Sergey Alexandrovich Koussevitzky |

Serge Koussevitzky

Isithombe esigqamile senkosi sashiywa umthwebuli wezithombe waseRussia uG. Pyatigorsky: “Lapho uSergei Alexandrovich Koussevitzky ahlala khona, kwakungekho mithetho. Konke okwakuthiya ukugcwaliseka kwezinhlelo zakhe kwasuswa endleleni futhi kwaba namandla ngaphambi kwesifiso sakhe esicindezelayo sokudala izikhumbuzo zomculo ... Intshiseko yakhe kanye nengqondo yakhe engenaphutha yavulela intsha indlela, yakhuthaza izingcweti ezinolwazi ezaziyidinga, zavutha izethameli, okwathi, naye, kwamkhuthaza ekuthuthukisweni kokusungula izinto ... Wabonakala ethukuthele futhi esesimweni esithambile, egcwele umdlandla, ejabule, ekhala izinyembezi, kodwa akekho owambona engenandaba. Yonke into eyayimzungezile yayibonakala ihloniphekile futhi ibalulekile, usuku lwakhe lwansuku zonke lwaphenduka iholide. Ukuxhumana kuye kwaba isidingo esingapheli, esivuthayo. Ukusebenza ngakunye kuyiqiniso elibaluleke kakhulu. Wayenesipho somlingo sokuguqula ngisho nento encane ibe yisidingo esiphuthumayo, ngoba ezindabeni zobuciko, izinto ezincane zazingekho kuye.

USergey Alexandrovich Koussevitzky wazalwa ngoJulayi 14, 1874 eVyshny Volochek, esifundazweni saseTver. Uma kukhona umqondo othi "ihlane lomculo", khona-ke u-Vyshny Volochek, indawo yokuzalwa ka-Sergei Koussevitzky, wayehambisana nayo ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngisho ne-Tver yesifundazwe yayibukeka “njengenhloko-dolobha” yesifundazwe ukusuka lapho. Ubaba, umdwebi omncane, udlulisele uthando lwakhe lomculo emadodaneni akhe amane. Kakade eneminyaka eyishumi nambili, uSergei wayeqhuba i-orchestra, eyayigcwalisa izikhathi zokuphumula ezenzweni zezinkanyezi zesifundazwe ezivela eTver ngokwayo (!), Futhi wayekwazi ukudlala zonke izinsimbi, kodwa kwakubukeka sengathi akukho lutho ngaphandle kokudlala kwengane futhi waletha. isenti. Ubaba ufisele indodana yakhe isiphetho esihlukile. Yingakho u-Sergey engakaze axhumane nabazali bakhe, futhi lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nane washiya ngasese indlu nama-ruble amathathu ephaketheni lakhe waya eMoscow.

EMoscow, engenabantu angabaziyo nezincwadi zokumncoma, wavele wasuka emgwaqweni waya kumqondisi wesikhungo sokugcinwa kwezilwane, uSafonov, wamcela ukuba amamukele afunde. USafonov wachazela umfana ukuthi izifundo zase ziqalile, futhi wayethembele kokuthile kuphela ngonyaka olandelayo. Umqondisi we-Philharmonic Society, u-Shestakovsky, wabhekana nale ndaba ngendlela ehlukile: esezikholise ngendlebe ephelele yomfana nenkumbulo yomculo engenasici, futhi ebona ubude bakhe obukhulu, wanquma ukuthi uzokwenza umdlali we-bass omuhle kabili. Bekuhlale kushoda abadlali be-bass abalungile kuma-orchestra. Leli thuluzi lalibhekwa njengensiza, lidala ingemuva elinomsindo walo, futhi lalidinga umzamo omncane wokuzilawula kunevayolini yaphezulu. Yingakho babembalwa abazingeli bayo - izixuku zaphuthuma emakilasini e-violin. Yebo, futhi wayedinga umzamo owengeziwe womzimba kokubili ukudlala nokuthwala. I-bass ephindwe kabili ka-Koussevitzky ihambe kahle. Eminyakeni emibili nje kamuva, wamukelwa ku-opera yangasese yaseMoscow.

Abadlali be-double-bass virtuoso abavamile kakhulu, bavele kanye ngesigamu sekhulu, ukuze umphakathi ube nesikhathi sokukhohlwa ngobukhona babo. Kubonakala sengathi eRussia kwakungekho neyodwa ngaphambi kukaKoussevitzky, futhi eYurophu eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu ngaphambi kwalokho kwakukhona iBottesini, futhi eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu ngaphambi kwakhe kwakukhona uDragonetti, uBeethoven abhala ngaye ngokukhethekile izingxenye ze-symphonies yesi-5 neyesi-9. Kodwa umphakathi awuzange ubabone bobabili isikhathi eside ngamabhesi akabili: womabili asheshe ashintsha amabhesi aphindwe kabili abe yinduku yomqhubi elula kakhulu. Yebo, futhi uKoussevitzky wathatha leli thuluzi ngoba wayengenayo enye inketho: eshiya induku yomqhubi eVyshny Volochek, waqhubeka ephupha ngakho.

Ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha esebenza e-Bolshoi Theatre, uKoussevitzky waba umphathi wekhonsathi yeqembu le-bass eliphindwe kabili, futhi ngo-1902 waklonyeliswa ngesihloko somculi we-soloist we-Imperial Theatre. Sonke lesi sikhathi, u-Koussevitzky wenza okuningi njengomculi we-soloist-instrumentalist. Izinga lokuthandwa kwakhe lifakazelwa izimemo zokubamba iqhaza kumakhonsathi kaChaliapin, Rachmaninov, Zbrueva, odade baseChristman. Futhi nomaphi lapho ayedlala khona - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakuwukuvakasha kweRussia noma amakhonsathi ePrague, Dresden, Berlin noma eLondon - yonke indawo ukudlala kwakhe kwabangela isithakazelo kanye nomuzwa, okuphoqa umuntu ukuba akhumbule amakhosi amangalisayo esikhathi esidlule. UKoussevitzky akadlalanga nje kuphela i-virtuoso double-bass repertoire, kodwa uphinde waqamba futhi wenza izinguquko eziningi zemidlalo ehlukahlukene kanye namakhonsathi imbala - i-Handel, i-Mozart, i-Saint-Saens. Umgxeki owaziwayo waseRussia uV. Kolomiytsov wabhala: “Noma ubani ongakaze amuzwe edlala i-bass ephindwe kabili akakwazi ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi imisindo epholile nenezimpiko ezikhanyayo ayikhipha ensimbini ebonakala ingavuzi kangako, ngokuvamile esebenza kuphela njengesisekelo esikhulu somculo. iqembu le-orchestral. Bambalwa kakhulu abadlali be-cell kanye nabadlala i-violin abanobuhle bephimbo nobuciko obunjalo bezintambo zabo ezine.

Ukusebenza e-Bolshoi Theatre akuzange kubangele ukwaneliseka kukaKoussevitzky. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokushada nomfundi wepiyano we-Philharmonic School N. Ushkova, umnikazi wenkampani enkulu yokuhweba itiye, umculi washiya i-orchestra. Ekwindla ka-1905, ekhuluma evikela abaculi be-orchestra, wabhala: “Umoya ofile wokuphatha ngamaphoyisa, owangena endaweni lapho bekubonakala sengathi akufanele ube nendawo, endaweni yobuciko obuhlanzekile uXNUMXbuXNUMXb, waphenduka. amaciko abe yizingcweti, nomsebenzi wobuhlakani ube umsebenzi ophoqelelwe. umsebenzi wezigqila.” Le ncwadi, eyanyatheliswa e-Russian Musical Newspaper, yabangela ukukhala okukhulu komphakathi futhi yaphoqelela abaphathi bemidlalo yaseshashalazini ukuba bathathe izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa isimo sezimali sabaculi be-Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra.

Kusukela ngo-1905, lo mbhangqwana osemusha wahlala Berlin. UKoussevitzky waqhubeka nomsebenzi wekhonsathi osebenzayo. Ngemva kokudlala kwekhonsathi ye-cello kaSaint-Saens eJalimane (1905), kwaba khona ukudlala no-A. Goldenweiser eBerlin naseLeipzig (1906), no-N. Medtner no-A. Casadesus eBerlin (1907). Kodwa-ke, umculi othanda ukwazi, noseshayo wayenganeliseki kancane kancane ngomsebenzi wekhonsathi ye-double-bass virtuoso: njengeciko, wayesenesikhathi eside "ekhulile" ephuma ku-repertoire encane. NgoJanuwari 23, 1908, u-Koussevitzky wenza i-debut yakhe yokuqala ne-Berlin Philharmonic, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wadlala eVienna naseLondon. Impumelelo yokuqala yaphefumulela umqhubi osemusha, futhi ekugcineni lo mbhangqwana wanquma ukunikela ukuphila kwabo emhlabeni womculo. Ingxenye ebalulekile yenhlanhla enkulu ye-Ushkovs, ngemvume kayise, i-philanthropist eyisigidi, yayiqondiswe ezinjongweni zomculo nezokufundisa eRussia. Kulo mkhakha, ngaphezu kwamakhono obuciko, avelele enhlangano nawokuphatha kaKoussevitzky, owasungula i-Russian Musical Publishing House ngo-1909, azibonakalisa. Umsebenzi oyinhloko obekwe yindlu entsha yokushicilela umculo kwakuwukuqhakambisa umsebenzi wabaqambi abasha baseRussia. Ekuqaleni kukaKoussevitzky, imisebenzi eminingi ka-A. Scriabin, I. Stravinsky ("Petrushka", "The Rite of Spring"), N. Medtner, S. Prokofiev, S. Rachmaninov, G. Catoire nabanye abaningi banyatheliswa lapha. okokuqala.

Ngawo lowo nyaka wahlanganisa i-orchestra yakhe yabaculi abangu-75 eMoscow futhi waqala izinkathi zamakhonsathi lapho naseSt. Petersburg, enza konke okuhle kakhulu okwakwaziwa emculweni womhlaba. Lesi kwakuyisibonelo esiyingqayizivele sendlela imali eqala ngayo ukukhonza ubuciko. Umsebenzi onjalo awuzange ulethe imali. Kodwa udumo lomculi lukhule kakhulu.

Esinye sezici zesici sesithombe sokudala sika-Koussevitzky umuzwa ophakeme wesimanjemanje, ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwe-repertoire horizons. Ngezindlela eziningi, nguye owaba nesandla ekuphumeleleni kwemisebenzi kaScriabin, abahlotshaniswa nayo ngobungane bokudala. Wenza inkondlo ye-Ecstasy kanye ne-First Symphony eLondon ngo-1909 nangesizini elandelayo eBerlin, futhi eRussia waqashelwa njengomdlali ongcono kakhulu wemisebenzi kaScriabin. Isiphetho somsebenzi wabo ohlanganyelwe kwakuyi-premiere ye-Prometheus ngo-1911. UKoussevitzky wayephinde abe ngumculi wokuqala we-Second Symphony ka-R. Gliere (1908), inkondlo ethi "Alastor" kaN. Myaskovsky (1914). Ngekhonsathi yakhe ebanzi nemisebenzi yokushicilela, umculi wavula indlela yokuqashelwa kukaStravinsky noProkofiev. Ngo-1914 kwaba nemidlalo yokuqala ye-Stravinsky ethi The Rite of Spring kanye ne-First Piano Concerto ka-Prokofiev, lapho u-Koussevitzky ayecula khona yedwa.

Ngemuva kweNguquko ka-Okthoba, umculi walahlekelwa cishe yikho konke - indlu yakhe yokushicilela, i-orchestra ye-symphony, amaqoqo obuciko, kanye nezigidi zengcebo zathathwa ezweni futhi zaphucwa umhlaba. Kodwa nokho, ephupha ngekusasa laseRussia, umculi waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wokudala ezimweni zesiphithiphithi nokucekelwa phansi. Ekhangwe iziqubulo ezilingayo ezithi "art to the mass", ezihambisana nemibono yakhe yokukhanyiselwa, wabamba iqhaza "emakhonsathini esintu" amaningi ezilaleli, abafundi, izisebenzi zezempi. Njengomuntu ovelele emhlabeni womculo, uKoussevitzky, kanye noMedtner, Nezhdanonova, Goldenweiser, Engel, babamba iqhaza emsebenzini womkhandlu wezobuciko emnyangweni ongaphansi wekhonsathi womnyango womculo we-People's Commissariat of Education. Njengelungu lamakhomishana ahlukahlukene enhlangano, wayengomunye wabasunguli bezinhlelo eziningi zamasiko nezemfundo (kuhlanganise nokuguqulwa kwemfundo yomculo, ilungelo lobunikazi, inhlangano yenhlangano yokushicilela umculo wombuso, ukudalwa kwe-State Symphony Orchestra, njll.) . Wahola i-orchestra ye-Moscow Union of Musicians, eyasungulwa kubaculi abasele be-orchestra yakhe yangaphambili, wabe esethunyelwa ePetrograd ukuba ahole i-Symphony Orchestra yoMbuso (iNkantolo yangaphambili) kanye ne-Mariinsky Opera yangaphambili.

UKoussevitzky washukumisa ukuhamba kwakhe phesheya ngo-1920 ngesifiso sokuhlela umsebenzi wegatsha lakwamanye amazwe lenhlangano yakhe yokunyathelisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakudingeka ukuqhuba ibhizinisi nokuphatha inhloko-dolobha yomndeni wakwa-Ushkov-Kusevitsky, owahlala emabhange angaphandle. Ngemva kokuhlela ibhizinisi eBerlin, Koussevitzky wabuyela ekudaleni asebenzayo. Ngo-1921, eParis, waphinde wadala i-orchestra, i-Koussevitzky Symphony Concerts Society, futhi waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wokushicilela.

Ngo-1924, u-Koussevitzky wathola isimemo sokuthatha isikhundla somqhubi omkhulu we-Boston Symphony Orchestra. Ngokushesha, i-Boston Symphony yaba i-orchestra ehamba phambili, okokuqala eMelika, kwase kuba umhlaba wonke. Ngemva kokuthuthela eMelika unomphela, uKoussevitzky akazange aphule ubuhlobo neYurophu. Ngakho kwaze kwaba ngu-1930 izinkathi zekhonsathi yasentwasahlobo yaminyaka yonke ka-Koussevitzky eParis yaqhubeka.

Njengoba nje eRussia Koussevitzky wasiza Prokofiev futhi Stravinsky, eFrance naseMelika wazama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuze sikhuthaze lokusungula abaculi kunabo bonke esikhathini sethu. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ye-Boston Symphony Orchestra, eyagujwa ngo-1931, isebenza nguStravinsky, uHindemith, uHonegger, uProkofiev, uRoussel, uRavel, uCopland, uGershwin wadalwa nge-oda elikhethekile lomqhubi. Ngo-1942, ngemva nje kokufa komkakhe, enkumbulweni yakhe umqhubi wasungula i-Musical Association (indlu yokushicilela) kanye neSisekelo. I-Koussevitskaya.

Emuva eRussia, u-Koussevitzky wazibonakalisa njengomculi omkhulu womculo nomphakathi kanye nomhleli onekhono. Kwakona kanye ukubalwa kwemisebenzi yakhe kungase kubangele ukungabaza kokuthi konke lokhu kungafezwa ngamandla omuntu oyedwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye wale misebenzi washiya uphawu olujulile esikweni lomculo laseRussia, eFrance nase-United States. Kufanele kugcizelelwe ngokukhethekile ukuthi yonke imibono nezinhlelo ezenziwa uSergei Alexandrovich ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe kwavela eRussia. Ngakho, ngo-1911, Koussevitzky wanquma ukuthola Academy of Music eMoscow. Kodwa lo mbono wabonakala kuphela e-USA eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu kamuva. Wasungula iBerkshire Music Center, eyaba uhlobo lwe-mecca yomculo waseMelika. Kusukela ngo-1938, umkhosi wasehlobo ubulokhu ubanjelwe eTanglewood (Lennox County, Massachusetts), oheha abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane eziyikhulu. Ngo-1940, u-Koussevitzky wasungula iSikole Sokuqeqesha I-Tanglewood Performance Training eBerkshire, lapho ahola khona ikilasi eliqhubayo nomsizi wakhe, u-A. Copland. Hindemith, Honegger, Messiaen, Dalla Piccolo, B. Martin nabo bahileleke kulo msebenzi. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, uSergei Alexandrovich wahola ukuqoqwa kwezimali kwe-Red Army, waba usihlalo weKomidi Losizo eRussia eMpini, wayengumongameli wesigaba somculo weNational Council of American-Soviet Friendship, kwathi ngo-1946 wathatha izintambo. usihlalo we-American-Soviet Musical Society.

Ephawula ukufaneleka kukaKoussevitzky emisebenzini yomculo nezenhlalo yaseFrance ngo-1920-1924, uhulumeni waseFrance wamnika i-Order of the Legion of Honor (1925). E-United States, amanyuvesi amaningi amnikeze isicoco sokuba uprofesa. I-Harvard University ngo-1929 kanye neNyuvesi yasePrinceton ngo-1947 yamklomelisa ngezinga elihloniphekile likaDokotela Wezobuciko.

Amandla angapheli kaKoussevitzky amangaza abaculi abaningi ababengabangane bakhe abakhulu. Lapho eneminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa ngoMashi 1945, wanikeza amakhonsathi ayisishiyagalolunye ngezinsuku eziyishumi. Ngo-1950, uKoussevitzky wenza uhambo olukhulu oluya eRio de Janeiro, emadolobheni aseYurophu.

USergei Alexandrovich wafa ngoJuni 4, 1951 eBoston.