Hans Knappertsbusch |

Hans Knappertbusch

Abathandi bomculo, abaculi abakanye nabo eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe bamane bambiza ngokuthi “Kna” ngamafuphi. Kodwa ngemuva kwalesi sidlaliso esijwayelekile kwakuyinhlonipho enkulu kumculi ophawulekayo, omunye wamaMohicans wokugcina wesikole esidala somqhubi waseJalimane. U-Hans Knappertsbusch wayengumculi-isazi sefilosofi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo engumculi wezothando - "owokugcina kwezothando emsamo", njengoba u-Ernst Krause ambiza kanjalo. Ngayinye yemidlalo yakhe yaba umcimbi wangempela womculo: kwavula ama-horizons amasha kubalaleli kwezinye izingoma ezaziwa kakhulu.

Lapho isibalo esihlaba umxhwele salo mculi sivela esiteji, kwaphakama ukungezwani okukhethekile ehholo, okungazange kushiye i-orchestra nabalaleli ekupheleni. Kwakubonakala sengathi yonke into ayeyenza yayilula ngendlela engavamile, ngezinye izikhathi ilula kakhulu. Ukunyakaza kwe-Knappertsbusch kwakuzolile ngendlela engavamile, kungenakho ukuthinteka. Ngokuvamile, ngezikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu, wayeka ngokuphelele ukuqhuba, ehlisa izandla zakhe, njengokungathi uzama ukungaphazamisi ukugeleza komcabango womculo ngokushukuma komzimba wakhe. Kwadalwa umbono wokuthi i-orchestra yayidlala yodwa, kodwa kwakubonakala kuphela ukuzimela: amandla ethalente lomqhubi nokubala kwakhe okuhlakaniphile kwakuphethe abaculi ababesele bodwa nomculo. Futhi ngezikhathi ezingavamile kuphela lapho i-Knappertsbusch ivele yajikijela phezulu izingalo zayo ezinkulu emaceleni - futhi lokhu kuqhuma kwenza izithameli zihlabe umxhwele.

U-Beethoven, u-Brahms, u-Bruckner kanye no-Wagner bangabakhiqizi abahumusha u-Knappertsbusch afinyelela ukuphakama kwakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, incazelo yakhe yemisebenzi yabaqambi abakhulu yayivame ukudala inkulumo-mpikiswano eshubile, futhi kwabaningi kwakubonakala kuwukushiya isiko. Kodwa ku-Knappertsbusch kwakungekho mithetho ngaphandle komculo ngokwawo. Kunoma yikuphi, namuhla ukuqoshwa kwakhe kwama-symphonies kaBeethoven, Brahms noBruckner, ama-operas kaWagner, neminye imisebenzi eminingi kuye kwaba isibonelo sokufundwa kwesimanje kwama-classics.

Iminyaka engaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu, i-Knappertsbusch ibambe enye yezindawo ezihamba phambili empilweni yomculo yaseYurophu. Ebusheni bakhe, wayefisa ukuba isazi sefilosofi, futhi lapho kuphela iminyaka engamashumi amabili wagcina ethanda umculo. Kusukela ngo-1910, u-Knappertsbusch ubesebenza ezindlini ze-opera emadolobheni ahlukene aseJalimane - i-Elberfeld, i-Leipzig, i-Dessau, futhi ngo-1922 waba umlandeli ka-B. Walter, ophethe i-Munich Opera. Khona-ke wayesevele aziwa ezweni lonke, nakuba wayengumncane kunabo bonke "Umqondisi Jikelele Womculo" emlandweni waseJalimane.

Ngaleso sikhathi, udumo lwe-Knappertsbush lwasakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Futhi elinye lamazwe okuqala ashayela ihlombe ubuciko bakhe iSoviet Union. U-Knappertsbusch wavakashela i-USSR izikhathi ezintathu, eshiya umbono ongenakucimeka ngokuhumusha kwakhe umculo waseJalimane futhi "ekugcineni wazuza izinhliziyo zabalaleli" (njengoba omunye wababuyekezi abhala ngaleso sikhathi) ngokudlala kwakhe kwe-Fifth Symphony kaTchaikovsky. Nansi indlela umagazini i-Life of Art wasabela ngayo kwelinye lamakhonsathi akhe: “Ulimi olungavamile, olungajwayelekile, oluguquguquka ngokwedlulele nolucashile ngezinye izikhathi olungaqondakali, kodwa oluveza ukunyakaza kobuso, ikhanda, umzimba wonke, iminwe. I-Knappertsbusch iyasha ngesikhathi sokudlala enolwazi lwangaphakathi olujulile olubonakala kuwo wonke umfanekiso wakhe, nakanjani idlulele ku-orchestra futhi imthelele ngokungenakuvinjelwa. E-Knappertsbusch, ikhono lihlanganiswa nomoya omkhulu wentando eqinile kanye nemizwa. Lokhu kumbeka ezinhlwini zabaqhubi banamuhla abavelele.”

Ngemva kokubusa kwamaNazi eJalimane, uKnappertsbusch wasuswa esikhundleni sakhe eMunich. Ukwethembeka nokungayekethisi komdwebi kwakungeyona into ethandwa amaNazi. Wathuthela eVienna, lapho kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempi waqhuba ukusebenza kwe-State Opera. Ngemva kwempi, umculi wenza kancane kunakuqala, kodwa ikhonsathi ngayinye noma ukudlala kwe-opera ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe kwaletha ukunqoba kwangempela. Kusukela ngo-1951, ubelokhu ebamba iqhaza njalo kwiBayreuth Festivals, lapho aqhuba khona iDer Ring des Nibelungen, Parsifal, kanye neNuremberg Mastersingers. Ngemva kokubuyiselwa kwe-German State Opera eBerlin, ngo-1955 i-Knappertsbusch yafika e-GDR izoqhuba iDer Ring des Nibelungen. Futhi yonke indawo abaculi nomphakathi babephatha iciko elimangalisayo ngenhlonipho nangenhlonipho ejulile.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek