Стнислав Монюшко (Stanisław Moniuszko) |

UStanisław Moniuszko

Umqambi ovelele wasePoland u-S. Moniuszko ungumdali we-opera yakudala kazwelonke namazwi ezwi le-chamber. Umsebenzi wakhe wabamba izici zomculo wesintu wasePoland, ama-Ukrainian namaBelarusian. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, uMoniuszko waba nethuba lokujwayelana nenganekwane yabalimi bezizwe zamaSlavic. Abazali bakhe babethanda ubuciko, benamakhono ahlukahlukene obuciko. Umama wakhe wafundisa umfana umculo, uyise wayengumculi we-amateur. Amakhonsathi asekhaya ayevame ukwenziwa, futhi uthando lukaStanislav lwemidlalo yaseshashalazini, olwavela ebuntwaneni, lwadlula impilo yakhe yonke.

Lapho eneminyaka engu-8, uMoniuszko waya eWarsaw - iminyaka yokufunda iqala. Uthatha izifundo kumdlali we-ogani nomdlali wopiyano u-A. Freyer. Ngo-1830, uStanislav wathuthela eMinsk, lapho angena khona endaweni yokuzivocavoca futhi wafundela ukwakheka no-D. Stefanovich, futhi ngaphansi kwethonya lakhe ekugcineni wanquma ukukhetha umculo njengomsebenzi wakhe.

UMoniuszko waphothula izifundo zakhe zomculo eBerlin, eSinging Academy (1837-40). Wenza kahle umsebenzi nekhwaya kanye ne-orchestra, uthola isithombe esiphelele somculo (ikakhulukazi osebenzayo) isiko laseYurophu. Phakathi nale minyaka, kwavela imisebenzi yokuqala ezimele: mass, 2 string quartets, Izingoma ezintathu ku-st. A. Mickiewicz, umculo wamakhonsathi. Ngo-1840-58. UMoniuszko uhlala eVilna (Vilnius). Lapha, kude nezikhungo ezinkulu zomculo, ithalente lakhe eliguquguqukayo liyavezwa. Usebenza njengomdlali we-ogani weSonto lika-St. John's (ukwakheka kweculo elithi Izingoma Zesonto Lethu kuxhumene nalokhu), wenza njengomqhubi wamakhonsathi e-symphony nase-opera house, ubhala izihloko, futhi unikeza izifundo zopiyano. Phakathi kwabafundi bakhe kukhona umqambi waseRussia u-C. Cui, omunye wabahlanganyeli ku-Mighty Handful. Naphezu kobunzima obukhulu bezezimali, uMoniuszko wasebenza naye mahhala. Ubunjalo bomqambi buqale ukubonakala ohlotsheni lwengoma nezothando. Ngo-1841 kwashicilelwa iNcwadi Yengoma yokuqala kaMoniuszko (ziyi-12 sezizonke). Izingoma ezidalwe e-Vilna zilungise kakhulu isitayela sama-opera akhe azayo.

Impumelelo ephakeme ka-Moniuszko i-opera Pebble. Lena indaba edabukisayo ngentombazane encane engumlimi, ekhohliswe umnumzane ohloniphekile. Ubuqotho nemfudumalo yomculo, ukunotha kwezingoma kwenza le opera yathandwa kakhulu futhi yathandwa abantu basePoland. I-"Pebble" yadlalwa e-Vilna ngo-1848. Ukuphumelela kwayo kwaletha udumo kumculi we-ogani wesifundazwe. Kodwa ngemva kweminyaka engu-10 kuphela, i-opera enguqulweni entsha, ethuthukisiwe yadlalwa eWarsaw. Usuku lwalokhu kukhiqizwa (ngoJanuwari 1, 1858) lubhekwa njengokuzalwa kwe-opera yakudala yasePoland.

Ngo-1858, uMoniuszko waya phesheya eJalimane, eFrance, naseCzech Republic (ngenkathi eseWeimar, wavakashela uF. Liszt). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umqambi wamenywa esikhundleni umqhubi oyinhloko Belki Theatre (Warsaw), okuyinto wagcina kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMoniuszko unguprofesa e-Musical Institute (1864-72), lapho efundisa khona amakilasi ngokuqamba, ukuvumelana kanye ne-counterpoint (phakathi kwabafundi bakhe umqambi uZ. Noskovsky). UMoniuszko futhi ungumbhali weSikole sePiano kanye nencwadi yokuvumelana.

Ukudlala njalo namakhonsathi ombhali e-St. Petersburg kwasondeza uMoniuszko kubaqambi baseRussia - wayengumngane ka-M. Gliyaki no-A. Dargomyzhsky. Okuhamba phambili komsebenzi ka-Moniuszko kuhlotshaniswa ngokuyinhloko nalezo zinhlobo ezingazange zithintwe i-Polish classic yakudala F. Chopin noma ezingatholanga ukuthuthukiswa okubalulekile kuye - nge-opera nengoma. UMoniuszko udale ama-opera angu-15. Ngaphezu kwamaPebbles, imisebenzi yakhe ehamba phambili ihlanganisa i-Enchanted Castle (Iyadi Eliyingozi - 1865). UMoniuszko wayevame ukuphendukela ku-comic opera (Yavnuta, The Timber Rafter), i-ballet (kuhlanganise ne-Monte Cristo), i-operetta, umculo wemidlalo yaseshashalazini (I-Hamlet ka-W. Shakespeare, Abaphangi) F. Schiller, i-vaudeville ka-A. Fredro). Ihlala iheha umqambi kanye nohlobo lwe-cantata ("Milda", "Niola"). Eminyakeni yakamuva, ama-cantatas angu-3 adalwe emazwini ka-A. Mickiewicz: "Izipoki" (ngokusekelwe enkondlweni ephawulekayo ethi "Dzyady"), "Crimean Sonnets" kanye ne "Mistress Tvardovskaya". UMoniuszko uphinde wethula ingxenye kazwelonke emculweni wesonto (izixuku eziyisi-6, "i-Ostrobramsky litanies" ezi-4), wabeka isisekelo se-symphonism yesi-Polish (izinguquko zohlelo "Fairy Tale", "Kayini", njll.). Umqambi uphinde wabhala umculo wepiyano, ohloselwe ikakhulukazi ukwenza umculo wasekhaya: ama-polonaise, ama-mazurkas, ama-waltzes, ama-notebook angu-2 wezingcezu "Trinkets".

Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, kanye nobuciko bokudlala, kwakuwukuqanjwa kwezingoma (c. 400), umqambi azihlanganise zaba amaqoqo - "Izincwadi Zezingoma Zasekhaya". Igama labo liyazikhulumela: lo ngumculo wokuphila kwansuku zonke, ongadalwanga ochwepheshe kuphela, kodwa nabathandi bomculo. “Akukho okusha engikwenzayo. Njengoba ngihamba emazweni asePoland, ngigcwala umoya wezingoma zomdabu. Kusuka kubo, ngokumelene nentando yami, ugqozi lungena kuzo zonke izingoma zami. Kula mazwi uMoniuszko wembula imfihlo "yomphakathi" omangalisayo womculo wakhe.

K. Zenkin

Ukwakhiwa:

ama-opera – Ideal (Ideal, 1841), Carmagnola (Karmaniol, 1840), Yellow cap (Zulta szlafmyca, ca. 1842), Wonderful water (Woda cudowna, 1840s), Rural idyll (Sielanka, 1843, Spanish 1852st Pebbles), ., 1, Vilnius, 1848nd ed., 2, Warsaw), Betley (comic., 1858), Timber Rafter (Flis, i-comic opera, 1852), Countess (Hrabina, amahlaya., 1858), Izwi lokuhlonipha (Verbum nobile , 1860), Enchanted Castle (Terrible Yard; Straszny dwur, 1861), Pariah (Paria, 1865); i-operetta - Ilotho (Loteria, 1843, Minsk; 1846, Warsaw), Ukuqashwa (Pobur rekrutуw, 1842), Umzabalazo Wabaculi (Walka muzykуw, 1840s), Yavnuta, noma amaGypsies (uhlelo lokuqala ngaphansi kwegama elithi Gypsies, 1 Cypsies, 1850 , Vilnius, uhlelo lwesibili ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi Yavnuta, 1852, Warsaw), Beata (melodrama, 2, Warsaw); amabhalethi – Monte Cristo (1866), Waiting (Na kwaterunku, 1868), Amaqhinga kaSathane (Figle szatana, 1870); umculo we-ballet wama-opera ethi The Merry Wives of Windsor ka-O. Nicholas kanye neHhashi Lethusi ka-D. Aubert; ye-orchestra – Overtures Tale (Inganekwane Yasebusika; Bajka, Conte d'hiver, 1848), Cain, or the Death of Abel (1856), Military Overture, or Beloved Hetman (Uwertura wojenna albo Kochanka hetmanska, 1857), Concert Polonaise (Polonez) ; okwezwi kanye ne-orchestra – cantatas Milda (1848), Niola (1852), Krumine (engaqediwe, 1852) – kokulandelayo. Yu. UKraszewski, Madonna (1856), Izipoki (Widma, 1865), Sonnets Crimean (Sonety krymskie, 1868), Pani Tvardovskaya (1869), 6 mass (kuhlanganise Petrovinskaya), 4 Ostrobramsky litanies (Litanie ostro1843 -55); ama-ensembles wezinsimbi zegumbi - 2 izintambo. i-quartet (kuze kube ngu-1840); okwepiyano (cishe imidlalo engama-50) – Baubles (Fraszki, 2 notebook of plays, 1843), 6 polonaises, waltzes, mazurkas; okwesitho – Izingoma zebandla lethu (Piesni naszego kosciola), amakhwaya, wok. ama-ensembles; okwezwi nopiyano - Ingoma kaSt. 400; umculo wemidlalo yeshashalazi - wevaudeville: A. Fredro "Ngobusuku Ema-Apennines" (1839), "The New Don Quixote, noma One Hundred Madnesses" (1842, okuthunyelwe. 1923), kokuthunyelwe. "Hamlet" futhi "The Merchant of Venice" by Shakespeare, "Abaphangi" by Schiller, "Carpathian Highlanders" ngu Kozhenevsky, "Lilly Venedy" ngu Y. Slovatsky.