Isitayela esiqinile |

Isitayela esiqinile, ukubhala okuqinile

Nem. klassische Vokalpophonie, lat. i-ecclesiastical isitayela se-cappella

1) Ezomlando. kanye nobuciko kanye nesitayela. umqondo ohlobene nekhorasi. umculo we-polyphonic we-Renaissance (ikhulu le-15-16). Ngalo mqondo, leli gama lisetshenziswa nguCh. ar. ngesiRashiya zakudala nezikhova. umculo wezomculo. Umqondo we-S. nge. ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezenzakalo futhi ayinayo imingcele echazwe ngokucacile: ibhekisela emsebenzini wabaqambi abavela emazweni ahlukene aseYurophu. izikole, okokuqala - kumaDashi, amaRoma, kanye namaVenetian, iSpanishi; endaweni yekhasi le-S. ihlanganisa umculo ovela ku-French, German, English, Czech, Polish abaqambi. S. s. ebizwa ngokuthi i-polyphonic style. umkhiqizo. yekwaya i-cappella, ethuthukiswe ku-prof. izinhlobo zesonto (ch. arr. Catholic) futhi, ngezinga elincane kakhulu, umculo wezwe. Ebaluleke kakhulu futhi enkulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-S. s. kwakukhona inqwaba (eyokuqala emculweni waseYurophu isho uhlobo lwe-cyclic) kanye ne-motet (emibhalweni engokomoya neyezwe); Izingoma ezingokomoya nezezwe ze-polyphonic zaqanjwa eziningi. izingoma, ama-madrigals (ngokuvamile emibhalweni yezingoma). I-Epoch S. s. ukubeka phambili izingcweti eziningi ezivelele, phakathi kwazo isikhundla esikhethekile sithathwe uJosquin Despres, O. Lasso kanye noPalestrina. Umsebenzi walaba baqambi ufingqa ubuhle. kanye nezomlando kanye nesitayela. izitayela zomculo. ubuciko besikhathi sabo, futhi ifa labo libhekwa emlandweni womculo njenge-classic yenkathi ye-S. nge. Umphumela wokuthuthukiswa kwayo yonke inkathi yomlando - umsebenzi kaJosquin Despres, uLasso noPalestrina, ubonisa ukuqhakaza kokuqala kobuciko be-polyphony (umsebenzi ka-JS Bach uyisiphetho sakhe sesibili kakade ngaphakathi kwesitayela samahhala).

Ngohlelo olungokomfanekiso lwe-S. s. ukugxilisa ingqondo nokuzindla kujwayelekile, lapha kuboniswa ukugeleza kwe-sublime, ngisho nomcabango ongabonakali; kusukela ekuxhumaneni okunengqondo, okucatshangelwayo kwamazwi aphikisanayo, imisindo ehlanzekile nelinganiselayo iphakama, lapho ukukhula okuvezayo, amadrama, isici sobuciko bakamuva, ingatholi indawo. umehluko kanye nomvuthwandaba. Ukuvezwa kwemizwelo yomuntu akusona isici sika-S. ekunyakazeni kwawo okulinganiselwe okulinganiselwe, indawo yonke, esuliwe ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kuyavezwa, kuhlanganisa bonke abakhona ezinkonzweni zokukhulekela, okubalulekile emhlabeni wonke, inhloso. Ngaphakathi kwale mikhawulo, ama-wok masters. ama-polyphonies akhombisa ukuhlukahluka komuntu ngamunye okumangalisayo - kusukela kuthayi osindayo, owugqinsi wokulingisa kuka-J. Obrecht kuya emuseni obandayo-osobala wasePalestrina. Lesi sithombe esingokomfanekiso ngokungangabazeki sikhona, kodwa asibandakanyi u-s kumkhakha we-S. okunye, okuqukethwe kwezwe. Izithunzi ezicashile ze-lyric. imizwa yayifakwe kuma-madrigals amaningi; Izihloko ezihambisana nendawo yekhasi lika-S zihlukahlukene. izingoma zezwe ezine-polyphonic, ezidlalayo noma ezidabukisayo. S. s. – ingxenye ebalulekile ye-humanistic. amasiko ekhulu le-15-16; emculweni wamakhosi amadala, kunamaphuzu amaningi okuxhumana nobuciko be-Renaissance - ngomsebenzi kaPetrarch, uRonsard noRaphael.

Aesthetic izimfanelo zomculo S. izindlela zokukhuluma ezisetshenziswe kuyo zanele. Abaqambi bangaleso sikhathi babekwazi kahle ukungqubuzana. art-tion, imikhiqizo edaliwe, egcwele ipholyfoni eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. amasu, njengesibonelo, i-canon enezinhlangothi eziyisithupha ze-Josquin Despres, i-counterpoint ene-pause futhi ngaphandle kokumiswa kwesisindo sika-P. Mulu (bona No. 42 ku-ed. 1 kwe-M. I-Ivanov-Boretsky's Musical-Historical Reader), njll. Ngokuzibophezela ekuhlakanipheni kwezakhiwo, ngemuva kokunakwa okwengeziwe kobuchwepheshe bokuqamba, intshisekelo yamakhosi ngesimo sezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe bayo. futhi uveze. amathuba. Impumelelo eyinhloko yamakhosi enkathi ka-S. S., enomlando ohlala njalo. okusho ukuthi, - izinga eliphezulu lokulingisa i-art-va. Ubungcweti bokulingisa. Indlela yokwenza, ukusungulwa kokulingana okuyisisekelo kwamazwi ekwayeni kuyikhwalithi entsha yomculo we-S. s. uma kuqhathaniswa nesimangalo se-Early Renaissance (ars nova), nakuba singakuthandi ukulingisa, kodwa sisavezwa nguCh. hlela. amafomu ahlukahlukene (okuvame ukuba yi-ostinato) ku-cantus firmus, anesigqi. inhlangano eyayinqumela amanye amazwi. Ukuzimela kwe-polyphonic kwamazwi, ukungewona ngesikhathi esisodwa izingeniso kumarejista ahlukene ekwaya. ububanzi, umthamo wesici somsindo - lezi zenzakalo zazifana nezinga elithile nokuvulwa kombono ekudwebeni. Amakhosi S. s. ithuthukise zonke izinhlobo zokulingisa kanye nohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli zezigaba zoku-1 nezesi-2 (izingoma zazo zibuswa isethulo se-stretta, okungukuthi, ukulingisa okuse-canonical). Emkhiqizweni womculo. thola indawo enamakhanda amabili. kanye nepholigoni. ama-canon anamaphimbo ahambisanayo nangaphandle kokukhululekile aphelezelanayo, okulingiswayo namacanon anama-proposta amabili (noma ngaphezulu), ama-canon angapheli, canonical. ukulandelana (ngokwesibonelo, “iMisa leCanonical” lasePalestrina), okungukuthi, cishe zonke izinhlobo ezangena kamuva, ngesikhathi soshintsho luka-S. nge. inkathi yokubhala mahhala, ekulingiseni okuphezulu kakhulu. isimo se-fugue. Amakhosi S. s. wasebenzisa zonke izindlela eziyisisekelo zokuguqula i-polyphonic. izingqikithi: ukwanda, ukuncipha, ukujikeleza, ukunyakaza nokubola kwazo. inhlanganisela. Enye yezimpumelelo zabo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezehlukene zezindawo eziphikisayo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yayo ohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli. amafomu (isibonelo, kuma-canon e-polygonal anezikhombisi-ndlela ezihlukene zokungena kwezwi). Okunye okutholwe ongcweti bakudala be-polyphony kufanele kufake umgomo wokuhambisana (ukuphelelisana kwe-melodic-rhythmic of contrapuntal voices), kanye nezindlela zomsindo, kanye nokugwema (ngokunembe kakhulu, ukufihla ubuso) kwama-cadences phakathi kweminyuziyamu. ukwakhiwa. Umculo wamakhosi we-S. s. inamazinga ahlukahlukene e-polyphony. saturation, futhi abaqambi bakwazile ukuhlukanisa ngobuchule umsindo ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo ezinkulu ngosizo lokushintshwa okuguquguqukayo kwecanonical eqinile. ukuvezwa okunezigaba ezisekelwe ekulingiseni okungalungile, emazwini akhululekile aphikisanayo, futhi ekugcineni nezigaba lapho amazwi akha ipholyfoni. ukuthungwa, ukuhamba ngamanothi obude obulinganayo.

Uhlobo lwe-Harmonic. inhlanganisela kumculo ka-S. ibonakala njengokuzwakala okugcwele, ungwaqa-trisound. Ukusetshenziswa kwezikhawu zokuhlukanisa kuphela kuye ngongwaqa kungenye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-S. (ama-dissonances athathwe ngokukhululekile awakajwayelekile ngokuhamba kahle kwesikhathi esifushane, ikakhulukazi kuma-cadence). Ngakho, emculweni ka-S. i-dissonance ihlale izungezwe ukuvumelana kongwaqa. Amanothi akhiwe ngaphakathi kwezindwangu ze-polyphonic awekho ngaphansi kokuxhumana okusebenzayo, okungukuthi, i-chord ngayinye ingalandelwa yinoma iyiphi enye ku-diatonic efanayo. uhlelo. Isiqondiso, isiqiniseko sokudonsela phansi ngokulandelana kongwaqa kuvela kuphela ngama-cadence (ngezinyathelo ezahlukene).

Umculo S. s. ithembela ohlelweni lwezindlela zemvelo (bona imodi). Muses. umbono wangaleso sikhathi wahlukanisa ekuqaleni 8, kamuva 12 frets; ekusebenzeni, abaqambi basebenzisa izindlela ezi-5: iDorian, iFrygian, iMixolydian, kanye ne-Ionian ne-Aeolian. Okubili kokugcina kwalungiswa ngombono kamuva kunabanye (encwadini ethi "Dodecachordon" kaGlarean, 1547), nakuba ithonya labo kuzo zonke ezinye izindlela lalihlala njalo, lisebenza futhi kamuva laholela ekukhanyeni kwemizwelo emikhulu nezincane. . Ama-frets asetshenziswe ezindaweni ezimbili ze-pitch: i-fret endaweni eyisisekelo (i-Dorian d, i-Frygian e, i-Mixolydian G, i-Ionian C, i-Aeolian a) futhi i-fret idlulisa okwesine phezulu noma kwesihlanu phansi (Dorian g, Phrygian a, njll. ) ngosizo lwefulethi kukhiye - okuwukuphela kophawu olusetshenziswa njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusebenza, abaculi bamakhwaya, ngokuhambisana namakhono abadlali, bashintsha izingoma ngomzuzwana noma wesithathu phezulu noma phansi. Umbono osabalele mayelana ne-diatonicity engenakuvinjelwa emculweni we-S. s. (mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi izingozi ezingahleliwe azibhalwanga ngaphandle) alinembile: ekuzijwayezeni ukucula, izimo eziningi ezijwayelekile zechromatic zenziwe zaba semthethweni. izinguquko zesinyathelo. Ngakho-ke, ezindleleni zesimo sengqondo esincane, ukuze kube nokuzinza komsindo, okwesithathu kuphetha njalo. iculo; ngezindlela ze-Dorian ne-Mixolydian, i-XNUMX degree yenyuka ku-cadence, kanti e-Aeolian nayo i-XNUMX degree (ithoni yokuvula yemodi ye-Phrygian ngokuvamile ayizange inyuke, kodwa i-XNUMX degree ikhuphuke yafinyelela kweyesithathu enkulu ku-chord yokugcina. ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka). Umsindo h wawuvame ukushintshwa ube ngu-b ekunyakazeni okuya phansi, lapho izindlela ze-Dorian ne-Lydian, lapho ushintsho olunjalo lwaluvamile, lwaguqulwa lwaba yi-Aeolian ne-Ionian eguquliwe; umsindo h (noma f), uma usebenza njengesisizi, wathathelwa indawo umsindo b (noma i-fis) ukuze kugwenywe i-tritone sonority engafuneki ku-melodic. ukulandelana kohlobo f – g – a – h(b) – a noma h – a – g – f (fis) – g. Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela into engavamile ezikhathini zanamuhla. ukuzwa ingxube yezingxenye ezintathu ezinkulu nezincane kumodi ye-Mixolydian, kanye nohlu (ikakhulukazi kuma-cadence).

Iningi lokukhiqizwa kwe-S. s. eyenzelwe ikhwaya ye-cappella (ikwaya yabafana nabesilisa; abesifazane babengavunyelwe ukuba nengxenye ekwayeni yeSonto LamaKatolika). Ikhwaya ye-cappella iyithuluzi lokucula elihambisana kahle nengqikithi yomfanekiso ka-S. futhi iguqulelwe kahle ukuze ikwazi ukuthola noma iyiphi, ngisho ne-polyphonic eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. izinhloso zomqambi. Izingcweti zenkathi ye-S. nge. (ingxenye enkulu, abaculi namakhwaya ngokwabo) i-express ephethwe ngobuciko. izindlela zekhwaya. Ubuciko bokubeka imisindo ku-chord ukudala ukulingana okukhethekile kanye "nokuhlanzeka" komsindo, ukusetshenziswa okuhlakaniphile kokuqhathanisa amarejista ahlukene wamazwi, amasu ahlukahlukene "wokuvula" kanye "nokuvala" amazwi, indlela yokuwela. kanye nokuhlukahluka kwe-timbre ezimweni eziningi kuhlanganiswa nokuchazwa okukhangayo kwekhwaya (ngokwesibonelo ., ku-madrigal edumile enamazwi angu-8 ethi “Echo” kaLasso) ngisho nokumelwa kohlobo (ngokwesibonelo, ezingomeni ze-polyphonic ze-Lasso). Abaqambi S. s. babedume ngekhono labo lokubhala izingoma ezimangalisayo ezihlanganisa amakhwaya amaningi (uhlu lwezingoma ezinamakhanda angama-36 okuthiwa u-J. Okegem lusahlukile); ekukhiqizeni kwabo ngokuvamile kwakusetshenziswa iphimbo elingu-5 (imvamisa ngokuhlukaniswa kwezwi eliphezulu ku-CL emaqenjini ekhwaya - i-tenor kowesilisa, i-soprano, i-treble ngokunembile, ekwayeni yabafana). Amaphimbo e-Choral 2 no-3 ayevame ukusetshenziselwa ukubhala okuyinkimbinkimbi (amazwi amane kuya kwayisishiyagalombili) ukubhala (bheka, isibonelo, uBenedictus ngobuningi). Amakhosi S. s. (ikakhulukazi, amaDashi, iVenetian) avumele ukubamba iqhaza kwamamyuziyamu. amathuluzi ekusebenzeni kwe-polygonal yabo. uk. isebenza. Abaningi babo (u-Izak, u-Josquin Despres, i-Lasso, njll.) badale umculo oqondiswe ngqo ku-instr. ama-ensembles. Kodwa-ke, ukwenza izinsimbi kanjalo kungenye yezimpumelelo zomlando emculweni wenkathi yokubhala mahhala.

I-Polyphony S. nge. isekelwe ku-thematism engathathi hlangothi, futhi wona kanye umqondo "wetimu ye-polyphonic" njengethisisi, njengomculo wokusiza ozothuthukiswa, wawungaziwa: ukuhlukaniswa kwamaphimbo ngamunye kutholakala kunqubo ye-polyphonic. ukuthuthukiswa komculo. UMelodich. okuyisisekelo S. nge. - Ingoma kaGregory (cf. Gregorian chant) - kuwo wonke umlando webandla. umculo waba ngaphansi kwethonya elinamandla likaNar. ukucula. Ukusetshenziswa kweNar. izingoma njenge-cantus firmus ziyinto evamile, futhi abaqambi bezizwe ezahlukene - amaNtaliyane, amaDashi, amaCzech, amaPoles - ayevame ukukhethwa nge-polyphonic. ecubungula imiculo yabantu bakhe. Ezinye izingoma ezidumile zazisetshenziswa kaningi abaqambi abahlukene: isibonelo, izixuku zabhalelwa iculo elithi L'homme armé ka-Obrecht, G. Dufay, Ockeghem, Josquin Despres, Palestrina nabanye. Izici ezithile zomculo ne-metrorhythm emculweni ka-S. nge. ikakhulukazi kunqunywa ubunjalo bayo bephimbo nekhwaya. Abaqambi-ama-polyphonists basusa ngokucophelela ekuqanjweni kwabo konke okungaphazamisa imvelo. ukunyakaza kwezwi, ukuthunyelwa okuqhubekayo kwemigqa ye-melodic, yonke into ebonakala ibukhali kakhulu, ekwazi ukudonsa ukunaka kwemininingwane, emininingwaneni. Uhlaka lwemiculo lubushelelezi, kwesinye isikhathi luqukethe izikhathi zemvelo yokumemezela (isibonelo, umsindo ophindaphindwayo izikhathi ezimbalwa zilandelana). Kumculo we-melodic akukho ukweqa emigqeni ibe yizikhawu zokuhlukanisa okunzima ukuya kwethoni nezibanzi; ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo kuya phambili (ngaphandle kokuthuthela ku-chromatic semitone; ama-chromatisms atholakala, isibonelo, ku-madrigal Solo e pensoso ka-L. Marenzio ezinkondlweni zikaPetrarch, ezinikezwe ku-anthology ka-A. Schering (Schering A., Geschichte der Musik in Beispielen, 1931, 1954), thatha lo msebenzi ngale kuka-S. c), kanye nokugxuma - ngokushesha noma kude - kulinganisa ukunyakaza okuphambene. uhlobo lwe-melodic. ukunyakaza - ukukhuphuka, iziphetho ezikhanyayo azijwayelekile kuye. Ezinhlanganweni ezinesigqi ngokuvamile azisondelene nemisindo ehluka kakhulu ngobude besikhathi, isibonelo. isishiyagalombili kanye ne-brevis; ukuze kuzuzwe ukulingana okunesigqi kwamanothi amabili ahlangene, elesibili ngokuvamile lilingana nelokuqala noma elifushane kunalo ngesigamu (kodwa hhayi izikhathi ezine). Eqa ngomculo. imigqa ivame kakhulu phakathi kwamanothi obude besikhathi esikhulu (i-brevis, iphelele, isigamu); amanothi obude besikhathi esifushane (amanothi ekota, amanothi esishiyagalombili) ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukunyakaza okubushelelezi. Ukunyakaza okushelelayo kwamanothi amancane kuvame ukuphela ngenothi "elimhlophe" ngesikhathi esiqinile noma inothi "elimhlophe", elithathwa ku-syncopation (ngesikhathi esibuthakathaka). UMelodich. izakhiwo ziyakhiwa (kuye ngokuthi umbhalo) kusukela ukulandelana kwemisho decomp. ubude, ngakho umculo awubonakali ngokulingana, kodwa imethrikhi yawo. i-pulsation ibonakala ibushelelezi futhi i-amorphous (prod. C. nge. aqoshwa futhi ashicilelwa ngaphandle kwemigqa futhi ngamazwi kuphela, ngaphandle kolwazi kumaphuzu). Lokhu kunxeshezelwa ngesigqi. ukuzimela kwamavoti, ngo-otd. izimo ze-polymetry ezifinyelela ezingeni (ikakhulukazi, ku-Op enesibindi esinesigqi. Josken Depre). Ulwazi olunembile mayelana ne-tempo emculweni we-S. nge. = 60 ukuze MM = 112).

Emculweni kaS. nge. umbhalo womlomo kanye nokulingisa kudlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekubumbeni; ngalesi sisekelo, kwenziwa ama-polyphonics asetshenzisiwe. isebenza. Emsebenzini wamakhosi u-S. nge. kuthuthukiswe iminyuziyamu ehlukahlukene. amafomu angaziboleki ekuthayipheni, okujwayelekile, ngokwesibonelo, kumafomu omculo wesikole sakudala saseViennese. Izinhlobo ze-polyphony yezwi ngokwemigomo ejwayelekile kakhulu zihlukaniswa kulawo lapho i-cantus firmus isetshenziswa khona nalawo lapho ingekho khona. AT. AT. I-Protopopov ibheka okubaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni lwamafomu S. nge. Umgomo wokuhlukahluka bese uhlukanisa le polyphonic elandelayo. amafomu: 1) uhlobo lwe-ostinato, 2) ukuthuthukiswa ngokohlobo lokuhluma kwe-motifs, 3) i-strophic. Esimweni sokuqala, ifomu lisekelwe ekuphindaphindweni kwe-cantus firmus (etholakala njenge-polyphonic. icubungula i-couplet nar. izingoma); amazwi e-contrapuntal anezelwa emculweni we-ostinato, ongaphindaphinda ngokushintshanisa okuqondile, ukudlula ekujikelezeni, ukuncipha, njll. n (isb I-Duo ye-bass ne-tenor Lasso, Sobr. eqe., vol. 1). Imisebenzi eminingi, ebhalwe ngezinhlobo zohlobo lwesibili, imelela ukuhlukahluka kwendikimba efanayo nokusetshenziswa okuningi kokulingisa, amazwi aphikisanayo, inkimbinkimbi yokuthungwa ngokohlelo: a – a2 – b – a1 – c …. Ngenxa yokuguquguquka koshintsho (ukungafani kwama-cadence emazwini ahlukene, ukungafani kovuthondaba abangaphezulu nabaphansi), imingcele phakathi kokwakhiwa okuhlukile ivamise ukuba yindida (ngokwesibonelo, u-Kyrie osuka kunqwaba ethi “Aeterna Christi munera” Palestrina, Sobr. eqe., vol. XIV; U-Kyrie ovela esixukwini esithi “Pange lingua” ka-Josquin Despres, bona в кн.: Ambros A., «Umlando Womculo», Umq. 5, Lpz., 1882, 1911, p. 80). Ngezinhlobo ze-melodic yohlobo lwesi-3. impahla iyashintsha kuye ngombhalo ngokuya ngohlelo: a – b – c – d … (prop. motet), okunikeza izizathu zokuchaza ifomu njenge-strophic. Iculo lezigaba ngokuvamile alifani, ngokuvamile lihlobene, kodwa ukwakheka nokwakheka kwazo kuhlukile. Ifomu letimu eningi le-motet liphakamisa ngesikhathi esifanayo. kanye netimu. ukuvuselela, nokuhlobana kwezindikimba ezidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe ubuciko obuhlangene. isithombe (isibonelo, i-madrigal edumile "Mori quasi il mio core" yasePalestrina, Sobr. eqe., vol. XXVIII). Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamafomu zivame ukuhlanganiswa emsebenzini owodwa. Izimiso zenhlangano yabo zasebenza njengesisekelo sokuvela nokuthuthukiswa kwama-polyphonics kamuva. kanye namafomu e-homophonic; ngakho-ke, ifomu le-motet lidluliselwe ku-instr. umculo futhi wasetshenziswa ku-canzone futhi kamuva ku-fugue; pl. izici zamafomu e-ostinato zibolekwa yi-ricercar (ifomu elingenayo i-interludes, esebenzisa ukuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene kwetimu); ukuphindaphinda kwezingxenye ngobuningi (u-Kyrie ngemva kuka-Christe eleison, u-Osanna ngemva kuka-Benedictus) angasebenza njengesibonelo sefomu lokuphindaphinda elinezingxenye ezintathu; izingoma ze-polyphonic ezine-couplet-variation structure zisondela kusakhiwo se-rondo. Ekukhiqizeni u-C. nge. inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kokusebenza kwezingxenye yaqala, eyabonakaliswa ngokugcwele ku-classical.

Abacwaningi-zinkolelo abakhulu benkathi yokubhala okuqinile kwakungu-J. Tinctoris, G. Glarean, N. Vicentipo (1511-1572; bona incwadi yakhe: L'antica musica ridotta alla moderna prattica, 1555), J. Zarlino.

Izimpumelelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zongcweti be-S. s. - polyphonic. ukuzimela kwamazwi, ubunye bokuvuselela nokuphindaphinda ekuthuthukisweni komculo, izinga eliphezulu lokuthuthukiswa kokulingisa kanye ne-canonical. amafomu, inqubo ye-counterpoint eyinkimbinkimbi, ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuguqula itimu, i-crystallization yamasu e-cadence, njll., ziyisisekelo emculweni. art-va nokugcina (ngesisekelo sephimbo esihlukile) sokubaluleka okuyisisekelo kuzo zonke izinkathi ezilandelayo.

Ukufinyelela ukuqhakaza okuphezulu kakhulu engxenyeni yesi-2. Ikhulu le-16, umculo wokubhala okuqinile wanikeza ubuciko bakamuva bekhulu le-17. Izingcweti zesitayela samahhala (J. Frescobaldi, J. Legrenzi, I. Ya. Froberger nabanye) zazisekelwe ekudaleni. impumelelo yama-polyphonists amadala. Ubuciko be-High Renaissance bubonakala emisebenzini egxilile futhi ebabazekayo. JS Bach (isb, 6-ch. org. chorale “Aus tiefer Not”, BWV 686, 7-ch., nezwi lebhesi elingu-8, iCredo No 12 evela eMiseni ku-h-moll, 8-ch. Motet yekhwaya a cappella, BWV 229). U-WA ​​Mozart wayejwayelene kahle namasiko ama- contrapuntalists amadala, futhi ngaphandle kokucabangela ithonya lesiko labo, kunzima ukuhlola ukuthi i-S. ubuciko bakhe, njengesiphetho se-symphony C-dur ("Jupiter"), isiphetho se-quartet G-dur, K.-V. 387, Recordare from Requiem. Izidalwa. izici zomculo wenkathi ye-S. nge. ngesisekelo esisha zizalwa kabusha ku-Op ecatshangelwayo. L. Beethoven wenkathi yakamuva (ikakhulukazi, eMiseni Elingcwele). Ngekhulu le-19 abaqambi abaningi babesebenzisa ukuphikisana okuqinile. inqubo yokudala umbala okhethekile omdala, futhi kwezinye izimo - i-mystic. umthunzi; imigubho. amasu omsindo nezimpawu zokubhala okuqinile akhiqizwa kabusha ngu-R. Wagner eParsifal, A. Bruckner kuma-symphonies namakhwaya. imibhalo, G. Fauré in Requiem, njll. Kuvela izinhlelo ezigunyaziwe zokukhiqiza. amakhosi amadala (Palestrina, Lasso), isifundo sabo esibucayi siqala (A. Ambros). Kusukela kubaculi baseRussia banesithakazelo esithile ku-polyphony ye-S. s. kuboniswe ngu-MI Glinka, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, GA Larosh; inkathi yonke ekufundweni kwe-counterpoint yenziwa imisebenzi ye-SI Taneev. Kulezi zinsuku, isithakazelo emculweni wakuqala senyuke kakhulu; e-USSR nakwamanye amazwe, inani elikhulu lezincwadi eziqukethe imikhiqizo. amakhosi amadala e-polyphony; umculo S. s. iba yinto yokufundwa ngokucophelela, ifakwe ku-repertoire yamaqembu enza kahle kakhulu. Abaqambi bekhulu lama-20 Basebenzisa kakhulu amasu atholwa abaqambi be-S. (ikakhulukazi, ngesisekelo se-dodecaphone); ithonya lomsebenzi wama-contrapuntalists amadala lizwakala, isibonelo, kunombolo ye-Op. UMA uStravinsky wezikhathi ze-neoclassical nezakamuva (“Symphony of Psalms”, “Canticum sacrum”), kwezinye izikhova. abaqambi.

2) Ingxenye yokuqala yokusebenza. i-polyphony course (i-German strenger Satz), eqondiswe ngokuyisisekelo emsebenzini wabaqambi bekhulu le-15-16th, ch. ar. emsebenzini wasePalestrina. Lesi sifundo sifundisa izisekelo ze-counterpoint elula neyinkimbinkimbi, ukulingisa, i-canon kanye ne-fugue. Isitayela esihlobene. ubunye bomculo wenkathi ye-S. nge. ikuvumela ukuthi wethule izisekelo ze-counterpoint ngendlela yenombolo encane yemithetho enembile namafomula, kanye nokulula kwe-harmonic ye-melodic. kanye nesigqi. izinkambiso zenza S. s. uhlelo olufaneleka kakhulu lokufunda izimiso ze-polyphony. ukucabanga. Okubaluleke kakhulu ku-pedagogical. umkhuba wawunomsebenzi kaG. Tsarlino "Istitutioni harmoniche", kanye nenani lemisebenzi eyenziwa ngamanye ama-muses. ama-theorists ekhulwini le-16. Methodical izisekelo izifundo polyphony S. s. zachazwa ngu-I. Fuchs encwadini ethi “Gradus ad Parnassum” (1725). Uhlelo lokukhishwa kwe-counterpoint olwakhiwe yi-Fuchs lugcinwa kuyo yonke imisebenzi elandelayo elandelayo. abaqondisi, isib. ezincwadini zokufunda zikaL. Cherubini, G. Bellerman, ekhulwini lama-20. – K. Eppesen (Kph.-Lpz., 1930; last ed. – Lpz., 1971). Ukunaka okukhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwethiyori yekhasi ye-S. wanikeza isiRashiya. abaculi; isibonelo, Umhlahlandlela kaTchaikovsky weSifundo Esisebenzayo Sokuvumelana (1872) uhlanganisa isahluko esinikezwe lesi sihloko. Incwadi yokuqala ekhethekile ngo-S. s. ngesiRashiya. kwakuyincwadi ka-L. Busler, eyanyatheliswa ekuhunyushweni kwe-SI Taneyev ngo-1885. Ukufundisa kuka-S. abaculi abakhulu bahlanganyele - SI Taneev, AK Lyadov, RM Glier; inani le-pedagogical S. nge. kuphawulwe nguP. Hindemith, IF Stravinsky nabanye abaqambi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uhlelo lwe-Fuchs lokukhishwa lwayeka ukuhlangabezana nemibono emisiwe mayelana nemvelo ye-counterpoint (ukugxekwa kwayo kwanikezwa ngu-E. Kurt encwadini ethi "Fundamentals of Linear Counterpoint"), nangemva kwesayensi. Taneyev izifundo, isidingo esikhundleni salo kwaba sobala. Indlela entsha yokufundisa S. s., lapho main. ukunaka kukhokhelwa ukutadisha amafomu okulingisa kanye ne-counterpoint eyinkimbinkimbi ezimweni ze-polyphonic. polyphony, izikhova ezidalwa. abacwaningi SS Bogatyrev, Kh. S. Kushnarev, GI Litinsky, VV Protopopov, kanye SS Skrebkov; wabhala izincwadi eziningi, ezibonisa ezamukelwa eSoviet. uh. izikhungo, umkhuba wokufundisa u-S. uhlelo okuhloswe ngalo ngokuyinhloko ekusebenzeni. ukuqonda amakhono okuqamba (amelelwe, ikakhulukazi, ezincwadini ze-GI Litinsky); isifundo esigxile kokusebenza kanye nethiyori. ukufunda ukubhala okuqinile okusekelwe esifundweni sobuciko. amasampula omculo wekhulu le-15-16. (isibonelo, ezincwadini ze-TF Muller no-SS Grigoriev, SA Pavlyuchenko).

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VP Frayonov