Georges Bizet |

UGeorges Bizet

… Ngidinga ithiyetha: ngaphandle kwayo angilutho. J. Bizet

Umqambi ongumFulentshi u-J. Bizet unikele impilo yakhe emfushane ethiyetha yomculo. Umsebenzi wakhe ophambili - "Carmen" - usengomunye wama-opera athandwa kakhulu kubantu abaningi.

U-Bizet ukhulele emndenini ofundiswe ngamasiko; ubaba wayenguthisha wokucula, umama edlala upiyano. Kusukela eneminyaka engu-4, uGeorges waqala ukufunda umculo ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukanina. Lapho eneminyaka engu-10 wangena eParis Conservatoire. Abaculi abavelele baseFrance baba othisha bakhe: umshayi wopiyano u-A. Marmontel, u-Theorist P. Zimmerman, abaqambi be-opera uF. Halévy noCh. Gounod. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, ithalente lika-Bizet elisebenziseka ngezindlela eziningi lembulwa: wayengumdlali wopiyano okhaliphile (uF. Liszt ngokwakhe wayekuthanda ukudlala kwakhe), wathola imiklomelo ngokuphindaphindiwe emikhakheni yethiyori, wayekuthanda ukudlala isitho somzimba (kamuva, esezuze udumo kakade, wafunda noS. Frank).

Eminyakeni ye-Conservatory (1848-58), imisebenzi ibonakala igcwele ubusha nokukhululeka kobusha, phakathi kwayo okukhona ne-Symphony in C enkulu, i-opera yamahlaya ethi The Doctor's House. Ukuphela kwe-conservatory kwaphawulwa ngokuthola uMklomelo WaseRoma we-cantata "Clovis noClotilde", owanikeza ilungelo lokuhlala iminyaka emine e-Italy kanye nomfundaze wombuso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, emncintiswaneni owamenyezelwa ngu-J. Offenbach, u-Bizet wabhala i-operetta Doctor Miracle, nayo eyanikezwa umklomelo.

E-Italy, u-Bizet, ehlatshwe umxhwele imvelo yaseningizimu evundile, izikhumbuzo zezakhiwo nokudweba, wasebenza kakhulu futhi wathela izithelo (1858-60). Ufunda ubuciko, ufunda izincwadi eziningi, uqonda ubuhle kukho konke ukubonakaliswa kwayo. Okufanelekile kwe-Bizet umhlaba omuhle, ovumelanayo we-Mozart no-Raphael. Ngempela umusa wesiFulentshi, isipho somculo esiphanayo, nokunambitha okuthambile kube yizici ezibalulekile zesitayela somqambi. U-Bizet uya ngokuya akhangwa umculo we-opera, okwazi “ukuhlanganisa” nento noma iqhawe elivezwe esiteji. Esikhundleni se-cantata, umqambi okwakufanele ayethule eParis, ubhala i-opera yamahlaya uDon Procopio, ngokwesiko likaG. Rossini. I-ode-symphony ethi "Vasco da Gama" nayo iyadalwa.

Ngokubuyela eParis, ukuqala kokusesha okujulile kokudala futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo umsebenzi onzima, ojwayelekile ngenxa yocezu lwesinkwa uxhunyiwe. I-Bizet kufanele yenze imibhalo yezikolo ze-opera yabanye abantu, ibhale umculo othokozisayo wamakhonsathi ekhefi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo idale imisebenzi emisha, isebenza amahora angu-16 ngosuku. “Ngisebenza njengendoda emnyama, ngikhathele, ngihlukana ngibe yizicucu … Ngisanda kuqeda ezothando zomshicileli omusha. Ngiyesaba ukuthi kuvele kumaphakathi, kepha imali iyadingeka. Imali, imali njalo - esihogweni! Elandela u-Gounod, u-Bizet uphendukela ohlotsheni lwe-lyric opera. I-"Pearl Seekers" yakhe (1863), lapho ukubonakaliswa kwemvelo kwemizwa kuhlanganiswe ne-oriental exoticism, yanconywa nguG. Berlioz. I-Beauty of Perth (1867, esekelwe esakhiweni sikaW. Scott) ibonisa impilo yabantu abavamile. Impumelelo yala ma-opera ayizange ibe nkulu kangangokuthi iqinise isikhundla sombhali. Ukuzigxeka, ukuqwashisa okuphusile mayelana nokushiyeka kwe-The Perth Beauty kwaba ukhiye wekusasa lika-Bizet: “Lona umdlalo omangalisayo, kodwa abalingisi abacaciswanga kahle ... Asimngcwabe ngaphandle kokuzisola, ngaphandle kwesasasa – naphambili! Inqwaba yezinhlelo zaleyo minyaka ayizange igcwaliseke; i-opera eqediwe, kodwa ngokuvamile engaphumelelanga i-Ivan the Terrible ayizange ihlelwe. Ngaphezu kwama-opera, u-Bizet ubhala umculo we-orchestra nowegumbi: uqeda i-symphony yaseRoma, eqale emuva e-Italy, ubhala izingcezu zepiyano ezandleni ezi-4 "Imidlalo Yezingane" (eminye yayo enguqulweni ye-orchestra "Little Suite"), ezothando. .

Ngo-1870, phakathi neMpi YaseFranco-Prussia, lapho iFrance yayisesimweni esibucayi, uBizet wajoyina iNational Guard. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, imizwa yakhe yokushisekela izwe yabonakala ku-overture emangalisayo ethi "Motherland" (1874). 70s – ukuchuma kobuciko bomqambi. Ngo-1872, i-premiere ye-opera ethi "Jamile" (esekelwe enkondlweni ka-A. Musset) yenzeka, ihumusha ngobuqili; amazwibela omculo wesintu wama-Arabhu. Kube isimanga kuzivakashi zetiyetha ye-Opera-Comique ukubona umsebenzi okhuluma ngothando olungenabugovu, ogcwele amazwi amsulwa. Izingcweti zangempela zomculo nabagxeki abakhulu babone ku-Jamil isiqalo sesiteji esisha, ukuvulwa kwezindlela ezintsha.

Emisebenzini yale minyaka, ukuhlanzeka nobuhle besitayela (esihlala sikhona ku-Bizet) akuvimbeli neze inkulumo eneqiniso, engaguquki yedrama yokuphila, izingxabano zayo kanye nokungqubuzana okudabukisayo. Manje izithixo zomqambi uW. Shakespeare, Michelangelo, L. Beethoven. Esihlokweni sakhe esithi "Izingxoxo Zomculo", u-Bizet wamukela "umoya ovuthayo, ubudlova, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokungalawuleki, njengo-Verdi, onikeza ubuciko umsebenzi ophilayo, onamandla, owenziwe ngegolide, udaka, i-bile negazi. Ngishintsha isikhumba sami njengeciko nanjengomuntu,” kusho uBizet ngaye.

Esinye seziqongo zomsebenzi ka-Bizet umculo wedrama ka-A. Daudet ethi The Arlesian (1872). Ukudlalwa komdlalo akuphumelelanga, futhi umqambi wahlanganisa i-orchestral suite esuka ezinombolweni ezihamba phambili (iqoqo lesibili ngemva kokushona kuka-Bizet laqanjwa umngane wakhe, umqambi u-E. Guiraud). Njengasemisebenzini edlule, i-Bizet inikeza umculo ukunambitheka okukhethekile, okukhethekile kwesigcawu. Nansi iProvence, futhi umqambi usebenzisa izingoma zomdabu zaseProvencal, egcwalisa wonke umsebenzi ngomoya wezingoma zakudala zesiFulentshi. I-orchestra izwakala inemibala egqamile, ilula futhi isobala, i-Bizet ifinyelela imiphumela ehlukahlukene emangalisayo: lokhu ukukhala kwezinsimbi, ukugqama kwemibala esithombeni seholide lezwe (“Farandole”), umsindo wegumbi elicwengekileyo lomtshingo ngehabhu. (kwi-minuet evela ku-Second Suite) kanye “nokucula” okudabukisayo kwe-saxophone (u-Bizet ube ngowokuqala ukwethula le nsimbi ku-orchestra ye-symphony).

Imisebenzi yokugcina ka-Bizet kwakuyi-opera engaqediwe ethi Don Rodrigo (esekelwe kudrama ka-Corneille ethi The Cid) kanye noCarmen, ebeke umbhali wayo phakathi kwabaculi abakhulu emhlabeni. I-premiere kaCarmen (1875) nayo yaba ukwehluleka okukhulu kuka-Bizet empilweni: i-opera yehluleka ngehlazo futhi yabangela ukuhlolwa kwabezindaba okubukhali. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezi-3, ngoJuni 3, 1875, umqambi washona emaphethelweni eParis, eBougival.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uCarmen wadlalwa ngesikhathi Comic Opera, ihambisana lolu hlobo kuphela izici ezisemthethweni. Ngamafuphi, lena idrama yomculo eyadalula ukuphikisana kwangempela kwempilo. U-Bizet wasebenzisa isakhiwo sendaba emfushane ka-P. Merimee, kodwa wakhuphula izithombe zakhe enanini lezimpawu ezisankondlo. Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, bonke bangabantu "abaphilayo" abanezinhlamvu ezikhanyayo, eziyingqayizivele. Umqambi uletha izigcawu zesintu esenzweni ngokubonisa kwazo okubalulekile kobungqabavu, kuchichima ngamandla. Ubuhle beGypsy uCarmen, umlwisi wezinkunzi u-Escamillo, abashushumbisi babonwa njengengxenye yalesi sici samahhala. Idala “isithombe” somlingisi oyinhloko, i-Bizet isebenzisa imiculo nezigqi ze-habanera, i-seguidilla, i-polo, njll.; ngesikhathi esifanayo, wakwazi ukungena ngokujulile emoyeni womculo waseSpain. UJose nomakoti wakhe uMichaela bangabezwe elihluke ngokuphelele - elithokomele, elikude nezivunguvungu. I-duet yabo yakhelwe ngemibala ye-pastel, i-soft tonations. Kodwa u-Jose ngokwezwi nezwi “ungenwe” uthando lukaCarmen, amandla akhe nokungayekethisi. Idrama yothando "evamile" ikhuphukela enhlekeleleni yokungqubuzana kwabalingiswa babantu, amandla adlula ukwesaba ukufa futhi akunqobe. I-Bizet icula ngobuhle, ubukhulu bothando, umuzwa odakayo wenkululeko; ngaphandle kokuziphatha okucatshangelwe kusengaphambili, ukwembula ngeqiniso ukukhanya, injabulo yokuphila kanye nosizi lwakho. Lokhu futhi kwembula ubuhlobo obujulile obungokomoya nomlobi kaDon Juan, i-Mozart enkulu.

Kakade ngemva konyaka i-premiere engaphumelelanga, uCarmen udlalwa ngokunqoba ezigabeni ezinkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu. Ngokukhiqizwa e-Grand Opera e-Paris, u-E. Guiraud washintsha izingxoxo ngezingxoxo, wethula imidanso eminingi (esuka kweminye imisebenzi ka-Bizet) eya esenzweni sokugcina. Kulolu hlelo, i-opera yaziwa ngumlaleli wanamuhla. Ngo-1878, uP. Tchaikovsky wabhala ukuthi “uCarmen ungumsebenzi wobuciko ngomqondo ophelele, okungukuthi, enye yalezo zinto ezimbalwa ezihloselwe ukukhombisa izifiso zomculo zenkathi yonke ngezinga elinamandla ... ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi eminyakeni eyishumi. "UCarmen" kuzoba i-opera edume kakhulu emhlabeni…

K. Zenkin

Amasiko athuthukayo angcono kakhulu wesiko lesiFulentshi atholakala emsebenzini ka-Bizet. Leli iphuzu eliphakeme lezifiso ezingokoqobo emculweni waseFrance wekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Emibhalweni ye-Bizet, lezo zici u-Romain Rolland azichaza njengezici zezwe ezijwayelekile zolunye lwezinhlangothi zongqondongqondo baseFrance zathathwa ngokusobala: “… ukusebenza kahle kobuqhawe, ukudakwa ngokucabanga, ukuhleka, uthando lokukhanya.” Okunjalo, ngokusho kombhali, "yiFrance kaRabelais, uMolière noDiderot, nasemculweni ... iFrance yaseBerlioz neBizet."

Impilo emfushane ka-Bizet yayigcwele umsebenzi wokudala onamandla, onamandla. Akuphelanga sikhathi esingakanani wazithola. Kodwa okungavamile ubuntu Ubuntu bomculi bazibonakalisa kukho konke akwenzayo, nakuba ekuqaleni uphenyo lwakhe lwemibono nobuciko lwalungenanjongo. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, u-Bizet waba nesithakazelo nakakhulu ekuphileni kwabantu. Ukuncenga ngesibindi amasu okuphila kwansuku zonke kwamsiza ukuthi enze izithombe ezithathwe ngokunembile kuqiniso elizungezile, acebise ubuciko besimanje ngezindikimba ezintsha kanye neqiniso ngokwedlulele, izindlela ezinamandla ekuboniseni imizwa enempilo, enegazi eligcwele kukho konke ukuhlukahluka kwayo.

Ukwanda komphakathi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-60s kanye nama-70s kwaholela ekuguqukeni kombono emsebenzini ka-Bizet, kwamqondisa ekuphakameni kobuciko. “Okuqukethwe, okuqukethwe kuqala!” wababaza kwenye yezincwadi zakhe phakathi naleyo minyaka. Ukhangwa kwezobuciko ngobubanzi bomcabango, ububanzi bomqondo, ukuba yiqiniso kwempilo. Encwadini yakhe okuwukuphela kwayo, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1867, u-Bizet wabhala: “Ngiyakuzonda ukuhamba ngezinyawo kanye ne-erudition engamanga… Umsebenzi wokuhuga esikhundleni sokudala. Kukhona abaqambi abambalwa nabambalwa, kodwa amaqembu namahlelo aphindaphinda i-ad infinitum. Ubuciko buyantuleka ukuze bube nobumpofu obuphelele, kodwa ubuchwepheshe bunothiswa ukusho okuthile... Asikhulume ngokuqondile, sibe neqiniso: masingayifuni kumculi onekhono leyo mizwa engenayo, futhi sisebenzise leyo anayo. Lapho umuntu onothando, ojabulayo, ngisho nolaka olunjengoVerdi, enikeza ubuciko umsebenzi ophilayo noqinile, owenziwe ngegolide, udaka, inyongo negazi, asilokothi sithi kuye ngokubandayo: “Kodwa, mnumzane, lokhu akukuhle. .” “Kuhle? .. Ingabe nguMichelangelo, Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Rabelais enkulu? .. “.

Lokhu ububanzi bemibono, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukunamathela ezimisweni, kwavumela u-Bizet ukuba athande futhi ahloniphe kakhulu kwezobuciko bomculo. Kanye noVerdi, Mozart, Rossini, Schumann kufanele abizwe phakathi kwabaqambi abaziswa nguBizet. Wayazi kude nawo wonke ama-opera kaWagner (imisebenzi yenkathi ye-post-Lohengrin yayingakaziwa eFrance), kodwa wayencoma ubuhlakani bakhe. “Ubuhle bomculo wakhe buyamangalisa, abuqondi. Lokhu kuwukuzikhukhumeza, injabulo, ububele, uthando! .. Lona akuwona umculo wesikhathi esizayo, ngoba amagama anjalo awasho lutho - kodwa lokhu ... umculo wezikhathi zonke, ngoba muhle ”(kusuka encwadini ka-1871). Ngomuzwa wenhlonipho ejulile, u-Bizet waphatha uBerlioz, kodwa wayemthanda kakhulu uGounod futhi wakhuluma ngobubele obufudumele ngempumelelo yabantu besikhathi sakhe - uSaint-Saens, uMassenet nabanye.

Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, wabeka uBeethoven, amenze isithixo, ebiza i-titan, Prometheus; "... emculweni wakhe," esho, "intando ihlezi inamandla." Kwakuyisifiso sokuphila, isenzo esaculwa uBizet emisebenzini yakhe, efuna ukuba imizwa ivezwe “ngezindlela ezinamandla.” Isitha sokungacacile, ukugabadela kwezobuciko, wabhala: “okuhle ubunye bokuqukethwe kanye nesimo.” “Asikho isitayela esingenalo ifomu,” kusho uBizet. Kubafundi bakhe, wafuna ukuba konke “kwenziwe ngokuqinile.” "Zama ukugcina isitayela sakho simnandi kakhulu, ukuguquguquka kuchazwe kakhudlwana futhi kuhlukile." “Yiba nomculo,” wengeza, “bhala umculo omnandi kuqala.” Ubuhle obunjalo nokuhluka, umfutho, amandla, amandla nokucaca kwenkulumo kungokwemvelo endalweni ka-Bizet.

Impumelelo yakhe eyinhloko yokudala ixhumene nemidlalo yaseshashalazini, lapho ebhala khona imisebenzi emihlanu (ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lemisebenzi aliqediwe noma, ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa noma esinye, alizange lihlelwe). Ukukhangwa kwemidlalo yaseshashalazini nesiteji, okuyisici ngokuvamile somculo wesiFulentshi, kuyisici se-Bizet. Ngesinye isikhathi watshela uSaint-Saens: “Angizalelwanga i-symphony, ngidinga inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini: ngaphandle kwayo angilutho.” U-Bizet wayeqinisile: kwakungezona izingoma ezidlalwa izinsimbi ezamlethela udumo emhlabeni, nakuba ukufaneleka kwabo kwezobuciko akunakuphikwa, kodwa imisebenzi yakhe yakamuva umculo wedrama ethi “Arlesian” kanye ne-opera ethi “Carmen”. Kule misebenzi, ubuhlakani be-Bizet bembulwa ngokugcwele, ikhono lakhe elihlakaniphile, elicacile neliyiqiniso ekuboniseni idrama enkulu yabantu abavela kubantu, izithombe ezimibalabala zokuphila, ukukhanya kwayo kanye nezinhlangothi zethunzi. Kodwa into eyinhloko ukuthi akazange afe ngomculo wakhe intando engenakuqhathaniswa yenjabulo, isimo sengqondo esiphumelelayo ekuphileni.

U-Saint-Saens uchaze uBizet ngala mazwi: “Uyikho konke – ubusha, amandla, injabulo, umoya omuhle.” Uvela kanje emculweni, eshaya ngethemba elishisayo ekukhombiseni ukuphikisana kwempilo. Lezi zimfanelo zenza izinto azidalile zibe yigugu elikhethekile: umdwebi onesibindi owashisa izikhotha ngaphambi kokuba abe neminyaka engamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa ubudala, u-Bizet ugqame phakathi kwabaqambi bengxenye yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngokujabula kwakhe okungapheli, kanye nendalo yakhe yakamuva - ngokuyinhloko i-opera ethi Carmen - ingeyokuhamba phambili, yiziphi izincwadi zomculo zomhlaba ezidume ngazo.

M. Druskin

Ukwakhiwa:

Isebenza ethiyetha "Doctor Miracle", operetta, libretto Battue and Galevi (1857) Don Procopio, i-comic opera, i-libretto kaCambiaggio (1858-1859, engenziwanga ngesikhathi sokuphila komqambi) I-Pearl Seekers, i-opera, i-libretto kaCarré noCormon (1863) i-Terrible, opera, libretto kaLeroy noTrianon (1866, engenziwanga ngesikhathi sokuphila komqambi) Belle of Perth, opera, libretto by Saint-Georges and Adeni (1867) “Jamile”, opera, libretto by Galle (1872) “Arlesian ”, umculo wedrama kaDaudet (1872; First suite for orchestra – 1872; Okwesibili eyaqanjwa uGuiraud ngemva kokufa kukaBizet) “Carmen”, opera, libretto Meliaca and Galevi (1875)

Imisebenzi ye-Symphonic ne-vocal-symphonic I-Symphony ku-C-dur (1855, ayizange yenziwe ngesikhathi sokuphila komqambi) "Vasco da Gama", i-symphony-cantata embhalweni we-Delartra (1859-1860) "Roma", i-symphony (1871; inguqulo yokuqala - "Izinkumbulo ZaseRoma" , 1866-1868) “Little Orchestral Suite” (1871) “Motherland”, dramatic overture (1874)

Ipiyano iyasebenza I-Grand concert waltz, nocturne (1854) "Ingoma ye-Rhine", izingcezu ezingu-6 (1865) "Fantastic Hunt", i-capriccio (1865) imidwebo yomculo engu-3 (1866) "I-Chromatic Variations" (1868) "Umculi-umculi", 150 kulula Ukubhalwa kwepiyano komculo wezwi (1866-1868) Okwepiyano izandla ezine “Imidlalo Yezingane”, iqoqo lezingcezu eziyi-12 (1871; 5 walezi zingcezu zafakwa ku-“Little Orchestral Suite”) Inani lemibhalo elotshiwe yemisebenzi yabanye ababhali.

Izingoma "Album Leaves", 6 songs (1866) 6 Spanish (Pyrenean) songs (1867) 20 canto, compendium (1868)