Ithempeli |

Late Lat. capella, ital. i-cappela

1) Iqembu lekhwaya eliculayo. Incazelo efanayo yegama elithi “K.” ayitholanga ngokushesha. Kusukela cishe nge-8th c. kwakusho indawo yokuphuma kwesonto. nezinkonzo, kanye nethimba labefundisi ababekhonza enkantolo, kuhlanganise namakwaya (bonke babebizwa ngokuthi abefundisi). Kancane kancane amakwaya aqala ukuba ingxenye eyandayo yesonto, futhi ngekhulu le-15. U-K. waphenduka ithimba labahlabeleli bebodwa, eliholwa umphathi weqembu oqokwe phakathi kwabo. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-instr. Umculo ka-K. ngokuvamile uguqulwa ube ama-ensembles axubile, ahlanganisa abaculi nabadlali bezinsimbi; kanye ne-ecclesiastical k., ezezwe nazo zavela. Amakhonsathi ngamanye ayeholwa abaqambi abavelele: u-JS Bach (C. Thomaskirche eLeipzig), u-J. Haydn (umdwebo kaNkosana u-Esterhazy), nabanye. ar. ezindaweni zabanikazi bomhlaba; imisebenzi yabaqambi SA Degtyarev, SI Davydov, DN Kashin, nabanye axhumene nabo. Bortnyansky, MI Glinka, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, MA Balakirev, AS Arensky, SM Lyapunov.

2) Ukuqokwa kwe-orchestra yengoma ekhethekile (ibutho lezempi K., umdanso K., i-jazz K.), kanye negama lama-symphonies athile amakhulu. ama-orchestra (Dresden, Berlin, Weimar, Schwerin state orchestras).

I. Mnu. Livenko