UPaul Dessau |

Paul Dessau

Emlaza wamagama ezibalo ezimelela izincwadi nobuciko be-GDR, enye yezindawo zokuhlonishwa ingekaP. Dessau. Umsebenzi wakhe, njengemidlalo ka-B. Brecht kanye namanoveli ka-A. Segers, izinkondlo zika-I. Becher nezingoma zika-G. Eisler, izithombe eziqoshiwe zika-F. Kremer kanye nemifanekiso ka-V. Klemke, ukuqondisa kwe-opera I-V. Felsenstein kanye nemikhiqizo ye-cinematographic ka-K. Wulff, ijabulela ukuthandwa okufanele kahle hhayi ezweni lakubo kuphela, yathola ukuqashelwa okubanzi futhi yaba isibonelo esicacile sobuciko bekhulu lesi-5. Ifa elikhulu lomculo laseDessau lihlanganisa izinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zomculo wesimanje: ama-opera angu-2, izingoma eziningi ze-cantata-oratorio, ama-symphonies angu-XNUMX, izingcezu ze-orchestra, umculo wemidlalo yedrama, imibukiso yomsakazo namafilimu, izingoma ezincane zezwi nezekhwaya. Ithalente likaDessau lizibonakalise emikhakheni eyahlukene yomsebenzi wakhe wokudala - ukuqamba, ukuqhuba, ukufundisa, ukudlala, umculo kanye nezenhlalo.

Umqambi wamakhomanisi, uDessau wasabela ngozwela ezehlakalweni zezombangazwe ezibaluleke kakhulu zesikhathi sakhe. Imizwa emelene nama-imperialist ivezwa engomeni ethi “Ukubulawa Kwamasosha ESpain” (1937), kucezu lwepiyano elithi “Guernica” (1938), emjikelezweni othi “International ABC of War” (1945). I-Epitaph kaRosa Luxembourg kanye noKarl Liebknecht yekwaya ne-orchestra (30) inikezelwe ekugubheni iminyaka engu-1949 yokushona kabuhlungu kwabantu abavelele benhlangano yamakhomanisi yamazwe ngamazwe. Umbhalo ojwayelekile womculo kanye nobuntatheli owawunikezelwe kwabahlukunyezwa ubandlululo kwakuyiRequiem kaLumumba (1963). Eminye imisebenzi yesikhumbuzo kaDessau ihlanganisa i-Vocal-symphonic Epitaph to Lenin (1951), ingoma ye-orchestra ethi In Memory of Bertolt Brecht (1959), kanye nocezu lwezwi nopiyano i-Epitaph eya kuGorky (1943). U-Dessau waphendukela ngokuzithandela emibhalweni yezimbongi zesimanje eziqhubekayo ezivela emazweni ahlukene - emsebenzini ka-E. Weinert, F. Wolf, I. Becher, J. Ivashkevich, P. Neruda. Enye yezindawo ezimaphakathi igcwele umculo ogqugquzelwe yimisebenzi ka-B. Brecht. Umqambi unemisebenzi ehlobene nendikimba yaseSoviet: i-opera ethi "Lancelot" (esekelwe emdlalweni ka-E. Schwartz "Dragon", 1969), umculo wefilimu "Isimangaliso saseRussia" (1962). Indlela kaDessau eya kwezobuciko bomculo yayiqhutshwa isiko lomndeni elide.

Umkhulu wakhe, ngokusho komqambi, wayengumculi odumile ngesikhathi sakhe, enekhono lokuqamba. Ubaba, isisebenzi sefekthri kagwayi, kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe wayelugcinile uthando lwakhe lokucula futhi wazama ukuhlanganisa iphupho lakhe elingafezekanga lokuba umculi okhokhelwayo ezinganeni. Kusukela esemncane, okwenzeka eHamburg, uPaul wezwa izingoma zikaF. Schubert, izingoma zikaR. Wagner. Lapho eneminyaka engu-6, waqala ukufunda i-violin, futhi eneminyaka engu-14 wadlala ngobusuku obubodwa ngohlelo olukhulu lwekhonsathi. Kusukela ngo-1910, uDessau wafunda eKlindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory eBerlin iminyaka emibili. Ngo-1912, wathola umsebenzi e-Hamburg City Theatre njengomphathi wekhonsathi ye-orchestra nomsizi wombhidi omkhulu, uF. Weingartner. Ngemva kwesikhathi eside ephupha ngokuba umbhidisi, u-Dessau wathatha ngokulangazela okuvelayo kwezobuciko ekuxhumaneni okunobuciko no-Weingartner, wakubona ngentshiseko ukudlala kuka-A. Nikisch, owayevame ukuvakashela e-Hamburg.

Umsebenzi kaDessau ozimele wokuziqhuba waphazanyiswa ukugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye nokubuthwa okwalandela ebuthweni. NjengoBrecht no-Eisler, uDessau wabubona ngokushesha unya olungenangqondo lwesibhicongo esibulala izigidi zabantu, wezwa umoya wobuzwe wobuzwe webutho lezempi laseJalimane-Austria.

Umsebenzi owengeziwe njengenhloko ye-orchestra yezindlu ze-opera wenziwa ngokusekelwa okukhuthele kuka-O. Klemperer (eCologne) noB. Walter (eBerlin). Nokho, isifiso sokuqamba umculo kancane kancane sathatha indawo yesifiso sangaphambili sokuba umbhidisi. Eminyakeni yama-20s. inqwaba yemisebenzi yezingoma ezihlukahlukene zezinsimbi ivela, phakathi kwayo - i-Concertino ye-violin eyedwa, ehambisana nomtshingo, i-clarinet nophondo. Ngo-1926 uDessau waqeda i-Symphony yokuqala. Wenziwa ngempumelelo ePrague olwenziwa nguG. Steinberg (1927). Ngemva kweminyaka engu-2, i-Sonatina ye-viola ne-cembalo (noma upiyano) yavela, lapho umuntu ezwa khona ukusondelana namasiko we-neoclassicism kanye nokuqondiswa kwesitayela sikaP. Hindemith.

NgoJuni 1930, ukujwayela komculo kaDessau kweThe Railway Game kwenziwa emcimbini weBerlin Music Week. Uhlobo “lomdlalo owakhayo”, njengohlobo olukhethekile lwe-opera yesikole, eyenzelwe ukuqonda nokusebenza kwezingane, yadalwa nguBrecht futhi yathathwa abaqambi abaningi abahamba phambili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-premiere yomdlalo we-opera we-Hindemith othi "Sakha idolobha" yenzeka. Yomibili imisebenzi isadumile nanamuhla.

Ngo-1933 kwaba isiqalo esikhethekile ku-biography yokudala yabaculi abaningi. Iminyaka eminingi balishiya izwe lakubo, bephoqeleka ukuba bathuthe eJalimane lobuNazi, u-A. Schoenberg, G. Eisler, K. Weil, B. Walter, O. Klemperer, B. Brecht, F. Wolf. UDessau naye kwavela ukuthi udingisiwe kwezombusazwe. Inkathi yaseParisi yomsebenzi wakhe (1933-39) yaqala. Itimu emelene nempi iba umfutho omkhulu. Ekuqaleni kwawo-30s. U-Dessau, elandela u-Eisler, waba yingcweti yohlobo lwengoma yepolitiki enkulu. Yavela kanje “ikholomu ye-Thälmann” – “… igama lokuhlukanisa lobuqhawe kuma-anti-fascists aseJalimane, elibangise eParis liya eSpain ukuze libambe iqhaza ezimpini ezilwa namaFrancoists.”

Ngemva kokuthunjwa kweFrance, uDessau uchitha iminyaka engu-9 e-USA (1939-48). E-New York, kunomhlangano obalulekile no-Brecht, uDessau ayekade ecabanga ngawo. Kusukela ngo-1936 eParis, umqambi wabhala "Ingoma Yempi Yezigqoko Zotshani Ezimnyama" esekelwe embhalweni kaBrecht emdlalweni wakhe othi "Saint Joan of the Abattoirs" - inguqulo ecatshangelwe kabusha yempilo yeMaid of Orleans. Ngemva kokujwayelana nengoma, u-Brecht ngokushesha wanquma ukuyifaka ngobusuku bombhali wakhe enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yeNew School for Social Research eNew York. Emibhalweni kaBrecht, uDessau wabhala ca. Amaculo angama-50 - okumangalisayo komculo, i-cantata-oratorio, izwi nekhwaya. Indawo ephakathi kwabo ihlala ama-opera ethi The Interrogation of Luculus (1949) kanye noPuntila (1959), adalwe ngemuva kokubuyela komqambi ezweni lakubo. Indlela eya kubo kwakuwumculo wemidlalo kaBrecht – “99 Percent” (1938), kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi “Ukwesaba Nobumpofu Embusweni Wesithathu”; "Umama Isibindi nezingane zakhe" (1946); "Umuntu Omuhle waseSezuan" (1947); "Okuhlukile Nomthetho" (1948); “UMnu. uPuntila nenceku yakhe uMatti” (1949); "Caucasian chalk circle" (1954).

Ngama-60-70s. ama-opera avele - "Lancelot" (1969), "Einstein" (1973), "Leone and Lena" (1978), singspiel yezingane "Fair" (1963), i-Second Symphony (1964), i-triptych ye-orchestra ("1955" , "Ulwandle Lweziphepho", "Lenin", 1955-69), "Quattrodrama" yama-cellos amane, amapiyano amabili kanye ne-percussion (1965). "Umqambi Omdala we-GDR" waqhubeka esebenza ngokujulile kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, uF. Hennenberg wabhala: “UDessau walondoloza umoya wakhe ophilayo ngisho neminyaka eyishumi yesishiyagalolunye. Egcizelela umbono wakhe, kwesinye isikhathi angashaya itafula ngesibhakela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uzohlala elalela izingxabano zomuntu okhulumisana naye, engalokothi azidalule njengowazi konke futhi ongenaphutha. UDessau uyakwazi ukuncenga ngaphandle kokuphakamisa izwi. Kodwa ngokuvamile ukhuluma ngephimbo lesiyaluyalu. Kunjalo nangomculo wakhe.”

L. Rimsky