Uphondo: incazelo yensimbi, ukwakheka, umlando, izinhlobo, umsindo, indlela yokudlala

I-French horn iyinsimbi yomculo eyingxenye yeqembu lomoya, futhi ebhekwa njengenye yezinzima kakhulu kubadlali. Ngokungafani nabanye, inethoni enhle kakhulu ethambile futhi enenkungu, i-timbre ebushelelezi ne-velvety, eyinika amandla okudlulisa hhayi kuphela isimo esidabukisayo noma esidabukisayo, kodwa futhi nesizotha, esijabulisayo.

Luyini uphondo

Igama lensimbi yomoya lisuselwe kwelesiJalimane elithi "waldhorn", elihumusha ngokwezwi nezwi ngokuthi "uphondo lwehlathi". Umsindo wayo ungazwakala kuma-symphony namabhendi ethusi, kanye nasemaqenjini ahlangene kanye ne-solo.

Izimpondo zesimanje zesiFulentshi zenziwe ngokuyinhloko ngethusi. Unomsindo omnandi kakhulu ozojabulisa abanolwazi lomculo wakudala. Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kowandulelayo - uphondo luhlehlela emuva esikhathini sokuqhakaza kweRoma Yasendulo, lapho lwalusetshenziswa khona njenge-ejenti yokubonisa.

Idivayisi yethuluzi

Emuva ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, kwakukhona insimbi yomoya ebizwa ngokuthi uphondo lwemvelo. Umklamo wayo umelelwe ipayipi elide elinomlomo kanye nensimbi. Kwakungekho izimbobo, ama-valve, amasango ekubunjweni, okwenza kube lula ukwandisa ububanzi be-tonal. Izindebe zomculi kuphela ezaziwumthombo womsindo futhi zilawula yonke indlela yokucula.

Kamuva, isakhiwo saba nezinguquko ezinkulu. Ama-valve namashubhu engeziwe afakwe ekwakhiweni, okwandisa kakhulu amathuba futhi kwenza kube lula ukushintshela kukhiye ohlukile ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umugqa owengeziwe "we-arsenal yethusi". Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obuncane, ubude obuvuliwe bophondo lwesiFulentshi lwesimanje buyi-350 cm. Isisindo sifinyelela ku-2 kg.

Likhala kanjani uphondo?

Namuhla, isakhiwo sisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ku-F (kuhlelo lwe-Fa). Ibanga lophondo emsindweni lisebangeni ukusuka ku-H1 (si contra-octave) kuya ku-f2 (fa i-octave yesibili). Yonke imisindo emaphakathi ochungechungeni lwechromatic iwela ochungechungeni. Amanothi esikalini se-Fa aqoshwa ku-treble clef ukuphakama kwesihlanu kunomsindo wangempela, kuyilapho ububanzi bebhesi bungaphansi kwesine.

I-timbre yophondo kurejista engezansi i-coarsened, ikhumbuza i-bassoon noma i-tuba. Phakathi nendawo nangaphezulu, umsindo uthambile futhi ushelela kupiyano, uyagqama futhi uyahluka ku-forte. Ukuguquguquka okunjalo kukuvumela ukuthi udlulise umoya odabukisayo noma onesizotha.

Ngo-1971, i-International Association of Horn Players yanquma ukunikeza leli thuluzi igama elithi "uphondo".

Umlando

Umsunguli wensimbi uphondo, olwenziwa ngezinto zemvelo futhi lusetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokubonisa. Amathuluzi anjalo awazange ahluke ngokuqina futhi awazange asetshenziselwe ukusetshenziswa njalo. Kamuva zaphonswa ngethusi. Umkhiqizo unikezwe ukuma kwezimpondo zezilwane ngaphandle kwama-frills.

Umsindo wemikhiqizo yensimbi uye waba mkhulu kakhulu futhi uhlukahlukene, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuwasebenzisa ekuzingeleni, enkantolo nasekubambeni imicimbi yemikhosi. Ukhokho odume kakhulu "wophondo lwehlathi" owatholwa eFrance maphakathi nekhulu le-17. Kwakusekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo lapho insimbi yathola igama elithi "uphondo lwemvelo".

Ekhulwini le-18, kwaqala izinguquko ezinkulu “zophondo lwehlathi” nokusetshenziswa kwalo kuma-orchestra. Umdlalo wokuqala wawukwi-opera ethi “The Princess of Elis” - umsebenzi ka-JB Lully. Ukuklanywa kophondo lwesiFulentshi nendlela yokuludlala kuye kwaba nezinguquko eziqhubekayo. Umdlali we-Horn Humple, ukuze enze umsindo uphakame, waqala ukusebenzisa i-tampon ethambile, eyifaka ensimbi. Ngokushesha wanquma ukuthi kwakungenzeka ukuvimba imbobo yokuphuma ngesandla sakhe. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, abanye abadlali bophondo baqala ukusebenzisa le ndlela.

Umklamo washintsha kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, lapho i-valve yasungulwa. UWagner wayengomunye wabaqambi bokuqala ukusebenzisa insimbi yesimanje emisebenzini yakhe. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, uphondo olubuyekeziwe lwabizwa ngokuthi i-chromatic futhi lwashintsha ngokuphelele olungokwemvelo.

Izinhlobo zophondo

Ngokwezici zokuklama, izimpondo zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezi-4:

1. Awushadile. Icilongo ifakwe ama-valve angu-3, ​​umsindo wayo uvela ethoni ye-Fa kanye nobubanzi be-octave engu-3 1/2.
2. Kukabili. Ifakwe ama-valve amahlanu. Ingenziwa ngezifiso ngemibala emi-4. Inani elifanayo lobubanzi be-octave.
3. Kuhlanganiswe. Izici zayo zifana nomklamo ophindwe kabili, kodwa ifakwe ama-valve amane.
4. Kathathu. Izinhlobonhlobo ezintsha ngokuqhathaniswa. Yayifakwe i-valve eyengeziwe, ngenxa yokuthi ungafinyelela amarejista aphezulu.

Kuze kube manje, izinhlobonhlobo ezivame kakhulu ziyi-double. Kodwa-ke, i-triple kancane kancane ithola ukuthandwa okwengeziwe ngenxa yomsindo othuthukisiwe nomklamo.

Idlalwa kanjani uphondo

Ukudlala insimbi kukuvumela ukuthi wenze ngempumelelo amanothi amade nemiculo yokuphefumula okubanzi. Inqubo ayidingi ukunikezwa komoya okukhulu (ngaphandle kwamarejista adlulele). Phakathi nendawo kukhona umhlangano wevalvu olawula ubude bekholomu yomoya. Ngenxa yomshini we-valve, kungenzeka ukwehlisa iphimbo lemisindo yemvelo. Isandla sokunxele somdlali wephondo sitholakala okhiye bokuhlanganiswa kwamavalvu. Umoya uvuthelwa ocingweni lwesi-french ngomlomo.

Phakathi kwabadlali bezimpondo, izindlela ezi-2 zokuthola imisindo engekho yesikali se-diatonic ne-chromatic zivamile. Eyokuqala ikuvumela ukuthi wenze umsindo "ovaliwe". Isu lokudlala libandakanya ukumboza insimbi ngesandla njenge-damper. Ophiyano, umsindo uthambile, awuzwakali, ugquma ku-forte, namanothi ahoshozayo.

Indlela yesibili ivumela insimbi ukuthi ikhiqize umsindo "omisiwe". Ukwamukela kuhilela ukwethulwa kwesibhakela kwinsimbi, okuvimba ukuphuma. Umsindo uphakanyiswa ingxenye yesinyathelo. Indlela enjalo, lapho idlalwa ekucushweni kwemvelo, yanikeza umsindo we-chromaticism. Inqubo isetshenziswa eziqephuni ezimangalisayo, lapho umsindo okwipiyano kufanele ukhale futhi ushube futhi uphazamise, ucijile futhi uphuphuzele ku-forte.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubulawa nge-bell up kungenzeka. Le nqubo yenza i-timbre yomsindo ibe phezulu, futhi inikeza umlingiswa odabukisayo emculweni.

Abadlali bophondo abadumile

Ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yomculo kwaletha udumo kubadlali abaningi. Phakathi kwezakwamanye amazwe ezidume kakhulu yilezi:

• amaJalimane uG. Bauman noP. Damm;
• AmaNgisi u-A. Civil kanye no-D. Brain;
• I-Austrian II Leitgeb;
• IsiCzech B. Radek.

Phakathi kwamagama asekhaya, avame ukuzwakala yilawa:

• Vorontsov Dmitry Alexandrovich;
• Mikhail Nikolaevich Buyanovsky nendodana yakhe Vitaly Mikhailovich;
• Anatoly Sergeevich Demin;
• Valery Vladimirovich Polekh;
• U-Yana Denisovich Tamm;
• Anton Ivanovich Usov;
• U-Arkady Shilkloper.

Imisebenzi yobuciko ye-French Horn

Umholi ngenani labadumile ungokaWolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Phakathi kwazo kukhona "I-Concerto for horn ne-orchestra No. 1 ku-D enkulu", kanye neNombolo 2-4, ebhalwe ngesitayela se-E-flat enkulu.

Ezingomeni zikaRichard Strauss, ezidume kakhulu ngamakhonsathi ama-2 ophondo kanye ne-orchestra ku-E-flat enkulu.

Imisebenzi yomqambi waseSoviet uReinhold Gliere nayo ibhekwa njengezingoma ezibonakalayo. Edume kakhulu yi-“Concerto for Horn and Orchestra in B Flat Major”.

Ophondweni lwanamuhla lwesiFulentshi, izinsalela ezincane zokhokho wayo. Uthole uhla olunwetshiwe lwama-octave, lungabukeka luthakatha njengehabhu noma enye insimbi enhle. Akumangalisi ukuthi i-bass yayo eqinisekisa ukuphila noma umsindo ocashile uzwakala emisebenzini yabaqambi abaningi.