvezwa, imigoqo 1-26, kanye ne-reprise, imigoqo 101-126, ekuhambeni kwesibili kwe-symphony yokuqala ka-Beethoven; i-chimes II ephindwe kabili ku-Bach's I-English Suite No 2; “I-Chromatic Invention” No. 145 kusuka ku-"Microcosmos" kaBartok); ukuhlukahluka kwe-polyphonic kuyisisekelo samafomu axubile (isibonelo, uP. ikhulu leminyaka, i-fugue kanye nengxenye yezingxenye ezintathu ku-aria No 3 kusukela ku-Bach's cantata No 170). Okuyinhloko kusho i-polyphonic. ukuhlukahluka: ukwethulwa kwamazwi aphikisanayo (amazinga ahlukahlukene okuzimela), kuhlanganisa. emele i-melodic-rhythmic. ongakhetha eziyisisekelo. Izihloko; ukusetshenziswa kokukhulisa, ukuguqulwa kwetimu, njll.; i-polyphonization yokwethulwa kwe-chord kanye ne-melodicization yezibalo ezihambisanayo, ibanike umlingiswa we-ostinato, ukusetshenziswa kokulingisa, ama-canon, ama-fugues nezinhlobonhlobo zawo; ukusetshenziswa kwe-counterpoint eyinkimbinkimbi; ku-polyphony yekhulu lama-20. - ama-aleatorics, ukuguqulwa kochungechunge lwe-dodecaphone, njll. Ku-P. a. (noma ububanzi - nge-polyphonic. ukushintshashintsha), umqondo wokuqanjwa uhlinzekwa ngezindlela ezikhethekile, okubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina enye yezinto ezibalulekile zendikimba ingashintshiwe (isib., isibonelo, isethulo sokuqala emigqeni 1-3 kanye nokuhlukahluka kwepholisi. kumabha 37-39 we-minuet ye-symphony ye-g-moll i-Mozart); enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokubumba i-ostinato, etholakala kumethrikhi. ukungaguquguquki nokuvumelana. ukuzinza; ubunye befomu P. a. ngokuvamile kunqunywa ukubuya okuvamile ku-c.-l. uhlobo lwesethulo se-polyphonic (isibonelo, ku-canon), ukudideka kancane kancane kobuchwepheshe, ukwanda kwenani lamazwi, njll. Ku-P. a. ukuqedwa kuvamile, i-to-rye ihlanganisa i-polyphonic ezwakalayo. iziqephu bese ufingqa amasu asetshenzisiwe; kungaba nzima contrapuntal. inhlanganisela (isb ku-Bach's Goldberg Variations, BWV 988), i-canon (Largo kusukela ku-symphony yesi-8, yandulela i-gis-moll op. 87 No 12 Shostakovich); pl. imijikelezo eguquguqukayo (kuhlanganise ne-non-polyphonic, lapho, nokho, indima evelele idlalwa yi-polyphonic. amasu okuthuthukisa) iphetha ngokuhlukahluka kwe-fugue, isibonelo. kwe op. AP KANYE. Tchaikovsky, M. Regera, B. Britten nabanye. Ngoba i-polyphonic le nqubo ivamise ukunamathiselwa ekwethulweni kwe-homophonic (isibonelo, ukudlulisa ingoma isuka ezwini eliphezulu iye kubhesi, njengaku-counterpoint eshukumayo), kanye naku-P. a. Kusetshenziswa izindlela ze-homophonic zokuhlukahluka, imingcele phakathi kwe-polyphonic. kanye non-polyphonic. ukuhlukahluka kuhlobene. AP a. zihlukaniswe zibe i-ostinato (okuhlanganisa izimo lapho itimu ephindayo ishintsha, isb fp. “Basso ostinato” Shchedrin) kanye neostinato. Inani eliphakeme kakhulu lama-P. a. nge-bass enenkani. Umculo ophindaphindayo ungagcinwa kunoma yiliphi izwi (ngokwesibonelo, ongcweti besitayela esiqinile bavame ukubeka i-cantus firmus ku-tenor (2)) futhi idluliswe isuka kwelinye izwi iye kwelinye (ngokwesibonelo, ku-trio ethi "Ungaminyanisi, sithandwa" kusukela ku-opera kaGlinka "Ivan Susanin" ); incazelo evamile yalezi zimo ithi P. a. kuculo eliqhubekayo. Izinhlobo ze-Ostinate ne-neostinate zivame ukuhlala ndawonye, ​​awukho umngcele ocacile phakathi kwazo. AP a. uvela kuNar. imikhuba yeqhwa, lapho ingoma eneziphindaphindo ze-couplet ithola i-polyphonic ehlukile. umhlobiso. Izibonelo zokuqala zikaP. a. kuphrof. umculo ungowohlobo lwe-ostinato. Isibonelo sesici yi-motet yekhulu le-13. uhlobo lwe-galliard (bheka ku-Art. I-Polyphony), esekelwe emigqeni ye-bass engu-3 yengoma kaGregory. Amafomu anjalo ayesabalele (ama-motets “Speravi”, “Trop plus est bele – Biauté paree – je ne sui mie” ka-G. de Machot). Izingcweti zesitayela esiqinile ezenziwa ku-P. a. izoveza. amasu e-polyphonic. ulimi, njll. indlela yomculo. izinguquko. Типичен мотет «La mi la sol» X. I-Izaka: i-cantus firmus iphindaphindwa ku-tenor izikhathi ezi-5 ngesigqi esiyancipha ku-geometric. ukuqhubekela phambili (okulandelayo ukubamba okunezikhathi eziphindwe kabili ezimfushane), amaphoyinti aphikisanayo akhiqizwa kusuka kokuyinhloko. izingqikithi ekuncishisweni (bona isibonelo ngezansi). Isimiso P. a. ngezinye izikhathi yayisebenza njengesisekelo seMisa - ngokomlando umjikelezo wokuqala omkhulu. amafomu: i-cantus firmus, eyenziwa njenge-ostinato kuzo zonke izingxenye, yayiyinsika esekelayo yomjikelezo omkhulu oguquguqukayo (isibonelo, ngobuningi ku-L'homme armé ngu-Josquin Despres, e-Palestrina). I-Sov. abacwaningi V. AT. Protopopov futhi S. C. Ama-scrapers abhekwa njenge-polyphonic. ukushintshashintsha (ku-ostinato, ngokusho kwesimiso sokuhluma kanye ne-strophic. uhlobo) isisekelo sezinhlobo zokulingisa zekhulu le-14-16. (cm. I-Polyphony). Kudala uP. a. I-cantus firmus ayizange yenziwe ngokuhlukana ngaphambi kokuhlukahluka; isiko lokuveza indikimba eqondene ngqo nokwehlukahlukana kwalungiswa ngokuphimisa (cf. Intonation, VI) - ngokucula umusho wokuvula wekhora ngaphambi kweMisa; ukwamukelwa akuzange kulungiswe ngaphambi kwekhulu le-16. ngokufika kwe-passacaglia ne-chaconne, okwaba yizinhlobo ezihamba phambili ze-P.

Isikhuthazo sokuthuthukiswa kuka-P. (kuhlanganise neostinata) bekuyi-instrumentalism namathuba akho angokomfanekiso.

Uhlobo oluyintandokazi izinhlobonhlobo zamakhwaya, eziboniswa isitho se-P. v. S. Scheidt kokuthi “Warum betrübst du dich, mein Herz”.

I-Organ P. in. Ya. P. Sweelinka ku-“Est-ce Mars” – ornamental (itimu iqagelwa ekuthunjweni ngokuncipha okujwayelekile (3)), okuqinile (indlela yetimu iyagcinwa), ama-neostinata – ayizinhlobonhlobo ezidumile nge-16 - 17 eminyaka. ukwehluka kwetimu yengoma.

Phakathi kwe-neostinatny P. in. 17th-18th century eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yilezo ezithintana ne-fugue. Ngakho, ku-P. ekhulwini. ukulandelana okuseduze kokuchayeka okuphikisayo, isb kumafugues F-dur kanye ne-g-moll D. Buxtehude.

Ukuqamba kunzima kakhulu. G. Frescobaldi: ama-fugues okuqala angu-2, bese kuba ukuhluka kwe-fugue yesi-3 (okuhlanganisa izingqikithi zamafugu adlule) kanye nokuhluka kwe-4th fugue (entweni yokuqala).

Umculo ka-JS Bach – i-encyclopedia yobuciko be-P. v. Bach idale imijikelezo yokuhlukahluka kwamakhwaya, i-to-rye kokuningi. amacala asondela mahhala ngenxa yokufakwa okuthuthukisiwe phakathi kwemishwana yekhorale. Uhlobo olufanayo lufaka phakathi imikhosi "Ukuhlukahluka KweCanonical Engomeni KaKhisimusi" (BWV 769) - uchungechunge lwama-canon anamazwi amabili-okuhluka kwe-cantus firmus (ku-octave, yesihlanu, yesikhombisa kanye ne-octave ekukhuliseni; i-canon yesi-3 neyesine zikhululekile amazwi); ekuhlukeni kokugcina kwesi-4, i-chorale iyingqikithi yezincwadi zeBhayibheli ezisakazwayo (kweyesithupha, eyesithathu, eyesibili, akukho) enamazwi amabili akhululekile; emikhosini. i-coda enamazwi ayisithupha ihlanganisa yonke imishwana yekhorale. Umcebo okhethekile wokuhlukahluka kwe-polyphonic uhlukanisa "i-Goldberg Variations": umjikelezo ubanjwe ndawonye ngama-bass ahlukahlukene kanye nembuyiselo - njenge-refrain - kumasu we-canon. Ama-canon enamazwi amabili anezwi lamahhala afakwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zesithathu (ayikho iphimbo lamahhala enguqulweni yama-5), isikhawu sama-canon siyakhula ukusuka kokuvumelana kuya kokukodwa (ekusakazweni kwezinguquko ze-27 ne-12); kwezinye izinhlobonhlobo - ezinye i-polyphonic. amafomu, phakathi kwawo i-fughetta (i-15th variation) kanye ne-quadlibet (inguqulo engama-10), lapho amatimu amaningana ezingoma zomdabu kuphikiswana ngenjabulo. I-organ passa-calla ku-c-moll (BWV30) ihlukaniswa ngamandla angenakuqhathaniswa okuthuthukiswa okuzinzile kwefomu, ethweswe umqhele we-fugue njenge-synthesis ephezulu kakhulu ye-semantic. Ukusetshenziswa okusha komqondo owakhayo wokubunjwa komjikelezo ngesisekelo setimu eyodwa kubonisa "Ubuciko be-Fugue" kanye "nomnikelo womculo" we-Bach; njengoba mahhala i-P. in. ama-cantata athile akhiwe kuma-chorales (isibonelo, No 582).

Kusukela esitezi sesi-2. Ukuhlukahluka kwekhulu le-18 kanye ne-polyphony kuhlukanisiwe: i-polyphonic. ukwahlukahlukana kusebenzela ukuveza itimu ye-homophonic, ifakiwe kokwakudala. ifomu lokushintsha. Ngakho-ke, u-L. Beethoven wasebenzisa i-fugue njengenye yezinhlobonhlobo (imvamisa ukwenza amandla, isibonelo, ku-33 variations op. 120, fugato e-Larghetto kusukela ku-symphony yesi-7) futhi wagomela ngokuthi isiphetho somjikelezo wokuhluka (isibonelo, Izinguquko Es-dur op .35). Ama-P. amaningana emjikelezweni akha kalula “uhlobo lohlelo lwesi-2” (isibonelo, kwe-Brahms ethi “Variations on a Theme of Handel”, i-6th variation-canon ifingqa intuthuko yangaphambilini futhi ngaleyo ndlela ilindele i-fugue yokugcina. ). Umphumela obalulekile ngokomlando wokusetshenziswa kwe-polyphonic. ukuhlukahluka - okuxubile kwe-homophonic-polyphonic. amafomu (bheka Isitayela samahhala). Amasampula wakudala - ku-Op. Mozart, Beethoven; kwe-Op. abaqambi bezinkathi ezalandela - isiphetho sopiyano. i-quartet op. I-47 Schumann, ukunyakaza kwe-2 kwe-symphony yesi-7 ye-Glazunov (ama-sarabande emlingiswa ahlanganiswe namafomu amathathu-movement, concentric kanye ne-sonata), isiphetho se-symphony yama-27 kaMyaskovsky (i-rondo sonata enokuhlukahluka kwezindikimba eziyinhloko). Iqembu elikhethekile lakhiwe imisebenzi lapho u-P. v. kanye ne-fugue: I-Sanctus evela ku-Berlioz's Requiem (isingeniso ne-fugue ibuya nezinkinga ezibalulekile ze-polyphonic kanye ne-orchestra); ukuchayeka kanye ne-strettas ku-fugue kusukela ku-Glinka's Introduction to the opera u-Ivan Susanin ahlukaniswa yikhorasi eyethula ikhwalithi yokuhlukahluka kwe-polyphonic. ifomu le-couplet; esingenisweni se-opera ethi Lohengrin, u-Wagner ufanisa u-P. v. isihloko nezingeniso zokuphendula. Ostinatnye P. v. emculweni 2nd floor. Ikhulu le-18-19 lalisetshenziswa ngokungavamile futhi ngokukhululekile kakhulu. U-Beethoven wayethembele emasikweni ama-chaconnes asendulo ezinhlobonhlobo ezingu-32 ku-c-moll, ngezinye izikhathi wayehumusha i-P. v. ku-basso ostinato njengengxenye yefomu elikhulu (isibonelo, ku-coda edabukisayo ye-1st movement ye-symphony yesi-9); isisekelo sesiphetho esinesibindi se-symphony yesi-3 yi-P. v. ku-basso ostinato (itimu yokuqala), eveza izici ze-rondo (ukuphindaphinda kwe-2nd, isihloko esikhulu), i-tripartite (ukubuya kokhiye oyinhloko ku-fugato yesi-2 ) kanye namafomu agxile. Lokhu kuqanjwa okuyingqayizivele kusebenze njengomhlahlandlela we-I. Brahms (isiphetho se-symphony yesi-4) kanye nama-symphonists ekhulu lama-20.

Ngekhulu le-19 i-polyphonic yanda. ukushintshashintsha komculo oqhubekayo; kaningi i-soprano ostinato - ifomu, uma liqhathaniswa ne-basso ostinato, alihambisani kancane, kodwa linombala omkhulu. (isb, ukuhluka kwesibili kwekhwaya yasePheresiya evela ku-Glinka's Ruslan kanye noLyudmila) kanye nezibonwayo (isibonelo, iziqephu zengoma ka-Varlaam ezivela ku-Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov) amathuba, kusukela ku-P. v. ku-soprano ostinato main. intshisekelo igxile ezinguqukweni ze-polyphonic. (kanye nokuvumelana, i-orc., njll.) idizayini yomculo. Izindikimba zivame ukuba mnandi (isb., Et incarnatus evela ku-Schubert's Mass Es-dur, ukuqala kwenhlangano ye-Lacrimosa evela ku-Verdi's Requiem), futhi kwesimanje. umculo (2nd of “Izinkonzo Ezincane Ezithathu” zikaMesiya). I-P. in. efanayo ifakiwe ngendlela enkulu (isb., ku-Larghetto kusukela ku-symphony yesi-2 ka-Beethoven) ngokuvamile kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene (isb., i-Glinka's Kamarinskaya, ukuhluka kukaGlazunov ku-piano op. 7, I-Reger's Variations kanye ne-Fugue ethimu ye-Mozart ). I-Glinka ihlanganisa i-P. century. emculweni oqhubekayo onefomu le-couplet yengoma (isb., indawo ephikisayo enyakazayo ezinhlobonhlobo zeqembu labathathu elithi “Ungacindezeli, sithandwa” kusukela ku-opera ethi “Ivan Susanin”; ohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli “Yeka umzuzu omuhle” ovela kuyi-opera "Ruslan noLyudmila" imvelo contrapuntal ingena rispost like P. v. on the propost). Ukuthuthukiswa kwesiko le-Glinka kwaholela ekuchumeni kwefomu ngezindlela eziningi. op. Borodin, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Lyadov, Tchaikovsky nabanye. Yayisetshenziselwa ukucubungula ama-bunks. izingoma zika-AV Alexandrov (isibonelo, "Ayikho indlela eyodwa ensimini"), isi-Ukrainian. umqambi ND Leontovich (isibonelo, "Ngenxa hill rocky", "Poppy"), Uzbek. umqambi uM. Burkhanov ("Entabeni Ephakeme"), umqambi wase-Estonia u-V. Tormis (izingoma ezihlukahlukene ze-ostinato ngokusetshenziswa kwamasu esimanje e-harmonic kanye ne-polyphonic emjikelezweni wamakhwaya "Izingoma Zosuku LukaSt. John") nabanye abaningi. abanye

Ngekhulu lama-20 inani lika-P. (ngokuyinhloko ku-basso ostinato) liye lenyuka kakhulu; ikhono lokuhlela le-ostinato linciphisa ukuthambekela okulimazayo kwesimanje. ukuvumelana, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo i-basso ostinato, evumela noma yikuphi ukuphikisana. kanye nezingqimba ze-polytonal, aziphazamisi i-harmonic. inkululeko. Ekubuyeleni kumafomu e-ostinato, ubuhle bubambe iqhaza. ukufakwa kwe-neoclassicism (isibonelo, M. Reger); ezimweni eziningi ze-P. - into yokwenza isitayela (isibonelo, isiphetho se-ballet "Orpheus" kaStravinsky). Ku-neostinatny P. yekhulu leminyaka. ukuthambekela kwendabuko kokusebenzisa indlela ye-canon kungalandelelwa (isibonelo, "Ukuhluka Kwamahhala" No. 140 kusukela ku-Bartok's "Microcosmos", isiphetho se-symphony op ka-Webern. 21, "Variazioni polifonici" kusukela ku-piano sonata ye-Shchedrin, "Ihubo" le-cello, ihabhu kanye ne-timpani ka-Schnittke) . Ku-P. in. izindlela ze-polyphony entsha zisetshenziswa: izinsiza ezihlukile ze-dodecaphony, i-polyphony yezendlalelo kanye ne-polyphonic. i-aleatoric (ngokwesibonelo, ku-orchestral op. V. Lutoslavsky), i-metrical eyinkimbinkimbi. kanye nesigqi. ubuciko (isibonelo, P. v. ku-Mesiaen's Four Rhythmic Etudes), njll. Ngokuvamile zihlanganiswa nepholyfoni yendabuko. amaqhinga; okujwayelekile ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zendabuko ezinhlotsheni zazo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu (bheka, isibonelo, izakhiwo eziphambene nokunyakaza kwe-2 kwe-sonata ka-Shchedrin). Esikhathini samanje kunezibonelo eziningi ezivelele zomculo we-classic emculweni; ukunxusa kokuhlangenwe nakho kukaBach noBeethoven kuvula indlela yobuciko bokubaluleka okuphezulu kwefilosofi (umsebenzi kaP. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich). Ngakho, ekugcineni Shostakovich sika sekwephuzile (op. 134) violin sonata (ostinato double upiyano, lapho counterpoint in gis-moll has incazelo ingxenye side), isiko Beethoven wezwakala ohlelweni iminyuziyamu ejulile. imicabango, ngokulandelana kokwengeza konke; lokhu umkhiqizo. – obunye bobufakazi bamathuba esimanje. Amafomu we-P.

References: I-Protopopov Vl., Umlando we-polyphony ezimeni zawo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Umculo waseRussia wakudala nowamaSoviet, M., 1962; yakhe, Umlando we-polyphony ezimweni zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ama-classics aseNtshonalanga Yurophu yekhulu le-XVIII-XIX, uM., 1965; yakhe, Izinqubo zokuhlukahluka ngesimo somculo, M., 1967; I-Asafiev B., Ifomu lomculo njengenqubo, M., 1930, okufanayo, incwadi. 2, M., 1947, (zombili izingxenye) L., 1963, L., 1971; Skrebkov S., Izimiso zobuciko zezitayela zomculo, M., 1973; Zuckerman V., Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yomculo. Ifomu Lokuhlukahluka, M., 1974.

VP Frayonov