Umculo WaseShayina: Amasiko Eminyaka Eyinkulungwane

Isiko lomculo laseChina laqala ukuvela cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezi-4 edlule. Imidanso yezizwe, izingoma, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zemikhuba emicikilishweni kubhekwa njengemvelaphi yayo.

Kubahlali bezwe elinabantu abaningi emhlabeni, izingoma zomdabu, imidanso, izinsimbi zokudlala kubaluleke kakhulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amagama athi “umculo” nelithi “ubuhle” achazwa nge-hieroglyph efanayo, aphinyiswa ngokuhlukile kancane.

Izici nesitayela somculo wamaShayina

Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu baseYurophu bemangazwa isiko laseMpumalanga, belithola liyindle futhi lingaqondakali. Kunencazelo yalo mbono, ngoba umculo wendabuko waseShayina unezici ezigqamile ezihlukile, okuhlanganisa:

• ukuhola umculo ngazwi linye (okungukuthi, isethulo ikakhulukazi esine-monophonic, lapho iYurophu isivele yakwazi ukuyikhipha);
• ukuhlukaniswa kwawo wonke umculo ube izitayela ezimbili - enyakatho naseningizimu (esimweni sokuqala, indima evelele inikezwa izinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo; okwesibili, umbala we-timbre kanye nemizwelo yomculo kubaluleke kakhulu kunesigqi);
• ukudlondlobala kwemizwa yokucabanga ngaphezu kwesithombe sesenzo (abaseYurophu basetshenziselwa ukulingisa emculweni);
• inhlangano ekhethekile ye-modal: esikhundleni sokujwayelekile okuyinhloko nokuncane endlebeni, kunesilinganiso se-pentatonic ngaphandle kwama-semitones; isikali esinezinyathelo eziyisikhombisa esihlelwe ngokukhethekile futhi, ekugcineni, isimiso esithi “lu-lu” semisindo engu-12;
• ukuhlukahluka kwesigqi - ukushintsha njalo kokulingana nokungajwayelekile, ukusetshenziswa kosayizi womculo oyinhlanganisela oyinkimbinkimbi;
• ubunye bezinkondlo, umculo kanye nezici zefonetiki yenkulumo yesintu.

Izimo zobuqhawe, isigqi esicacile, ukulula kolimi lomculo kuyisici somculo wendabuko wasenyakatho waseShayina. Izingoma eziseningizimu zazihluke kakhulu - imisebenzi yayigcwele amazwi, ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza, basebenzisa isikali se-pentatonic.

Umnyombo wefilosofi yamaShayina kukhona i-hylozoism, imfundiso esho ukugqwayiza kwendaba yonke indawo. Lokhu kubonakala emculweni waseShayina, ingqikithi yawo eyinhloko ubunye bomuntu nemvelo. Ngakho, ngokwemibono yobuConfucian, umculo wawuyisici esibalulekile emfundweni yabantu futhi uyindlela yokufinyelela ukuvumelana komphakathi. UbuTao babela ubuciko indima yesici esinengxenye ekuhlanganisweni komuntu nemvelo, futhi ubuBuddha baqoka isimiso esiyimfihlakalo esiza umuntu ukuba athuthuke ngokomoya futhi aqonde ingqikithi yobukhona.

Izinhlobonhlobo Zomculo WaseShayina

Ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa zeminyaka yokuthuthukiswa kobuciko basempumalanga, izinhlobo ezilandelayo zomculo wamaShayina zakhiwe:

• izingoma;
• ukudansa;
• I-opera yamaShayina;
• umsebenzi wezinsimbi.

Isitayela, indlela nobuhle bokusebenza akukaze kube yizici eziyinhloko zezingoma zomdabu zaseShayina. Ukudala kwabonisa izici ezingavamile zezifunda zezwe, indlela yokuphila yabantu, futhi kwanelise izidingo zenkulumo-ze zikahulumeni.

Ukudansa kwaba uhlobo oluhlukile lwesiko lamaShayina kuphela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, lapho kwakhiwa imidlalo yeshashalazi ne-opera yendabuko. Zazenziwa njengemikhuba noma imidlalo, ngokuvamile ezinkantolo zombuso.

Ivayolini yendabuko yaseShayina nepiyano

Izinhlobo zezingoma zesiShayina

Imisebenzi eyenziwa ngisho nangaphambi kwenkathi yethu, ngokuvamile yayicula ngemvelo, ukuphila, umhlaba osizungezile. Izingoma eziningi zesiShayina zazinikezelwe ezilwaneni ezine - udrako, i-phoenix, i-qilin (isilwane esiyisimangaliso, uhlobo lwe-chimera) kanye nofudu. Lokhu kubonakala ezihlokweni zemisebenzi eye yafika esikhathini sethu (ngokwesibonelo, “Amakhulu ezinyoni akhulekela i-phoenix”).

Kamuva, kwaba nezingoma eziningi ngokwezindikimba. Zahlukaniswa zaba:

• izingoma zabasebenzi (ezihambisana nomsebenzi wasensimini, imisebenzi yokudoba, abathwali abahamba ngezinyawo);
• ukubhikisha (ukuveza ukufumbathisa, unya lwabanikazi bezindlu);
• uthando nomndeni (mayelana nobuhlobo phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ukuphila kwabo; izingoma ezintsha zibonisa ushintsho ekuphileni komkhaya ngemva kwenguquko);
• okudlalayo, okuhlekisayo (izimo ezihlekisayo, izikhathi ezijabulisayo zichazwa);
• i-lyrical (ichaza isenzakalo esithile, isenze sizwisiseke kubo bonke abalaleli; ezingomeni zesiShayina ezinamazwi, amaqhawe awanawo amagama).

Izinhlobo zemidanso yamaShayina

Ukuhlukanisa lolu hlobo lobuciko kunzima kakhulu, njengoba iChina iyikhaya lezizwe ezingaba ngu-60, ngasinye esinemidanso yesintu eyingqayizivele.

"Umdanso webhubesi" kanye "nomdanso kadrako" kubhekwa njengokuqala. Eyokuqala ibhekwa njengebolekiwe, njengoba amabhubesi awatholakali eChina. Abadansi bagqoka njengenkosi yezilwane. Eyesibili ngokuvamile yayiyingxenye yesiko lokubiza imvula.

Imidanso kadrako wesintu yaseShayina yesimanje yenziwa amadoda amaningi aphethe isakhiwo sikadrako esingasindi ezintini. E-China, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-700 zalesi senzo.

Izinhlobo zamasiko zingabalelwa ezinhlotsheni zokudansa zaseShayina ezithakazelisayo. Bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu:

1. umdanso we-yi, owawuyingxenye yomkhosi wamaConfucian;
2. Umdanso we-nuo, okuxotshwa ngawo imimoya emibi;
3. I-Tsam umdanso ovela e-Tibet.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umdanso wendabuko waseShayina usetshenziselwa izinjongo zempilo. Ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa izici zobuciko bokulwa basempumalanga. Isibonelo sakudala i-tai chi, eyenziwa izinkulungwane zamaShayina ekuseni emapaki.

Izinsimbi zomculo wesintu

Umculo waseShayina Yasendulo wawunezinsimbi zomculo ezicishe zibe yinkulungwane, eziningi zazo, maye, esezishabalala. Izinsimbi zomculo zaseShayina zihlukaniswa ngokohlobo lokukhiqizwa komsindo:

• izinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo: i-sanxian, i-guzheng, i-kunhou, i-liuqin, i-pipa enenani elihlukile lezintambo;
• izinsimbi zomculo wesando: zhu - njengamasimbali;
• izinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo ezinomnsalo: i-erhu, i-dahu, i-leiqin, i-zhonghu;
• izinsimbi zokhuni: i-guan (uhlobo lwe-oboe), i-dizi (umtshingo woqalo), i-sheng (isitho somlomo, kalula - uhlobo lwe-harmonica);
• izinsimbi ezishaywayo: i-gong (idiski lensimbi), i-paygu (isigubhu sohlobo lwe-timpani).

Indawo Yabaculi Bomdabu Esikweni LamaShayina

Abaculi, abasungula amasiko abantu emsebenzini wabo, babambe iqhaza elikhulu enkantolo. Emibhalweni yezindaba zaseChina kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX BC, abaculi babevezwa njengabaphethe izinto ezinhle nezingqondongqondo ezifundile kwezepolitiki.

Kusukela ebukhosini bakwa-Han kuya esikhathini semibuso yaseNingizimu neNyakatho, isiko laba nokukhuphuka okuvamile, futhi umculo wemikhosi kaConfucian nokuzijabulisa kwezwe waba uhlobo olubalulekile lobuciko basenkantolo. Igumbi elikhethekile le-Yuefu, elasungulwa enkantolo, laqoqa izingoma zomdabu.

Kusukela ngekhulu lama-300 AD, ukusebenza kwe-orchestra yomculo wendabuko waseShayina kwathuthukiswa. Amaqembu abalwe kusuka ku-700 kuya ku-XNUMX abadlali. Ubuciko be-okhestra bube nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwezingoma zomdabu.

Ukuqala kokubusa kobukhosi bakwa-Qin (ikhulu le-XVI) kwakuhambisana nentando yeningi evamile yamasiko. Kwethulwa idrama yomculo. Kamuva, ngenxa yobunzima besimo sezombangazwe sangaphakathi, inkathi yokwehla yaqala, ama-orchestra asenkantolo ahlakazwa. Nokho, amasiko ayaqhubeka ephila emibhalweni yamakhulu abaculi bomdabu abavelele.

Ukuguquguquka komculo wendabuko waseShayina kuchazwa ulwazi lwamasiko olucebile kanye nokwakheka kwenani labantu bamazwe ngamazwe. “Unya nokungazi” kwezingoma zesiShayina, njengoba uBerlioz esho, sekuphele isikhathi eside. Abaqambi banamuhla baseShayina banikeza isilaleli ukwazisa ukuguquguquka kokudala, ngoba kulokhu okuhlukahlukene ngisho nomlaleli osheshayo uzothola lokho akuthandayo.

Umdanso wamaShayina "i-Guanyin ehlome ngenkulungwane"