Umculo Wase-Italian Folk: I-Folk Quilt

Udaba lwanamuhla luqondiswe emculweni wesintu wase-Italy - izingoma nemidanso yaleli zwe, kanye nezinsimbi zomculo.

Labo esijwayele ukubabiza ngokuthi amaNtaliyane bayizindlalifa zesiko labantu abakhulu nabancane abaphila kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zeNhlonhlo yase-Apennine. AmaGreki nama-Etruscans, Omalukeke (AmaRoma) namaGaul ashiye uphawu lwawo emculweni wesintu wase-Italy.

Umlando onezigigaba kanye nemvelo ebabazekayo, umsebenzi wezolimo kanye nemikhosi ethokozisayo, ubuqotho kanye nemizwa, ulimi olumnandi nokunambitheka komculo, isiqalo esinothile esinomculo nezinhlobonhlobo zesigqi, isiko lokucula okuphezulu kanye nekhono lokuhlanganisa izinsimbi - konke lokhu kwazibonakalisa emculweni wamaNtaliyane. Futhi konke lokhu kwazuza izinhliziyo zabanye abantu abangaphandle kwenhlonhlo.

Izingoma zomdabu zase-Italy

Njengoba besho, kuwo wonke amahlaya kukhona ingxenye yehlaya: inkulumo eyindida yamaNtaliyane ekhuluma ngabo njengangochwepheshe bokuqamba nokucula izingoma iqinisekiswa udumo lomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, umculo wesintu wase-Italy umelwe ngokuyinhloko izingoma. Yebo, kuncane esikwaziyo ngesiko lengoma yomlomo, njengoba izibonelo zayo zokuqala zaqoshwa ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi.

Ukuvela kwezingoma zomdabu zase-Italy ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX kuhlotshaniswa nokuguqukela kwiRenaissance. Bese kuba nesithakazelo empilweni yezwe, ngesikhathi samaholide abantu basedolobheni balalela ngokujabula abadlali bezingoma zomculo nabacula ngothando, abaxoxela izindaba zomndeni nezansuku zonke. Futhi izakhamuzi zasemizaneni nasemadolobheni ngokwazo azikuthandi ukucula nokudansa ngendlela elula.

Kamuva, kwakhiwa izinhlobo zezingoma eziyinhloko. I-Frottola (okuhunyushwa ngokuthi “ingoma yomdabu, inganekwane”) bekwaziwa enyakatho ye-Italy kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-3. Lena ingoma yomculo wamazwi angu-4-XNUMX enezici zokulingisa i-polyphony kanye nokugqama kwe-metrical.

Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ukukhanya, ukudansa, nomculo wamazwi amathathu i-villanella (ehunyushwe ngokuthi “ingoma yasesigodini”) yasakazwa kulo lonke elase-Italy, kodwa idolobha ngalinye layibiza ngendlela yalo: Venetian, Neapolitan, Padovan, Roman, Toscanella namanye.

Uyashintshwa i-canzonet (ekuhumusheni kusho “ingoma”) – ingoma encane eyenziwa ngezwi elilodwa noma amaningi. Nguye owaba ukhokho wohlobo oludumile lwesikhathi esizayo lwe-aria. Futhi ukudansa kwe-villanella kwathuthela ohlotsheni ballet, – izingoma eziqanjwe kalula nangezinhlamvu ezifanele ukudansa.

Uhlobo oluqashelwa kakhulu lwezingoma zomdabu zase-Italy namuhla Ingoma ye-Neapolitan (Isifunda saseNingizimu Italy saseCampania). Ingoma yokucula, ingoma ejabulisayo noma edabukisayo yayihambisana ne-mandolin, isiginci noma i-lute ye-Neapolitan. Ongakezwanga ihubo lothando "Oh Langa lami" noma ihubo lokuphila “Saint Lucia”, noma ihubo le-funicular "Funiculi Funicula"ngubani othwala izithandwa phezulu kweVesuvius? Ukulula kwabo kubonakala kuphela: ukusebenza kuzoveza hhayi kuphela izinga lekhono lomculi, kodwa futhi nokucebile komphefumulo wakhe.

Inkathi yegolide yalolu hlobo yaqala maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Futhi namuhla e-Naples, inhloko-dolobha yomculo yase-Italy, umncintiswano womkhosi wengoma enezinsimbi u-Piedigrotta (Festa di Piedigrotta) uyabanjwa.

Olunye uhlobo olubonakalayo lungolwesifunda esisenyakatho yeVeneto. I-Venetian ingoma emanzini or ngokuphindaphindiwe (i-barca ihunyushwa ngokuthi “isikebhe”), eyenziwa ngokukhululeka. Isignesha yesikhathi somculo engu-6/8 kanye nokuthungwa kokuhambisana ngokuvamile kudlulisa ukunyakaziswa kwamagagasi, futhi ukusebenza kahle komculo kunanelwa ukushaywa kwezigwedlo, kungena kalula emanzini.

Imidanso yabantu base-Italy

Isiko lokudansa lase-Italy lathuthukiswa ezinhlotsheni zomdanso wasekhaya, odlalwa esiteji kanye zasolwandle (AmaMorisco). UMoreski wadansa ama-Arabhu (ababizwa ngokuthi - ekuhumusheni, leli gama lisho ukuthi "amaMoors amancane"), aguqukela ebuKristwini futhi ahlala e-Apennines ngemuva kokuxoshwa eSpain. Kubizwe imidanso yasesiteji, ebihlelwe ngokukhethekile ngala maholidi. Futhi uhlobo lwemidanso yasekhaya noma yezenhlalo yayivame kakhulu.

Imvelaphi yezinhlobo kuthiwa idalwe ngeNkathi Ephakathi, kanye nokwakheka kwazo - ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ukuqala kweRenaissance. Le nkathi ilethe ubuhle nomusa emidansweni yama-Italian emahhadlahhadla futhi ejabule. Ukunyakaza okulula okusheshayo nokunesigqi ngokuguqukela ekugxumeni okukhanyayo, kukhuphuka kusuka onyaweni olugcwele kuya ozwaneni (njengophawu lokuthuthuka okungokomoya kusuka emhlabeni kuya kokuphezulu), isimo sokujabula sokuhambisana nomculo - lezi yizici zesici sale midanso. .

Ejabule enomdlandla igalari eyenziwa izithandani noma abadansi ngabanye. Emqondweni womdanso - ukunyakaza okuyinhloko okuyizinyathelo ezinhlanu, ukugxuma okuningi, ukugxuma. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ijubane lomdanso lancipha.

Ukusondela emoyeni ku-galliard omunye umdanso - i-saltarella - wazalelwa enkabeni ye-Italy (izifunda zase-Abruzzo, eMolise naseLazio). Igama lanikezwa isenzo esithi saltare - "ukugxuma". Lo mdanso wawuhambisana nomculo ngesikhathi esingu-6/8. Kwakwenziwa ngamaholide amahle - emishadweni noma ekupheleni kokuvuna. Isilulumagama somdanso sihlanganisa uchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezimbili neminsalo, nokushintshela ku-cadence. Kudanswa emicimbini yesimanjemanje.

Izwe lomunye umdanso wasendulo i-bergamaska (bargamasca) itholakala edolobheni nasesifundazweni saseBergamo (Lombardy, enyakatho ye-Italy). Lo mdanso wabalimi wawuthandwa yizakhamuzi zaseJalimane, eFrance, eNgilandi. Umculo ojabulisayo nonesigqi onemitha ephindwe kane, ukunyakaza okunamandla kwanqoba abantu bazo zonke izigaba. Umdanso ushiwo ngu-W. Shakespeare emdlalweni wamahlaya i-A Midsummer Night's Dream.

I-Tarantella – imidanso yomdabu edume kakhulu. Babezithanda ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziseningizimu ye-Italy eCalabria naseSicily. Futhi igama livela edolobheni Taranto (Apulia esifundeni). Idolobha laphinde lanikeza igama lezicabucabu ezinobuthi - i-tarantulas, kusukela ekulumeni isikhathi eside, kuze kube seqophelweni lokukhathala, ukusebenza kwe-tarantella okusolwa ukuthi kugcinwe.

I-motif elula ephindaphindayo yokuhambisana nama-triplets, uhlobo olujabulisayo lomculo kanye nephethini ekhethekile yokunyakaza okunoshintsho olubukhali ekuqondeni kwehlukanisa lo mdanso, owenziwe ngababili, kancane kancane. Ukushisekela umdanso kwanqoba ukushushiswa kwakhe: UKhadinali Barberini wamvumela ukuba acule enkantolo.

Eminye yemidanso yesintu yasheshe yanqoba yonke iYurophu yaze yafika nasenkantolo yamakhosi aseYurophu. Ngokwesibonelo, uGalliard wayekhonzwe umbusi waseNgilandi, u-Elizabeth I, futhi kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe wayedansa ukuze azijabulise. Futhi uBergamasca wajabulisa uLouis XIII kanye nabaphathi bakhe.

Izinhlobo nezingoma zemidanso eminingi ziye zaqhubeka nempilo yazo emculweni wezinsimbi.

Zomculo

Ukuze kuhambisane, ama-bagpipes, imitshingo, umlomo nama-harmonicas avamile, izinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo - iziginci, amaviyolini nama-mandolin asetshenzisiwe.

Ebufakazini obubhaliwe, i-mandala ibilokhu kukhulunywa ngayo kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, kungenzeka ukuthi yenziwe njengenguqulo elula ye-lute (ihumusha isuka kusiGreki ngokuthi “lute encane”). Yayibizwa nangokuthi i-mandora, i-mandole, i-pandurina, i-bandurina, ne-mandola encane yayibizwa ngokuthi i-mandolin. Leli thuluzi eliyisiyingi linezintambo ezine ezinezintambo eziphindwe kabili ezishunwe kanyekanye kune-octave.

Ivayolini, phakathi kwezinye izinsimbi zomculo zomdabu zase-Italy, isibe ngeyodwa ethandwa kakhulu. Futhi yenziwe yaphelela ngamakhosi ase-Italy avela emindenini yama-Amati, Guarneri kanye ne-Stradivari ngekota yesi-XNUMX - yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Ngekhulu le-6, abaculi abahambahambayo, ukuze bangazihluphi ngokudlala umculo, baqala ukusebenzisa i-hurdy-gurdy - insimbi yomoya engumshini eyakhiqiza kabusha imisebenzi eyintandokazi eqoshiwe engu-8-XNUMX. Kwasala kuphela ukuphendula isibambo nokuthutha noma ukuthwala emigwaqweni. Ekuqaleni, i-organ yomphongolo yasungulwa yi-Italian Barbieri ukuze ifundise izinyoni ezicula, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yaqala ukujabulisa izindlebe zabantu basedolobheni ngaphandle kwe-Italy.

Abadansi babevame ukuzisiza ukushaya isigqi esicacile se-tarantella ngosizo lwethamborini - uhlobo lwethamborini olwafika kuma-Apennines luvela eProvence. Ngokuvamile abadlali babesebenzisa umtshingo kanye nethamborini.

Uhlobo olunjalo nokwehlukahlukana kwamaculo, ithalente nokunotha komculo kwabantu base-Italy akuqinisekisi nje kuphela ukuphakama kwezemfundo, ikakhulukazi i-opera, nomculo we-pop e-Italy, kodwa futhi waboleka ngempumelelo abaqambi bakwamanye amazwe.

Ukuhlolwa okuhle kakhulu kobuciko bomdabu kwanikezwa umqambi waseRussia u-MI Glinka, owake wathi umdali wangempela womculo ngabantu, futhi umqambi udlala indima yomhleli.

Umbhali – Elifeya