Yakha emculweni |

1) Uhlelo lokulinganisa iphimbo elisetshenziswa emculweni. Ikhona ngendlela yemibono yokuzwa engaguquki mayelana nokuphakama kwesinyathelo ngasinye sesikali; lezi zithombe zisekela wonke umculo. imikhuba (isb. e. okuqanjwayo, okudlalwayo kanye nemibono yomculo) futhi kuvame ukuqoshwa kumanothi omculo, njll. ngezibonakaliso. Izinhlobo zokubonakaliswa kwe-S. emculweni ngenxa ye-nat. imvelaphi yomculo. isiko, izici zokuthuthukiswa kwe-ladoharmonic. izinhlelo, izidingo ezikhona zomculo. zokuzwa Ukuze kwakhiwe umculo. C. kusho. ithonya le-acoustic. izakhiwo zomculo. umsindo (isb, ukwenzeka kwesikali semvelo); umculo C. ibonisa ukuxhumana kwephimbo okuvamile kwesistimu ye-modal evelele, nakuba ingafaki i-modal esebenzayo, i-harmonic. ubudlelwano phakathi kwemisindo. Esigabeni esithile ekuthuthukisweni komculo. isiko S. ingaba yisisekelo sokuvela kwezinhlelo ezintsha ze-modal. Kwaziwa yizinyathelo ezi-5 nezingu-7 (ngaphakathi kwe-octave) opholile u-C. e-Indonesia, izinhlelo ezingu-17 nezingu-24 emculweni wabantu bamazwe ase-Arab, 22-step S. eNdiya, njll. EYurophu, ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwe-monophony, kwasetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-Pythagorean oluyizinyathelo ezingu-7 (kamuva ze-12-step). Emkhankasweni wokuthuthukisa ikhwaya. i-polyphony, bekunesidingo se-S. ehlanzekile, i-to-ry yahlongozwa ama-muses. ama-theorists ekhulwini le-16. (L. Folyany, J. Tsarlino - Italy). Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwesistimu ye-tonal - ukwanda kwenani lezihluthulelo ezisetshenzisiwe, ukubukeka kwezingoma eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuguquguquka - kwaholela ekuziphatheni okungalingani (ikhulu le-16), bese kuba yi-12-step temperament uniform, eyenza i-enharmonic. ukulingana kwemisindo (cf. Enharmonism) futhi yasungulwa emhlabeni wonke ngekhulu le-18. C. emculweni ingavezwa ngochungechunge lwezinombolo (isibonelo, ngokulandelana kwezingxenye ezilula); Izibalo ezinjalo umugqa ubonisa isilinganiso samafrikhwensi emisindo - zingakhi izikhathi lapho imvamisa yomsindo ongenhla esikhawulweni inkulu kunemvamisa yalowo ophansi, noma ukuthi imithombo yomsindo ishunwa kanjani, yakha lesi sikhathi noma leso sikhathi ukudlidliza: i-semitone, ithoni ephelele, ithoni nengxenye, njll. njll Isibonelo, ku-pure S. lezi kuzoba izinombolo ezilandelayo, ngokulandelana: 16/15, 9/8, 6/5, ku-12-step temperament elinganayo - 21/12, 22/12, 23/12). C. ingavezwa njengokulandelana kwamafrikhwensi ahambelana nedigri ngayinye yesikali ku-C enikeziwe. Isibonelo, ku-pure S. ukusuka ku-a1 u440d 1 hertz, umsindo othi b469,28 uzolingana no-1 hertz, h495 – 2, c528 – 12, ngezinyathelo ezingu-440 zomoya le misindo efanayo izoba namanye amanani: 466; 16, 493; 88, 523; 25, XNUMX hertz. Isazi sezibalo. C. emculweni isetshenziswa ekwenzeni umculo. izinsimbi (ukunquma ubude beshubhu noma umqhele wezinsimbi zomoya, indawo yezimbobo zokumba kuzo, ukubeka ama-fret ku-fretboard yezinsimbi ezikhatshiwe ezinezintambo, njll.). njll.), lapho uzishuna, ukuze ulawule ukunemba kokusebenza kweqoqo (chorali noma izinsimbi), ohlelweni lokufundisa ukuzwa. T. ubaba, isazi sezibalo C. ibonisa ukuthambekela okubalulekile ekuzinziseni, ukulungisa okunembile kwephimbo lemisindo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuguquke kube ukubonakaliswa kwesimiso salokhu budlelwano. Uqinisile uS. ingafakwa kuphela kumathuluzi anephimbo elingashintshi (organ, upiyano, i-electromusic. amathuluzi, njll. P.). Ekuculeni, lapho udlala izinsimbi ezithile (i-violin, umtshingo, icilongo, njll.) njll.), njengoba kucwaningwe ngu-N. A. Garbuzov, ithuthukisa okuthiwa. Mr. indawo C. (cm. Zone), ehambisana nomunye umkhuba - isifiso sabadlali kwezobuciko. ukuze ushintshe njalo isinyathelo ngasinye sesikali, okungukuthi e. ngosizo lwemithunzi yokuphinyiswa komsindo (ngokuhambisana nemvelo yentuthuko emculweni. prod.) ukuqinisa noma ukwenza buthaka amandla adonsela phansi e-modal, ukudala ukunambitheka okukhethekile komsindo. Kwizibalo ezibalwe u-S. isinyathelo ngasinye sesikali asikwazi ukuhluka, okungukuthi e. imelelwa inani elilodwa kuphela lobude (imvamisa). Lesi simo sihlala sidala imizamo yokwakha amamus amasha, aphelele. C. Ngo-19 ku. kwavela uhlelo lwezinyathelo ezingu-40 P. Thompson, 32-speed G. I-Helmholtz, i-36-speed G. I-Appuna ne-X. Engel, 53-speed R. AP Bosanqueta kanye no-S. UTanaki et al. E-USSR, isimo sengqondo esinezinyathelo ezingu-17 nezingu-29 zanikezwa ngu-A. C. Ogolevets, 22-step system P. AP Baranovskogo kanye no-E. E. Yutsevich, 72-step system E. A. UMurzina, 84-step system D. KUYA. UGuzenko et al.

2) Ukulungiselelwa kwemvamisa (ubude) bethoni yereferensi yesikali. E-USSR, ngokuhambisana ne-OST-7710, i-hertz engu-1 isethelwe i-a440.

3) Igama elithi “S.” mayelana nomculo. izinsimbi zisho izici zokushuna noma ukuklama kwazo (i-violin yesihlanu ye-C., yesine – i-domra, i-chromatic – inkinobho ye-accordion, yemvelo – uphondo, njll.) noma ubudlelwano phakathi komsindo wangempela wensimbi nombhalo wayo (i-trumpet in B, uphondo ku-F, i-clarinet ngo-A, njll.).

4) Ikhwaya S., okungukuthi, ukungaguquguquki phakathi kwabahlabeleli bekhwaya mayelana nokunemba kwephimbo lephimbo; isici esibaluleke kakhulu sekhwaya. umsindo. Hlukanisa melodic. kanye ne-harmonic. i-choral S. Lapho icula ingoma, kuba nokuthambekela kokucula okucijile kwePythagorean S.; ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwama-chords - ukuze kube lula ukuphimisa kwe-S. ngokuvamile, umsindo wekhwaya ubonakala ngezone C. Ngo-19 - ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20 umqondo we-“choral S.” kwakusho inkambiso yokuculela ikhwaya (esikweni lokucula i-cappella), eyayikhona ngaphambi kokuvunyelwa kwezinga elilodwa lokuphakama; ngaphambilini choral S. uma kuqhathaniswa ne instr. umculo wawungaphansi kancane.

5) S., noma ithoni, - kufana ne-tonality, imodi, i-ladotonality, ukuthambekela (iphelelwe yisikhathi); isb, “amathoni aseduze e-harmonic C.” (II Dubovsky).

References: Chesnokov PG, Choir kanye nabaphathi, M.-L., 1940, M., 1961; I-Garbuzov HA, i-Zonal nature of pitch hearing, M.-L., 1948; yakhe, Intrazonal iphimbo ukuzwa nezindlela zokuyithuthukisa, M.-L., 1951; Izingoma zomculo, M., 1954; Baranovsky PP, Yutsevich EE, Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Pitch yesistimu ye-melodic yamahhala, K., 1956; UPigrov KK, Ubuholi bekhwaya, M., 1964; Sherman NS, Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu ye-temperament efanayo, M., 1964; I-Pereverzev NK, Izinkinga zezwi lomculo, M., 1966; Pargs Yu. H., Kwinkambiso yobuciko yephimbo elimsulwa ekuculweni komculo, M., 1971 (abstract of diss.); Helmholtz H., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen…, Braunschweig, 1863, Hildesheim, 1968 Riemann H., Katechismus der Akustik, Lpz., 1875, B., 1891 isayensi yomculo, M., 1921.

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