Izithombe (José Iturbi) |

Jose Iturbi

Indaba yokuphila yomdlali wopiyano waseSpain isikhumbuza kancane isimo se-Hollywood biopic, okungenani kwaze kwaba yisikhathi lapho u-Iturbi eqala ukujabulela udumo lomhlaba, okwamenza iqhawe langempela lamafilimu amaningana adutshulwa enhloko-dolobha yasesinema yaseMelika. Kuneziqephu eziningi ezizwelayo kule ndaba, kanye nokusonta okujabulisayo kwesiphetho, nemininingwane yothando, nokho, imvamisa, azikholeleki. Uma ushiya eceleni lokhu okugcina, khona-ke ngisho nangaleso sikhathi ifilimu izobe ibonakale iheha.

Umdabu waseValencia, u-Iturbi kusukela ebuntwaneni ubukele umsebenzi kayise, umculi wezinsimbi zomculo, eneminyaka engu-6 wayesevele ethathe indawo ye-ogani egulayo esontweni lendawo, ehola i-pesetas yakhe yokuqala nedingeka kakhulu emndenini wakhe. Ngemva konyaka, umfana waba nomsebenzi unomphela - wayehambisana nokuboniswa kwamafilimu e-cinema yedolobha elihle kakhulu ngokudlala upiyano lwakhe. UJosé wayevame ukuchitha amahora ayishumi nambili lapho - kusukela ngehora lesibili ntambama kuya kwelesibili ekuseni, kodwa wakwazi ukuthola imali eyengeziwe emishadweni nasemabhola, futhi ekuseni ukuthatha izifundo kuthisha we-conservatory X. Belver, ukuze ahambe isigaba samazwi. Njengoba ekhula, wabuye wafunda isikhathi esithile e-Barcelona no-J. Malats, kodwa kwakubonakala sengathi ukuntula imali kwakuzophazamisa umsebenzi wakhe womsebenzi. Njengoba amahemuhemu ehamba (mhlawumbe asungulwe ngokubheka emuva), izakhamuzi zaseValencia, ziqaphela ukuthi ithalenta lomculi osemusha, owaba yintandokazi yedolobha lonke, lalinyamalala, landa imali eyanele yokumthumela ukuba ayofunda eParis.

Lapha, esimisweni sakhe, yonke into yahlala ifana: emini waya emakilasini e-conservatory, lapho u-V. Landovskaya ephakathi kothisha bakhe, futhi kusihlwa nasebusuku wathola isinkwa sakhe nendawo yokuhlala. Lokhu kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-1912. Kodwa, ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni sokugcina izingane, u-Iturbi oneminyaka engu-17 ubudala wathola ngokushesha isimemo sokuba yinhloko yomnyango wepiyano we-Geneva Conservatory, futhi isiphetho sakhe sashintsha kakhulu. Wachitha iminyaka emihlanu (1918-1923) e-Geneva, wabe eseqala umsebenzi wobuciko brilliant.

U-Iturbi wafika e-USSR ngo-1927, esevele esezingeni eliphezulu lodumo lwakhe, futhi wakwazi ukuheha ukunaka ngisho naphezu kwesizinda sabaculi abaningi abahle kakhulu basekhaya nabangaphandle. Okwakukhangayo ekubukeni kwakhe kwakuyiqiniso lokuthi i-Iturbi ayizange ihambisane nohlaka lwe "stereotype" yomculi waseSpain - eneziphepho, ama-pathos ayihaba kanye nemizwa yothando. “U-Iturbi ubonakale eyiciko elicabangayo nelinomphefumulo onobuntu obukhanyayo, obunemibala egqamile, ngezinye izikhathi enesigqi esihehayo, umsindo omnandi nomnandi; usebenzisa indlela yakhe, ehlakaniphile ngokukhululeka nokuguquguquka, ngesizotha nangobuciko, ”G. U-Kogan wabhala ke. Phakathi kokushiyeka komdwebi, abezindaba bathi i-saloon, izinhlobonhlobo zamabomu zokusebenza.

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-20s, i-United States isiphenduke isikhungo semisebenzi ye-Iturbi eya ngokuya inezici eziningi. Kusukela ngo-1933, ubelokhu enza lapha hhayi kuphela njengomdlali wopiyano, kodwa futhi njengomqhubi, ekhuthaza ngenkuthalo umculo waseSpain naseLatin America; kusukela ngo-1936-1944 wahola i-Rochester Symphony Orchestra. Ngayo leyo minyaka, u-Iturbi wayethanda ukwakheka futhi wadala izingoma eziningi ezibalulekile ze-orchestra nepiyano. Umsebenzi wesine womculi uqala - wenza njengomdlali wefilimu. Ukubamba iqhaza emafilimini omculo "A Thousand Ovations", "Two Girls and Sailor", "Ingoma Yokukhumbula", "Umculo Wezigidi", "Anchors to the Deck" namanye amlethela ukuthandwa okukhulu, kodwa ngezinga elithile, cishe kwavimbela ukuma ezinhlwini zabadlali bopiyano abakhulu bekhulu lethu leminyaka. Kunoma ikuphi, u-A. Chesins encwadini yakhe ubiza u-Iturbi ngokufanelekile ngokuthi “ingcweti ekhangayo futhi ekhangayo, kodwa enokuthambekela okuthile kokuphazanyiswa; iciko elidlulele ezindaweni eziphakeme zepiyano, kodwa langakwazi ukufeza izifiso zalo ngokugcwele. U-Iturbi wayengakwazi njalo ukugcina ifomu le-pianistic, ukuletha ukuhumusha kwakhe ekupheleleni. Kodwa-ke, akunakusho ukuthi, "ukuxosha ama-hares amaningi", u-Iturbi akazange abambe eyodwa: ithalenta lakhe lalilikhulu kangangokuthi kunoma iyiphi indawo ayezama ngayo isandla sakhe, wayenenhlanhla. Futhi-ke, ubuciko bepiyano buhlala buwumkhakha oyinhloko womsebenzi wakhe nothando.

Ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda balokhu impumelelo amfanelekelayo njengomdlali wopiyano ngisho nalapho esegugile. Ngo-1966, lapho ephinda edlala ezweni lakithi, Iturbi wayeseneminyaka engaphezu kuka-70, kodwa ubuhle bakhe namanje wenza umbono onamandla. Futhi hhayi kuphela virtuosity. “Isitayela sakhe, okokuqala, siwusikompilo oluphezulu lokudlala upiyano, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola ukuhlobana okucacile phakathi kokunotha kwephalethi yomsindo nesimo somoya esinesigqi nobuhle bemvelo nobuhle bemisho. Unesibindi, iphimbo elincane elinokhahlo lihlanganiswe ekusebenzeni kwakhe naleyo mfudumalo engaqondakali ewuphawu lwabaculi abakhulu, "kuphawula iphephandaba laseSoviet Culture. Uma ekuhunyushweni kwemisebenzi emikhulu kaMozart noBeethoven Iturbi yayingagculisi ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngezinye izikhathi ifunde kakhulu (nabo bonke ubuhle bokunambitha nokucabangela komqondo), futhi emsebenzini kaChopin wayesondelene nezingoma kunomdlalo omangalisayo. ekuqaleni, khona-ke incazelo yomdlali wepiyano yezingoma ezimibalabala zikaDebussy, Ravel, Albeniz, de Falla, Granados yayigcwele umusa onjalo, ukunotha kwemithunzi, iphupho nentshiseko, okungavamile ukutholakala esiteji sekhonsathi. “Ubuso obudala be-Iturbi yanamuhla bunakho ukuphikisana kwangaphakathi,” sifunda kumagazini othi “Imisebenzi Nemibono.” “Lokho kungqubuzana okuthi, kushayisane, kuholela emiphumeleni yobuciko eyahlukene kuye ngeqoqo elikhethiwe.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umdlali wopiyano ulwela ukuqina, ngisho nokuzithiba emkhakheni wemizwelo, ngezinye izikhathi ukudlulisa ngamabomu okucacile, okunenjongo kwezinto zomculo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona umoya omkhulu wemvelo, "inzwa" yangaphakathi, ebonwa yithi, hhayi yithi kuphela, njengesici esibalulekile somlingisi waseSpain: ngempela, isitembu sezwe silele kubo bonke. izincazelo zayo, ngisho nalapho umculo ukude kakhulu umbala Spanish. Yilezi zinhlangothi ezimbili ezibonakala zimhlophe zobuntu bakhe bobuciko, ukusebenzisana kwazo okunquma isitayela se-Iturbi yanamuhla.

Umsebenzi ojulile kaJose Iturbi awuzange ume ngisho nasebudaleni. Wahola ama-orchestra endaweni yangakubo i-Valencia nasedolobheni laseMelika iBridgeport, waqhubeka nokufunda ukuqamba, wenza futhi waqopha amarekhodi njengomdlali wopiyano. Uchithe iminyaka yakhe yokugcina eLos Angeles. Ngesikhathi sokugubha iminyaka engu-75 yokuzalwa komculi, kwakhululwa amarekhodi ambalwa ngaphansi kwesihloko esivamile esithi "Amagugu e-Iturbi", enikeza umbono wezinga kanye nemvelo yobuciko bakhe, ingoma yakhe ebanzi futhi evamile yomdlali wepiyano wothando. . U-Bach, u-Mozart, u-Chopin, u-Beethoven, u-Liszt, u-Schumann, u-Schubert, u-Debussy, u-Saint-Saens, ngisho ne-Czerny eceleni nababhali base-Spanish lapha, bedala i-panorama ye-motley kodwa ekhanyayo. I-disc ehlukile inikezelwe kumaduwo wepiyano aqoshwe u-José Iturbi ku-duet nodadewabo, umshayi wepiyano omuhle kakhulu u-Amparo Iturbi, adlale naye ndawonye esiteji sekhonsathi iminyaka eminingi. Futhi konke lokhu okuqoshiwe kuphinde kwaqinisekisa ukuthi u-Iturbi uhlonishwa ngokufanele njengomdlali wopiyano omkhulu eSpain.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.