Балис Дварионас (Balys Dvarionas) |

Balys Dvarionas

B. Dvarionas, umculi onamakhono amaningi, umqambi, umdlali wopiyano, umqhubi, uthisha, wadlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni isiko lomculo laseLithuania. Umsebenzi wakhe uxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomculo wesintu waseLithuania. Nguye owanquma ukuzwakala komculo womculo we-Dvarionas, ngokusekelwe emazwini ezingoma zomdabu; ukulula nokucaca kwefomu, ukucabanga kwe-harmonic; i-rhapsodic, isethulo sokuthuthukisa. Umsebenzi womqambi we-Dvarionas uhlanganiswe ngokoqobo nemisebenzi yakhe ayidlalayo. Ngo-1924 waphothula e-Leipzig Conservatory ophiyano no-R. Teichmüller, wabe esethuthuka ngo-E. Petri. Kusukela eminyakeni yakhe yokufunda wayedlala upiyano ekhonsathini, wavakashela eFrance, eHungary, eJalimane, eSwitzerland naseSweden.

U-Dvarionas ukhulise inqwaba yabadlali - kusukela ngo-1926 wafundisa ikilasi lepiyano eKaunas School of Music, kusukela ngo-1933 - eKaunas Conservatory. Kusukela ngo-1949 kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe wayenguprofesa e-Lithuanian State Conservatory. U-Dvarionas wayehilelekile ekuqhubeni. Kakade umqhubi ovuthiwe, ngaphandle uthatha izivivinyo no-G. Abendroth eLeipzig (1939). Umqhubi uN. Malko, owavakashela eKaunas ekuqaleni kwawo-30, wathi ngoDvarionas: “Ungumbhidisi onamakhono azalwa nawo, umculi ozwelayo, oqaphelayo ukuthi yini edingekayo nalokho okungafunwa eqenjini le-orchestra aphathiswe lona.” Kunzima ukweqisa ukubaluleka Dvarionas ekukhuthazeni umculo professional kazwelonke: omunye abaqhubi Lithuanian wokuqala, wazibekela umgomo ukwenza imisebenzi abaqambi Lithuanian hhayi kuphela Lithuania, kodwa ezweni lonke nakwamanye amazwe. Wayengowokuqala ukuqhuba inkondlo ye-symphonic "Ulwandle" ka-MK Čiurlionis, efakwe ezinhlelweni zamakhonsathi akhe imisebenzi ka-J. Gruodis, J. Karnavičius, J. Tallat-Kelpsa, A. Raciunas nabanye. U-Dvarionas naye wenza imisebenzi yabaqambi baseRussia, Soviet nabangaphandle. Ngo-1936, i-First Symphony ka-D. Shostakovich yenziwa kumanxiwa aseLithuania ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe. Ngo-1940, u-Dvarionas wahlela futhi wahola i-Vilnius City Symphony Orchestra, ngeminyaka yama-40-50s. wayengumqhubi oyinhloko we-Lithuanian Philharmonic Orchestra, umqhubi oyinhloko we-Republican Song Festivals. “Ingoma iyabajabulisa abantu. Injabulo, nokho, iphakamisa amandla empilo, ngomsebenzi wokudala, ”u-Dvarionas wabhala ngemuva komkhosi wengoma wedolobha laseVilnius ngo-1959. U-Dvarionas, umqhubi, ukhulume nabaculi abakhulu bekhulu lethu: S. Prokofiev, I. Hoffman, A. Rubinstein, E. Petri, E. Gilels, G. Neuhaus.

Umsebenzi wokuqala omkhulu womqambi kwakuyi-ballet "Matchmaking" (1931). Kanye no-J. Gruodis, umbhali we-ballet u-Jurate no-Kastytis, kanye no-V. Batsevicius, owabhala i-ballet Ku-Whirlwind of Dance, u-Dvarionas wayeyimvelaphi yalolu hlobo emculweni wesi-Lithuanian. Ingqopha-mlando elandelayo kwaba “I-Festive Overture” (1946), eyaziwa nangokuthi “E-Amber Shore”. Kulesi sithombe se-orchestra, amatimu ashukumisayo, amawala ashintshana nge-rhapsodically nangamaphimbo asekelwe emaphimeni endabuko.

Ngesikhathi sokugubha iminyaka engu-30 ye-Great October Revolution, u-Dvarionas wabhala i-Symphony ku-E minor, i-symphony yokuqala yaseLithuania. Okukuyo kunqunywa yi-epigraph: “Ngikhothamela izwe lakithi.” Le canvas ye-symphonic igcwele uthando lwemvelo yomdabu, kubantu bayo. Cishe zonke izingqikithi ze-Symphony ziseduze nengoma nomdanso wezinganekwane zaseLithuania.

Ngemva konyaka, kwavela omunye wemisebenzi engcono kakhulu ka-Dvarionas - i-Concerto ye-Violin ne-Orchestra (1948), eyaba impumelelo ebalulekile yobuciko bomculo kazwelonke. Ukungena komculo okhokhelwayo waseLithuania enkundleni ye-All-Union kanye neyamazwe ngamazwe kuxhumene nalo msebenzi. Kugcwaliswa indwangu ye-Concerto ngamaphimbo ezingoma zesintu, umqambi uhlanganisa kuyo amasiko ekhonsathi yothando yekhulu lama-XNUMX. Ukwakheka kuheha nge-melodism, ukuphana kokushintsha kwe-thematic material ye-kaleidoscopically. Isikolo se-Concerto sicacile futhi sisobala. U-Dvarionas usebenzisa lapha izingoma zomdabu "Autumn Morning" kanye "Ubhiya, Ubhiya" (eyesibili yaqoshwa umqambi ngokwakhe).

Ngo-1950, u-Dvarionas, kanye nomqambi u-I. Svyadas, babhala i-National Anthem ye-SSR yaseLithuania ngamazwi ka-A. Venclova. Uhlobo lwekhonsathi yezinsimbi lumelwe emsebenzini ka-Dvarionas ngeminye imisebenzi emithathu. Lawa amakhonsathi ama-2 ensimbi yakhe ayintandokazi yepiyano (1960, 1962) kanye ne-Concerto for horn and orchestra (1963). Ikhonsathi yokuqala yepiyano iwukuqanjwa kwemizwa okujulile okunikezelwe kuminyaka engama-20 yeSoviet Lithuania. Ingqikithi yetimu yekhonsathi ingeyokuqala, izingxenye ezi-4 zazo, kukho konke ukuqhathanisa kwazo, zihlanganiswe izindikimba ezihlobene ezisuselwe kundaba yezinganekwane. Ngakho-ke, engxenyeni 1 futhi ekugcineni, isisusa esiguquliwe sengoma yomdabu yaseLithuania "O, ukukhanya kuyavutha" kuzwakala. I-orchestration emibalabala yokuqanjwa iqala ingxenye yepiyano eyedwa. Izinhlanganisela ze-Timbre ziyasungulwa, isibonelo, engxenyeni yesi-3 ehamba kancane yekhonsathi, upiyano uzwakala ngokuphambene ku-duet enophondo lwesiFulentshi. Ekhonsathini, umqambi usebenzisa indlela yakhe ayintandokazi yokuvezwa - i-rhapsody, ebonakala ngokucacile ekuthuthukiseni izingqikithi zomnyakazo wokuqala. Ukwakhiwa kuqukethe iziqephu eziningi zomlingiswa wohlobo lomdanso, okusikhumbuza amasutartine esintu.

Ikhonsathi yesibili yepiyano yabhalelwa i-soloist kanye ne-orchestra yekamelo, inikezelwe entsheni, ephethe ikusasa. Ngo-1954, Eminyakeni Eyishumi Yezincwadi Nezobuciko ZaseLithuania eMoscow, i-cantata ka-Dvarionas ethi “Greetings to Moscow” (ku-st. T. Tilvitis) yenzelwe i-baritone, ikwaya exubile ne-orchestra. Lo msebenzi waba uhlobo lokulungiselela i-opera kuphela ka-Dvarionas - "Dalia" (1958), ebhalwe ngesakhiwo sedrama ka-B. Sruoga ethi "The Predawn Share" (mahhala. I. Matskonis). I-opera isekelwe esakhiweni esivela emlandweni wabantu baseLithuania - ukuvukela okucindezela ngesihluku kwabalimi baseSamogiti ngo-1769. Umlingiswa oyinhloko wale canvas yomlando, uDalia Radailaite, uyafa, ekhetha ukufa kunobugqila.

“Uma ulalela umculo kaDvarionas, uzwa ukungena komqambi okumangalisayo emphefumulweni wabantu bakubo, isimo sezwe lakhe, umlando walo, nezinsuku zalo zamanje. Kwaba sengathi inhliziyo yomdabu waseLithuania izwakalise konke okubalulekile nokusondelana kakhulu ngomculo womqambi wayo onekhono… U-Dvarionas uthatha indawo yakhe ekhethekile, ebalulekile emculweni wesi-Lithuanian. Umsebenzi wakhe awuyona nje isikhwama segolide sobuciko be-republic. Ihlobisa lonke isiko lomculo laseSoviet lamazwe ngamazwe.” (E. Svetlanov).

N. Aleksenko