Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky |

Alexander Dargomyzhsky

Dargomyzhsky. "Old Corporal" (Spanish: Fedor Chaliapin)

Angihlosile ukunciphisa…umculo ube ubumnandi. Ngifuna ukuthi umsindo uveze igama ngqo. Ngifuna iqiniso. A. Dargomyzhsky

Ekuqaleni kuka-1835, kwavela insizwa endlini kaM. Glinka, owaba umthandi womculo oshisekayo. Kafushane, ngaphandle kokuphawuleka, washintsha ngokuphelele upiyano, ejabulisa labo abaseduze kwakhe ngokudlala kwamahhala nokufunda okuhle kakhulu kwamanothi eshidini. Kwakungu-A. Dargomyzhsky, esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ummeleli omkhulu kunawo wonke womculo wasendulo waseRussia. Umlando wabo bobabili abaqambi unokuningi okufanayo. U-Dargomyzhsky ebuntwaneni wachitha endaweni kayise kude ne-Novospassky, futhi wayezungezwe uhlobo olufanayo nendlela yokuphila empofu njengoGlinka. Kodwa wafika eSt. Petersburg esemncane (umndeni wathuthela enhloko-dolobha lapho eneminyaka engu-4 ubudala), futhi lokhu kwashiya uphawu ekuthandweni kobuciko futhi kwanquma isithakazelo sakhe emculweni wokuphila kwasemadolobheni.

UDargomyzhsky wathola imfundo yasekhaya, kodwa ebanzi futhi eguquguqukayo, lapho izinkondlo, yaseshashalazini, nomculo kwathatha indawo yokuqala. Lapho eneminyaka engu-7 ubudala, wafundiswa ukudlala upiyano, i-violin (kamuva wathatha izifundo zokucula). Ukulangazelela ukubhala komculo kwatholakala kusenesikhathi, kodwa akuzange kukhuthazwe uthisha wakhe u-A. Danilevsky. UDargomyzhsky waqeda imfundo yakhe yepiyano noF. Schoberlechner, umfundi we-I. Hummel odumile, efunda naye ngo-1828-31. Phakathi nale minyaka, wayevame ukucula njengomdlali wopiyano, ebamba iqhaza ebusuku be-quartet futhi wabonisa isithakazelo esikhulayo ekuqanjweni. Noma kunjalo, kule ndawo uDargomyzhsky wayeseyimfundamakhwela. Lwalungekho ulwazi lwethiyori olwanele, ngaphandle kwalokho, lensizwa yaphonseka ekujuleni komnotho wezwe, “yayisekushiseni kobusha nasezinzipho zenjabulo.” Yiqiniso, nalapho kwakungekho ukuzijabulisa kuphela. U-Dargomyzhsky uhambela ubusuku bomculo nezincwadi kuma-salon V. Odoevsky, S. Karamzina, kwenzeka kumbuthano wezimbongi, abaculi, abaculi, abaculi. Nokho, ukujwayelana kwakhe noGlinka kwenza uguquko oluphelele ekuphileni kwakhe. “Imfundo efanayo, uthando olufanayo lobuciko ngokushesha kwasisondeza … Ngokushesha sahlangana futhi saba abangane ngobuqotho. ... Iminyaka engu-22 ilandelana sasihlala sisebuhlotsheni obufushane kakhulu, obunobungane kakhulu naye, "uDargomyzhsky wabhala encwadini ye-autobiographical.

Kungaleso sikhathi lapho uDargomyzhsky okokuqala ebhekene nombuzo wencazelo yobuciko bomqambi. Wayekhona ekuzalweni kwe-opera yokuqala yaseRussia ethi "Ivan Susanin", wabamba iqhaza ekuzilolongelweni kwayo esiteji futhi wabona ngamehlo akhe ukuthi umculo awuhloselwe ukujabulisa nokujabulisa kuphela. Ukwenza umculo kuma-salon kuyekwa, futhi uDargomyzhsky waqala ukugcwalisa izikhala olwazini lwakhe lomculo kanye nethiyori. Ngale njongo, u-Glinka wanikeza i-Dargomyzhsky 5 amanothi ezincwadi aqukethe amanothi ezinkulumo ngu-theorist waseJalimane u-Z. Dehn.

Ezivivinyweni zakhe zokuqala zokudala, uDargomyzhsky usevele wabonisa ukuzimela okukhulu kwezobuciko. Wakhangwa yizithombe “zokuthotshiswa nokucasulwa”, ufuna ukuphinda azenzele emculweni abalingiswa abahlukahlukene abangabantu, abafudumale ngozwelo nozwelo. Konke lokhu kwaba nomthelela ekukhethweni kwesakhiwo sokuqala se-opera. Ngo-1839 uDargomyzhsky waqeda i-opera ethi Esmeralda ku-freetto yesiFulentshi ka-V. Hugo esekelwe inoveli yakhe ethi Notre Dame Cathedral. I-premiere yayo yenzeka kuphela ngo-1848, futhi "lezi iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ukulinda okuyize,” kubhala uDargomyzhsky, “kwabeka umthwalo osindayo kuwo wonke umsebenzi wami wobuciko.”

Ukwehluleka kwahambisana nomsebenzi omkhulu olandelayo - i-cantata "The Triumph of Bacchus" (e-st. A. Pushkin, 1843), yaphinde yasebenza ngo-1848 yaba yi-opera-ballet futhi yadlalwa kuphela ngo-1867. "Esmeralda", okwakuyi- umzamo wokuqala wokufaka idrama yezengqondo "abantu abancane", kanye nethi "The Triumph of Bacchus", lapho yenzeka khona okokuqala njengengxenye yomsebenzi omkhulu womoya ngezinkondlo zikaPushkin ezihlakaniphile, nakho konke ukungapheleli. isinyathelo esingathí sina esibheke ku-"Mermaid". Inqwaba yezothando nayo yavula indlela eya khona. Kwakulolu hlobo lapho uDargomyzhsky ngandlela-thile afinyelela phezulu kalula futhi ngokwemvelo. Wayekuthanda ukwenza umculo wezwi, kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe ehlanganyela kwezokufundisa. “… Ngokuhlala ngikhuluma neqembu labahlabeleli nabahlabeleli, ngakwazi ngempela ukufunda izici nokugoba kwamazwi abantu, kanye nobuciko bokucula okumangalisayo,” kubhala uDargomyzhsky. Ebusheni bakhe, umqambi wayevame ukukhokha amazwi e-salon, kodwa ngisho nasezithandweni zakhe zakuqala uhlangana nezindikimba eziyinhloko zomsebenzi wakhe. Ngakho ingoma ye-vaudeville ephilayo ethi "Ngiyavuma, malume" (Art. A. Timofeev) ilindele izingoma ezihlekisayo-imidwebo yesikhathi sakamuva; isihloko sesihloko senkululeko yokuzizwa komuntu sifakwe ku-ballad "Umshado" (Art. A. Timofeev), ethandwa kakhulu kamuva ngu-VI Lenin. Ekuqaleni kwawo-40s. U-Dargomyzhsky waphendukela ezinkondlweni zikaPushkin, edala imisebenzi yobuciko efana nezothando "Ngakuthanda", "Insizwa nentombi", "Night Marshmallow", "Vertograd". Izinkondlo zikaPushkin zasiza ukunqoba ithonya lesitayela se-salon esibucayi, zavuselela ukufuna ukuzwakala komculo okucashile. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamagama nomculo buye basondelana kakhulu, kwadinga ukuvuselelwa kwazo zonke izindlela, futhi okokuqala, umculo. Iphimbo lomculo, lilungisa amajika enkulumo yomuntu, lisize ekwenzeni isithombe sangempela, esiphilayo, futhi lokhu kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zothando emsebenzini wezwi wegumbi likaDargomyzhsky - ama-monologues we-lyrical-psychological ("Ngidabukile", " Bobabili banesithukuthezi futhi badabukile" ku-St.

Indima ebalulekile ku-biography yokudala kaDargomyzhsky yadlalwa uhambo oluya phesheya ekupheleni kuka-1844 (Berlin, Brussels, Vienna, Paris). Umphumela wawo oyinhloko uyisidingo esingenakuvinjelwa "sokubhala ngesiRashiya", futhi phakathi neminyaka lesi sifiso sesivele sigxile kakhulu emphakathini, sinanela imibono kanye nokusesha kobuciko benkathi. Isimo soguquko eYurophu, ukuqina kokusabela kwezepolitiki eRussia, ukukhula kwezinxushunxushu zabalimi, ukuthambekela kokulwa ne-serfdom phakathi kwengxenye ethuthukile yomphakathi waseRussia, intshisekelo ekhulayo empilweni yabantu kukho konke ukubonakaliswa kwayo - konke lokhu kube nomthelela ekushintsheni okukhulu ezweni. Isiko lesiRashiya, ikakhulukazi ezincwadini, lapho maphakathi nawo-40s. kwakhiwa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “isikole semvelo”. Isici sawo esiyinhloko, ngokuka-V. Belinsky, “sasisondelene kakhulu nokuphila, ngokoqobo, ngokusondelana okukhulu nakakhulu nokuvuthwa nobudoda.” Izindikimba neziqephu ze "isikole semvelo" - impilo yekilasi elilula empilweni yalo yansuku zonke engashintshiwe, i-psychology yomuntu omncane - yayihambisana kakhulu noDargomyzhsky, futhi lokhu kwabonakala ikakhulukazi ku-opera "Mermaid", isimangalo. ezothando zasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-50s. (“Worm”, “Titular Advisor”, “Old Corporal”).

I-Mermaid, lapho uDargomyzhsky asebenza khona ngezikhathi ezithile kusukela ngo-1845 kuya ku-1855, wavula indlela entsha yobuciko be-opera yaseRussia. Lena idrama yansuku zonke enamazwi nangokwengqondo, amakhasi ayo aphawuleka kakhulu ayizigcawu ezihlanganisiwe, lapho abalingisi abayinkimbinkimbi babantu bangena ebudlelwaneni obunamandla futhi bembulwa ngamandla amakhulu abuhlungu. Umdlalo wokuqala we<em>The Mermaid ngo-May 4, 1856 eSt. Petersburg wavusa isithakazelo somphakathi, kodwa umphakathi ophakeme awuzange uhloniphe i-opera ngokunaka kwawo, futhi abaphathi bemidlalo yaseshashalazini yasebukhosini bawuphatha ngonya. Isimo sashintsha maphakathi nawo-60s. Iqalwe kabusha ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-E. Napravnik, i-“Mermaid” ibe yimpumelelo yokunqoba ngempela, ephawulwa abagxeki njengophawu lokuthi “imibono yomphakathi ... isishintshe kakhulu.” Lezi zinguquko zidalwe ukuvuselelwa kwendawo yonke yomphakathi, ukubusa ngentando yeningi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zempilo yomphakathi. Isimo sengqondo kuDargomyzhsky sahluka. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, igunya lakhe emhlabeni womculo liye landa kakhulu, elizungezile lahlanganisa iqembu labaqambi abasha eliholwa ngu-M. Balakirev no-V. Stasov. Imisebenzi yomqambi yomculo neyokuzijabulisa nayo yaqina. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-50s. wabamba iqhaza emsebenzini womagazini we-satirical "Iskra", kusukela ngo-1859 waba yilungu lekomidi le-RMO, wabamba iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni uhlaka lwe-charter ye-St. Petersburg Conservatory. Ngakho lapho ngo-1864 uDargomyzhsky ethatha uhambo olusha phesheya, umphakathi wangaphandle ngokwakhe wamukela ummeleli omkhulu wesiko lomculo waseRussia.

Ngama-60s. wandise ububanzi bezithakazelo zobuciko zomqambi. Umdlalo we-symphonic uBaba Yaga (1862), uCossack Boy (1864), iChukhonskaya Fantasy (1867) wavela, futhi umqondo wokuguqula uhlobo lwe-operatic wakhula ngamandla. Ukuqaliswa kwayo kwakuyi-opera ethi The Stone Guest, lapho uDargomyzhsky ebesebenza khona eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ukubonakaliswa okuqinile nokungaguquki kwesimiso sobuciko esakhiwe umqambi: "Ngifuna umsindo uveze igama ngokuqondile." UDargomyzhsky ulahla lapha amafomu e-opera asungulwe ngokomlando, ubhala umculo embhalweni wokuqala wenhlekelele kaPushkin. Iphimbo lezwi nezwi lidlala indima ehamba phambili kule opera, okuyindlela eyinhloko yokuhlukanisa abalingisi kanye nesisekelo sokuthuthuka komculo. UDargomyzhsky wayengenaso isikhathi sokuqeda i-opera yakhe yokugcina, futhi, ngokwesifiso sakhe, yaqedwa nguC. Cui noN. Rimsky-Korsakov. "Ama-Kuchkists" awazisa kakhulu lo msebenzi. U-Stasov wabhala ngaye ngokuthi "umsebenzi ongavamile odlula yonke imithetho nakuzo zonke izibonelo," futhi eDargomyzhsky wabona umqambi "wezinto ezintsha ezingavamile namandla, owadala emculweni wakhe ... kanye namaPushkinian.” M. Mussorgsky wabiza uDargomyzhsky ngokuthi "uthisha omkhulu weqiniso lomculo".

O. Averyanova